E07.05 - Radiology (Neutron) Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
4.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and spatial resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, imaging system, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of digital neutron detectors in combination with neutron conversion materials for image recording. This guide is intended for use with thermal and cold neutron spectrums. The production of thermal neutron radiographs by employing the use of film and appropriate conversion screens is covered in Guide E748.  
4.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretat- ion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
4.4 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation, qualification, and quantification of digital neutron images. These images can be acquired by many methods, including: neutron sensitive imaging plates (Computed Radiography – CR), Digital Detector Arrays – DDA’s (amorphous silicon, CMOS, CCD, etc.), micro-channel plates, neutron sensitive fluoroscopes, neutron sensitive scintillators coupled to optical cameras, digitized radiographic films, and linear diode arrays.  
1.2 This guide does not purport to establish what is considered an acceptable image but is intended to only give guidance on digital neutron imaging, as well as image quality metrics of importance, and how they can be measured and reported.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements.  
5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Test Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography. Devices constructed to previous versions of this practice, or Test Method E545 for devices built between 1981 and 1991, can also be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of film radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As discussed in Practice E748, traditional neutron radiography typically employs a high flux reactor source with a well defined collimation system to produce an image on film. The alignment of the imaging plane and the divergence angle are generally well defined and a small degree of misalignment or uncertainty in divergence angle makes little difference in the final image. These systems are well characterized by their physical dimension, the L/D ratio, and image quality indicators (Beam Purity Indicator and Sensitivity Indicator) described in Test Method E545. Neutron computed tomography is an example where it is important to know with some precision both the beam’s centerline and the degree of beam divergence, especially if the beam does not closely approximate a parallel beam. Portable or movable neutron imaging systems often utilize shorter collimation systems, a less precise alignment and poor symmetry in divergence angles, which may affect image analysis. In these example cases, direct measurement of the alignment and the divergence angles is desirable as calculation from system geometry would be less straightforward and accurate. Fabrication of the device is an extension of the Test Method E803 L/D device, providing different information through a similar approach.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the design, materials, manufacture, and use of a divergence and alignment indicator (DAI) for measuring the effective divergence of a thermal neutron beam used for neutron imaging as well as determining the alignment of the imaging plane relative (usually normal) to the centerline of the beam. This test method is applicable to thermal neutron imaging.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The typical use of this test method is determination of 10B areal density in aluminum neutron absorber materials used to control criticality in systems such as: spent nuclear fuel dry storage canisters, transfer/transport nuclear fuel containers, spent nuclear fuel pools, and fresh nuclear fuel transport containers.  
5.2 Areal density measurements are also used in the investigation of the uniformity in 10B spatial distribution.  
5.3 The expected users of this standard include designers, suppliers, neutron absorber users, testing labs, and consultants in the field of nuclear criticality analysis.  
5.4 Another known method used to determine areal density of 10B in aluminum neutron absorbers is an analytical chemical method as mentioned in Practice C1671. However, the analytical chemical method does not measure the “effective” 10B areal density as measured by neutron attenuation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for quantitative determination of effective boron-10 (10B) areal density (mass per area of 10B, usually measured in grams-10B/cm2 ) in aluminum neutron absorbers. The attenuation of a thermal neutron beam transmitted through an aluminum neutron absorber is compared to attenuation values for calibration standards allowing determination of the effective 10B areal density. This test is typically performed in a laboratory setting. This method is valid only under the following conditions:  
1.1.1 The absorber contains 10B in an aluminum or aluminum alloy matrix.  
1.1.2 The primary neutron absorber is 10B.  
1.1.3 The test specimen has uniform thickness.  
1.1.4 The test specimen has a testing surface area at least twice that of the thermal neutron beam’s surface cross-sectional area.  
1.1.5 The calibration standards of uniform composition span the range of areal densities being measured.  
1.1.6 The areal density is between 0.001 and 0.080 grams of 10B per cm2.  
1.1.7 The thermalized neutron beam is derived from a fission reactor, sub-critical assembly, accelerator or neutron generator.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D  ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D  ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically measure the effective collimation ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimation system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.  
