ASTM F2601-18

Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candle Accessories

ABSTRACT
This specification prescribes the performance requirements and corresponding test procedures for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degree of personal safety during normal use, thereby, reducing incidences of fires, deaths, and injuries. This specification is not intended to replace other safety practices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of product when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppression systems. Details regarding the safety requirements and test methods for identifying stability of candle accessories, candle burners, and potpourri, and flammability of candle rings are thoroughly discussed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety requirements for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degree of safety for normal use with candles, thereby improving personal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.  
1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safety practices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of product when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppression systems.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2018
• ICS: 71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
• Technical Committee: F15 - Consumer Products
• Drafting Committee: F15.45 - Candle Products

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2601-16a - Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candle Accessories
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM E136-24a - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E136-24 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750 °C
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM E176-24 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM E136-19 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Combustibility of Materials Using a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM E176-18a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM E176-18 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E136-16a - Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM F1972-16 - Standard Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and Associated Accessory Items
• Effective Date: 01-May-2016
• Refers: ASTM F2417-16 - Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candles
• Effective Date: 01-May-2016
• Refers: ASTM E136-16 - Standard Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2016
• Refers: ASTM E176-15a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-14c - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2014

Overview

ASTM F2601-18: Standard Specification for Fire Safety for Candle Accessories sets the minimum safety requirements and corresponding test procedures to improve fire safety for candle accessories used in conjunction with candles. Established by ASTM International, this standard focuses on reducing risks such as fires, injuries, and fatalities by defining performance-based fire safety requirements for products like candle rings, holders, burners, shades, toppers, and potpourri burners. The specification is intended to complement, not replace, essential fire safety practices such as adult supervision and monitoring during candle use.

Key Topics

• Scope and Intent: The standard outlines minimum fire safety requirements for accessories used with candles during normal use, emphasizing the reduction of fire-related incidents.

• Definitions: Recognizes key candle accessory types:

  • Candle holder: Supports or contains a candle.
  • Candle burner: Holds candles and may restrict combustion gases.
  • Candle ring: Decorates or surrounds candle base.
  • Shade/Topper: Modifies appearance, airflow, or light from a candle.
  • Potpourri/food warmer: Accessories heated by candles.

• Performance Requirements:

  • Flammability: Candle rings, holders, shades, and toppers must not ignite or exhibit excessive burn times (with defined thresholds for passing). Exemptions apply to accessories made only of noncombustible materials or utilizing barrier technology.
  • Candle Burners: Required to show no secondary ignition, no breaking/cracking, and compliance with maximum flame heights.
  • Stability: Accessories must remain stable and not tip over at a minimum 10° incline with an installed candle.

• Testing Methods: Each accessory is assessed using standardized protocols for flammability, burn performance, and stability. This involves physical flame exposure, defined measurement devices, and repeated trials on all applicable components.

• Labeling & Instructions: Products designed for multiple or specific candles must be clearly labeled with usage warnings and candle specifications.

Applications

ASTM F2601-18 is a critical reference for:

• Manufacturers: Ensures candle accessories meet fire safety expectations before market release. Adhering to these requirements helps mitigate liability and supports product recalls or safety investigations.
• Retailers & Importers: Assists in pre-screening products for compliance with internationally recognized fire safety standards before sale or distribution.
• Product Safety and Quality Assurance: Guides development of internal protocols for in-house testing, quality checks, and labeling procedures.
• Testing Laboratories: Provides standardized procedures for evaluating fire resistance and stability of candle accessories in controlled environments.
• Regulatory and Consumer Protection Agencies: Supports enforcement actions and informs regulatory compliance programs focused on consumer product safety.

Related Standards

ASTM F2601-18 references and works alongside other important fire safety and candle standards, including:

• ASTM F2417: Specification for Fire Safety for Candles
• ASTM D92: Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
• ASTM E136: Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
• ASTM E176: Terminology of Fire Standards
• ASTM F1972: Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and Associated Accessory Items

Practical Value

Businesses and institutions involved in the design, manufacture, import, testing, or certification of candle accessories benefit from following ASTM F2601-18 to:

• Reduce fire hazard risks.
• Enhance consumer safety and confidence.
• Ensure consistent, repeatable product testing and performance.
• Facilitate global market access by aligning with internationally recognized safety requirements.