1.2 This test method covers both the manufacture and use of the device to measure L/D ratios.  
1.3 Neutron images for this method can be produced on radiographic film using an appropriate conversion screen as detailed in Guide E748 or a CR screen with appropriate neutron converter. The method has not been validated with images produced by digital detector arrays.  
1.4 This test method only applies to neutron beam lines with cold or thermal neutron spectrums.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and, thereby, affect overall image quality. For proper measurements of film exposure due to the neutron beam constituents, the BPI must be fabricated in accordance with this practice.  
5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all Beam Purity Indicators to be used with Test Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide covers types of materials to be examined, neutron radiographic examination techniques, neutron production and collimation methods, radiographic film, and converter screen selection. Within the present state of the neutron radiologic art, these practices are generally applicable to specific material combinations, processes, and techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with thermal neutrons are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the production of neutron radiographs that possess consistent quality characteristics, as well as aiding the user to consider the applicability of thermal neutron radiology. Statements concerning preferred practice are provided without a discussion of the technical background for the preference. The necessary technical background can be found in Refs  (1-16).2  
1.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process (see Section 5 on Basis of Application). Adherence to the guide will, however, produce reproducible results. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, film, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of photographic or radiographic film in combination with conversion screens for image recording; other imaging systems are available. Emphasis is placed on the use of nuclear reactor neutron sources.  
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
1.4 Safety Practices—General practices for personnel protection against neutron and associated radiation peculiar to the neutron radiologic process are discussed in Section 18. Jurisdictional nuclear regulations will also apply.  
1.5 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)  
1.6 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and thereby affect overall image quality. In addition, the BPI can be used to verify the day-to-day consistency of the neutron radiographic quality. Gadolinium conversion screens and single-emulsion silver-halide films, exposed together in the neutron imaging beam, were used in the development and testing of the BPI. Use of alternative detection systems may produce densitometric readings that are not valid for the equations used in Section 9.  
5.2 The only truly valid sensitivity indicator is a reference standard part. A reference standard part is a material or component that is the same as the object being neutron radiographed except with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw. The sensitivity indicators were designed to substitute for the reference standard and provide qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity.  
5.3 The number of areas or objects to be radiographed and the film acceptance standard used should be specified in the contract, purchase order, specification, or drawings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator (IQI) system to determine the relative2 quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this test method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements.  
5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Test Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography. Devices constructed to previous versions of this practice, or Test Method E545 for devices built between 1981 and 1991, can also be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of film radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements.  
5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Test Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D  ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D  ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically measure the effective collimation ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimation system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.  
1.2 This test method covers both the manufacture and use of the device to measure L/D ratios.  
1.3 Neutron images for this method can be produced on radiographic film using an appropriate conversion screen as detailed in Guide E748 or a CR screen with appropriate neutron converter. The method has not been validated with images produced by digital detector arrays.  
1.4 This test method only applies to neutron beam lines with cold or thermal neutron spectrums.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 As discussed in Practice E748, traditional neutron radiography typically employs a high flux reactor source with a well defined collimation system to produce an image on film. The alignment of the imaging plane and the divergence angle are generally well defined and a small degree of misalignment or uncertainty in divergence angle makes little difference in the final image. These systems are well characterized by their physical dimension, the L/D ratio, and image quality indicators (Beam Purity Indicator and Sensitivity Indicator) described in Test Method E545. Neutron computed tomography is an example where it is important to know with some precision both the beam’s centerline and the degree of beam divergence, especially if the beam does not closely approximate a parallel beam. Portable or movable neutron imaging systems often utilize shorter collimation systems, a less precise alignment and poor symmetry in divergence angles, which may affect image analysis. In these example cases, direct measurement of the alignment and the divergence angles is desirable as calculation from system geometry would be less straightforward and accurate. Fabrication of the device is an extension of the Test Method E803 L/D device, providing different information through a similar approach.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the design, materials, manufacture, and use of a divergence and alignment indicator (DAI) for measuring the effective divergence of a thermal neutron beam used for neutron imaging as well as determining the alignment of the imaging plane relative (usually normal) to the centerline of the beam. This test method is applicable to thermal neutron imaging.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The typical use of this test method is determination of 10B areal density in aluminum neutron absorber materials used to control criticality in systems such as: spent nuclear fuel dry storage canisters, transfer/transport nuclear fuel containers, spent nuclear fuel pools, and fresh nuclear fuel transport containers.  
5.2 Areal density measurements are also used in the investigation of the uniformity in 10B spatial distribution.  
5.3 The expected users of this standard include designers, suppliers, neutron absorber users, testing labs, and consultants in the field of nuclear criticality analysis.  
5.4 Another known method used to determine areal density of 10B in aluminum neutron absorbers is an analytical chemical method as mentioned in Practice C1671. However, the analytical chemical method does not measure the “effective” 10B areal density as measured by neutron attenuation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for quantitative determination of effective boron-10 (10B) areal density (mass per area of 10B, usually measured in grams-10B/cm2 ) in aluminum neutron absorbers. The attenuation of a thermal neutron beam transmitted through an aluminum neutron absorber is compared to attenuation values for calibration standards allowing determination of the effective 10B areal density. This test is typically performed in a laboratory setting. This method is valid only under the following conditions:  
1.1.1 The absorber contains 10B in an aluminum or aluminum alloy matrix.  
1.1.2 The primary neutron absorber is 10B.  
1.1.3 The test specimen has uniform thickness.  
1.1.4 The test specimen has a testing surface area at least twice that of the thermal neutron beam’s surface cross-sectional area.  
1.1.5 The calibration standards of uniform composition span the range of areal densities being measured.  
1.1.6 The areal density is between 0.001 and 0.080 grams of 10B per cm2.  
1.1.7 The thermalized neutron beam is derived from a fission reactor, sub-critical assembly, accelerator or neutron generator.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide covers types of materials to be examined, neutron radiographic examination techniques, neutron production and collimation methods, radiographic film, and converter screen selection. Within the present state of the neutron radiologic art, these practices are generally applicable to specific material combinations, processes, and techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with thermal neutrons are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the production of neutron radiographs that possess consistent quality characteristics, as well as aiding the user to consider the applicability of thermal neutron radiology. Statements concerning preferred practice are provided without a discussion of the technical background for the preference. The necessary technical background can be found in Refs  (1-16).2  
1.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process (see Section 5 on Basis of Application). Adherence to the guide will, however, produce reproducible results. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, film, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of photographic or radiographic film in combination with conversion screens for image recording; other imaging systems are available. Emphasis is placed on the use of nuclear reactor neutron sources.  
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
1.4 Safety Practices—General practices for personnel protection against neutron and associated radiation peculiar to the neutron radiologic process are discussed in Section 17. Jurisdictional nuclear regulations will also apply.  
1.5 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for x-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)  
1.6 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements.  
5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded to be standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and, thereby, affect overall image quality. For proper measurements of film exposure due to the neutron beam constituents, the BPI must be fabricated in accordance with this practice.  
5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all Beam Purity Indicators to be used with Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The typical use of this test method is determination of 10B areal density in aluminum neutron absorber materials used to control criticality in systems such as: spent nuclear fuel dry storage canisters, transfer/transport nuclear fuel containers, spent nuclear fuel pools, and fresh nuclear fuel transport containers.  
5.2 Areal density measurements are also used in the investigation of the uniformity in 10B spatial distribution.  
5.3 The expected users of this standard include designers, suppliers, neutron absorber users, testing labs, and consultants in the field of nuclear criticality analysis.  
5.4 Another known method used to determine areal density of 10B in aluminum neutron absorbers is an analytical chemical method as mentioned in Practice C1671. However, the analytical chemical method does not measure the “effective” 10B areal density as measured by neutron attenuation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended for quantitative determination of effective boron-10 (10B) areal density (mass per area of 10B, usually measured in grams-10B/cm2 ) in aluminum neutron absorbers. The attenuation of a thermal neutron beam transmitted through an aluminum neutron absorber is compared to attenuation values for calibration standards allowing determination of the effective 10B areal density. This test is typically performed in a laboratory setting. This method is valid only under the following conditions:  
1.1.1 The absorber contains 10B in an aluminum or aluminum alloy matrix.  
1.1.2 The primary neutron absorber is 10B.  
1.1.3 The test specimen has uniform thickness.  
1.1.4 The test specimen has a testing surface area at least twice that of the thermal neutron beam’s surface cross-sectional area.  
1.1.5 The calibration standards of uniform composition span the range of areal densities being measured.  
1.1.6 The areal density is between 0.001 and 0.080 grams of 10B per cm2.  
1.1.7 The thermalized neutron beam is derived from a fission reactor, sub-critical assembly, accelerator or neutron generator.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and thereby affect overall image quality. In addition, the BPI can be used to verify the day-to-day consistency of the neutron radiographic quality. Gadolinium conversion screens and single-emulsion silver-halide films, exposed together in the neutron imaging beam, were used in the development and testing of the BPI. Use of alternative detection systems may produce densitometric readings that are not valid for the equations used in Section 9.  
5.2 The only truly valid sensitivity indicator is a reference standard part. A reference standard part is a material or component that is the same as the object being neutron radiographed except with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw. The sensitivity indicators were designed to substitute for the reference standard and provide qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity.  
5.3 The number of areas or objects to be radiographed and the film acceptance standard used should be specified in the contract, purchase order, specification, or drawings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator (IQI) system to determine the relative2 quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this test method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D  ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D  ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically check the effective collimation ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimator system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
As discussed in Practice E748, traditional neutron radiography typically employs a high flux reactor source with a well defined collimation system to produce an image on film. The alignment of the imaging plane and the divergence angle are generally well defined and a small degree of misalignment or uncertainty in divergence angle makes little difference in the final image. These systems are well characterized by their physical dimension, the L/D ratio, and image quality indicators (Beam Purity Indicator and Sensitivity Indicator) described in Test Method E545. Neutron computed tomography is an example where it is important to know with some precision both the beam’s centerline and the degree of beam divergence, especially if the beam does not closely approximate a parallel beam. Portable or movable neutron imaging systems often utilize shorter collimation systems, a less precise alignment and poor symmetry in divergence angles, which may affect image analysis. In these example cases, direct measurement of the alignment and the divergence angles is desirable as calculation from system geometry would be less straightforward and accurate. Fabrication of the device is an extension of the Test Method E803 L/D device, providing different information through a similar approach.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the design, materials, manufacture, and use of a divergence and alignment indicator (DAI) for measuring the effective divergence of a thermal neutron beam used for neutron imaging as well as determining the alignment of the imaging plane relative (usually normal) to the centerline of the beam. This test method is applicable to thermal neutron imaging.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and thereby affect overall image quality. In addition, the BPI can be used to verify the day-to-day consistency of the neutron radiographic quality. Gadolinium conversion screens and single-emulsion silver-halide films, exposed together in the neutron imaging beam, were used in the development and testing of the BPI. Use of alternative detection systems may produce densitometric readings that are not valid for the equations used in Section 9.
The only truly valid sensitivity indicator is a reference standard part. A reference standard part is a material or component that is the same as the object being neutron radiographed except with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw. The sensitivity indicators were designed to substitute for the reference standard and provide qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity.
The number of areas or objects to be radiographed and the film acceptance standard used should be specified in the contract, purchase order, specification, or drawings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator (IQI) system to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this test method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements.
This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded to be standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and, thereby, affect overall image quality. For proper measurements of film exposure due to the neutron beam constituents, the BPI must be fabricated in accordance with this practice.
This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all Beam Purity Indicators to be used with Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices include types of materials to be examined, neutron radiographic examination techniques, neutron production and collimation methods, radiographic film, and converter screen selection. Within the present state of the neutron radiologic art, these practices are generally applicable to specific material combinations, processes, and techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with thermal neutrons are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the production of neutron radiographs that possess consistent quality characteristics, as well as aiding the user to consider the applicability of thermal neutron radiology (radiology, radiographic, and related terms are defined in Terminology E 1316). Statements concerning preferred practice are provided without a discussion of the technical background for the preference. The necessary technical background can be found in Refs (1-16).  
1.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process (see Section 5 on Basis of Application). Adherence to the practices will, however, produce reproducible results that could serve as standards. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, film, etc., is maintained through the practices. These practices are limited to the use of photographic or radiographic film in combination with conversion screens for image recording; other imaging systems are available. Emphasis is placed on the use of nuclear reactor neutron sources.
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by these practices. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.
1.4 Safety Practices—General practices for personnel protection against neutron and associated radiation peculiar to the neutron radiologic process are discussed in Section 17. For further information on this important aspect of neutron radiology, refer to current documents of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, the Code of Federal Regulations, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and to applicable state and local codes.
1.5 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E 94. (See Section 2.)
1.6 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety information see 1.4.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D  ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D  ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically check the effective collimation ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimator system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many requirements exist for accurate dimensional information in industrial quality control. Frequently, this information cannot be measured directly, may be very uncertain, or is expensive to obtain. If a radiograph of the object in question displays a sufficient film density variation near the edge of interest, however, dimensional radiography methods may be applied. This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information from the neutron radiograph of an object. Guide E 94 and Practices E 748 are helpful for understanding the principles involved in obtaining a high-quality neutron radiograph.
Dimensional radiography appears to be particularly relevant in determination of the following: (1) diameters of spent radioactive fuel, (2) gap sizes in contact-circuit mechanisms of shielded components, and (3) prescribed spacings between distinct materials.
While this test method addresses dimensional measurements using neutron radiography, the methods and techniques of dimensional radiography are also equally applicable to various types of radiography, such as x-ray, γ-ray, and neutron.
A fundamental assumption of this test method is that the user will have access to a system that permits the attainment of data describing the density response of the radiograph. Although a system may include any digitization equipment capable of providing the spatial resolutions recommended in 6.1.1, a typical system will include a high-resolution traveling-stage microdensitometer and a neutron radiograph of the object.
An object with accurately known dimensions must be available to calibrate the equipment used to measure the radiographic response, that is, the traveling-stage microdensitometer (or other digitization system capable of spatial resolution comparable to that of the detector).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information on an object from its neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identification of changes in film density caused by material changes where a corresponding discontinuity in film density exists. This test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film distances.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and thereby affect overall image quality. In addition, the BPI can be used to verify the day-to-day consistency of the neutron radiographic quality. Gadolinium conversion screens and single-emulsion silver-halide films, exposed together in the neutron imaging beam, were used in the development and testing of the BPI. Use of alternative detection systems may produce densitometric readings that are not valid for the equations used in Section 9.
The only truly valid sensitivity indicator is a reference standard part. A reference standard part is a material or component that is the same as the object being neutron radiographed except with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission, or flaw. The sensitivity indicators were designed to substitute for the reference standard and provide qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity.
The number of areas or objects to be radiographed and the film acceptance standard used should be specified in the contract, purchase order, specification, or drawings.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator (IQI) system to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this test method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator system to determine the relative  quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure, and thereby, affect overall image quality. For proper measurements of film exposure due to the neutron beam constituents, the BPI must be fabricated in accordance with this practice.
This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all Beam Purity Indicators to be used with Method E 545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The only truly valid image quality indicator is a material or component, equivalent to the part being neutron radiographed, with a known standard discontinuity, inclusion, omission or flaw (reference standard comparison part). The SI is designed to substitute for the reference standard, providing qualitative information on hole and gap sensitivity in a single unit. Fabrication in accordance with this practice is vital for accurate and consistent measurements.
This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all SIs to be used with Method E 545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents given in parentheses in the text are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices include types of materials to be examined, neutron radiographic examination techniques, neutron production and collimation methods, radiographic film, and converter screen selection. Within the present state of the neutron radiologic art, these practices are generally applicable to specific material combinations, processes, and techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with thermal neutrons are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the production of neutron radiographs that possess consistent quality characteristics, as well as aiding the user to consider the applicability of thermal neutron radiology (radiology, radiographic, and related terms are defined in Terminology E 1316). Statements concerning preferred practice are provided without a discussion of the technical background for the preference. The necessary technical background can be found in Refs  (1-16).
1.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process (see Section on Basis of Application). Adherence to the practices will, however, produce reproducible results that could serve as standards. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, film, etc., is maintained through the practices. These practices are limited to the use of photographic or radiographic film in combination with conversion screens for image recording; other imaging systems are available. Emphasis is placed on the use of nuclear reactor neutron sources.
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by these practices. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.
1.4 Safety Practices—General practices for personnel protection against neutron and associated radiation peculiar to the neutron radiologic process are discussed in Section . For further information on this important aspect of neutron radiology, refer to current documents of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, the Code of Federal Regulations, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and to applicable state and local codes.
1.5 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E 94. (See Section 2.)
1.6 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety information see 1.4.)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded to be standard.
This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This method covers the use of an Image Quality Indicator system to determine the relative  quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination. The requirements expressed in this method are not intended to control the quality level of materials and components.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of Sensitivity Indicators (SI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents given in parentheses in the text are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for sorting ferrous metals using the electromagnetic (eddy-current) method. The procedure relates to instruments using absolute or comparator-type coils for distinguishing variations in mass, shape, conductivity, permeability, and other variables such as hardness and alloy that affect the electrical or magnetic properties, or both, of the material. The selection of samples to determine sorting feasibility and to establish calibration standards is also included.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information on an object from its neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identification of changes in film density caused by material changes where a corresponding discontinuity in film density exists. This test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film distances.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 Purpose -Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with thermal neutrons are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the production of neutron radiographs that possess consistent quality characteristics, as well as aiding the user to consider the applicability of thermal neutron radiology (radiology, radiographic, and related terms are defined in Terminology E1316). Statements concerning preferred practice are provided without a discussion of the technical background for the preference. The necessary technical background can be found in Refs (1-16).  
1.2 Limitations -Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process (see Section 5 on Basis of Application). Adherence to the practices will, however, produce reproducible results that could serve as standards. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, film, etc., is maintained through the practices. These practices are limited to the use of photographic or radiographic film in combination with conversion screens for image recording; other imaging systems are available. Emphasis is placed on the use of nuclear reactor neutron sources.  
1.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards -Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by these practices. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
1.4 Safety Practices -General practices for personnel protection against neutron and associated radiation peculiar to the neutron radiologic process are discussed in Section 17. For further information on this important aspect of neutron radiology, refer to current documents of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, the Code of Federal Regulations, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and to applicable state and local codes.  
1.5 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94. (See Section 2.)  
1.6 The values stated in either SI or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety information see 1.4.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D  ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D  ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically check the effective collimation ratio.
SCOPE
1.1 This method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D , of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimator system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Many requirements exist for accurate dimensional information in industrial quality control. Frequently, this information cannot be measured directly, may be very uncertain, or is expensive to obtain. If a radiograph of the object in question displays a sufficient film density variation near the edge of interest, however, dimensional radiography methods may be applied. This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information from the neutron radiograph of an object. Guide E94 and Practices E748 are helpful for understanding the principles involved in obtaining a high-quality neutron radiograph.
Dimensional radiography appears to be particularly relevant in determination of the following: (1) diameters of spent radioactive fuel, (2) gap sizes in contact-circuit mechanisms of shielded components, and (3) prescribed spacings between distinct materials.
While this test method addresses dimensional measurements using neutron radiography, the methods and techniques of dimensional radiography are also equally applicable to various types of radiography, such as x-ray, γ-ray, and neutron.
A fundamental assumption of this test method is that the user will have access to a system that permits the attainment of data describing the density response of the radiograph. Although a system may include any digitization equipment capable of providing the spatial resolutions recommended in 6.1.1, a typical system will include a high-resolution traveling-stage microdensitometer and a neutron radiograph of the object.
An object with accurately known dimensions must be available to calibrate the equipment used to measure the radiographic response, that is, the traveling-stage microdensitometer (or other digitization system capable of spatial resolution comparable to that of the detector).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information on an object from its neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identification of changes in film density caused by material changes where a corresponding discontinuity in film density exists. This test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film distances.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method provides a technique for extracting quantitative dimensional information on an object from its neutron radiograph. The technique is based on the identification of changes in film density caused by material changes where a corresponding discontinuity in film density exists. This test method is designed to be used with neutron radiographs made with a well-collimated beam. The film densities in the vicinity of the edge must be in the linear portion of the density versus exposure curve. The accuracy of this test method may be affected adversely in installations with high-angular-divergence neutron beams or with large object-to-film distances.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing, this test method was withdrawn in June 2012. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.