Fire safety for candle accessories is essential for protecting consumers, property, and brand reputation. ASTM F2601-18 provides a clear, practical foundation for safer product development and distribution.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2601 −18
Standard Specification for
Fire Safety for Candle Accessories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
Open Cup Tester
1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety require-
E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical
mentsforcandleaccessoriestohelpensureareasonabledegree
Tube Furnace at 750°C
of safety for normal use with candles, thereby improving
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
personal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.
F1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and
1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safety
Associated Accessory Items
practices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of prod-
F2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles
uct when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppression
systems.
3. Terminology
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1 Certain candle-related terminology is addressed in
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
Guide F1972, and the reader is directed to that guide for
information only.
definitions not found in 3.2 and 3.3. For definitions of terms
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the
associated with fire issues, see Terminology E176.
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
3.2 Definitions: Candle Accessory Classification Terms:
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
3.2.1 candle accessory, n—object designed, intended, or
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
marketed for use with a candle.
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
3.2.2 candle burner, n—acandleholderthatrestrictsthefree
actual fire conditions.
flow of exiting combustion gases.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.2.1 Discussion—Candle burners include, but are not
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
limited to, lanterns, potpourri burners, and food warmers. Does
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
not include the item known as a “candle follower”, also
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
referred to by the term “candle burner” in the liturgical
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
industry.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.3 candle holder, n—candle accessory onto which a
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
candle is placed.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.3.1 Discussion—It may support, hold or contain a
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
candle when in use.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.3.2 Discussion—Filled candles are not candle holders.
3.2.4 candle ring, n—candle accessory intended to surround
2. Referenced Documents
the candle with decorative materials in proximity to a candle,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fill
material.
3.2.5 food warmer, n—a vessel intended to hold food that is
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on
heated by one or more candles; it is a type of candle burner.
Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 on
Candle Products.
3.2.6 potpourri burner, n—candle burner designed to pro-
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originally
vide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneous
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2601 – 16a. DOI:
material.
10.1520/F2601-18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.7 shade, n—a candle accessory placed above the candle,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
whose function is to modify light from the flame and change
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the appearance of the candle.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2601 − 18
3.2.8 topper, n—vented candle accessory, which is placed 4.1.2 Specifically this safety requirement applies to candle
directly on top of a container candle, to modify airflow. rings,candleholders,candleshades,candletoppers,andcandle
burners.
3.3 Definitions: General Terms:
4.1.3 Accessories exempted from this requirement include:
3.3.1 barrier technology, n—a functional design element of
4.1.3.1 Accessories constructed exclusively of noncombus-
a candle accessory that minimizes the risk of ignition of the
tible materials,
combustible components of the candle accessory as a result of
4.1.3.2 Accessories constructed exclusively of live plants or
foreseeable misuse or failure of the candle.
fresh cut flowers, or both, that remain hydrated during their
3.3.1.1 Discussion—Precautions should be taken in barrier
intended life,
technology designs to prevent ignition of combustible compo-
4.1.3.3 Birthday candle holders that can hold only one
nents.Duringintendeduse,thecandleshouldnotbecapableof
candle, do not contain pyrotechnics, and are not intended to
igniting combustible components from either heat transfer or
move.
direct flame impingement.Accessories should also be designed
4.1.3.4 Accessories that incorporate barrier technology (see
to prevent ignition of combustible components in reasonable
5.2.3.13).
andforeseeablesituationssuchasindraftsorthecandlefalling
4.1.4 Performance Requirement—When tested in accor-
over. Examples include a durable, noncombustible wall, or
dance with the test method in 5.2:
space absent of combustible objects.
4.1.4.1 The accessory shall have a burn time less than or
3.3.2 burn cycle, n—the length of time a candle burns from
equal to an average of 30 s for three tests per component and
when it is lit to when it is manually extinguished or from when
the burn time for any one test shall not exceed 60 s.
it is lit until it extinguishes on its own at end of useful life.
4.1.4.2 During any test, flames shall not spread over the
3.3.3 burn time, n—time a material supports sustained
entire accessory.
flaming combustion after removal of the ignition source until
4.1.4.3 The test shall be conducted on all applicable com-
all flaming ceases.
ponents of the accessory.
3.3.4 consumption rate, n—rate at which a candle is con-
4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners Performance:
sumed.
4.2.1 This safety requirement applies to all candle burners.
3.3.4.1 Discussion—In this specification, consumption rate
See X1.2.
is measured in ounces (grams) of fuel consumed per hour.
4.2.2 Performance Requirement—When tested in accor-
3.3.4.2 Discussion—Consumption rate is determined by
dance with 5.3:
weighing a candle prior to burning and then again at the end of
4.2.2.1 All candle burners which have the capability of
the life or burn cycle of the candle. The weight consumed in
accepting multiple types or multiple quantities of candles, or
ounces (grams) is then divided by the burn time in hours to
both, shall be labeled as directed in 6.1.
arrive at a consumption rate in ounces (grams) per hour.
4.2.2.2 The candle shall exhibit no secondary ignition.
4.2.2.3 The candle shall have no flame height greater than
3.3.5 diffusion flame, n—a type of flame where the fuel is
3.0 in. (7.6 cm).
not premixed with air or other oxygen source.
4.2.2.4 The burner shall not catch fire.
3.3.5.1 Discussion—Diffusion flames are typically red,
4.2.2.5 Neither the burner nor the candle container shall
yellow, or orange in color.
break or crack as a result of the test.
3.3.6 flame height, n—the length of the candle flame from
the base to the tip. 4.3 Safety Requirements for Tealight and Taper Candle
Holders:
3.3.7 ignition, n—initiation of flaming combustion.
4.3.1 This safety requirement applies to candle holders not
3.3.7.1 Discussion—The combustion is typically evidenced
tested in accordance with 5.3 that are intended to use tealight
by glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained or
or taper candles. See X1.3.
transient.
4.3.2 Performance Requirement—When tested in accor-
3.3.8 noncombustible, adj—not capable of igniting and
dance with 5.4:
burning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.
4.3.2.1 All holders which have the capability of accepting
3.3.8.1 Discussion—Materials that pass Test Method E136
multiple types or multiple quantities of candles, or both, shall
are considered noncombustible.
be labeled as directed in 6.1.
3.3.9 sustained flaming, n—existence of flame on or over
4.3.2.2 The candle shall exhibit no secondary ignition.
the surface of the specimen for periods of4sor more.
4.3.2.3 The candle shall have no flame height greater than
3.3.9.1 Discussion—Sustained flaming starts at the begin- 3.0 in. (7.6 cm).
ningoftheperiodwhenaflameisfoundonoroverthesurface.
4.3.2.4 The holder shall not catch on fire.
4.3.2.5 Neither the holder nor the candle container shall
4. Safety Requirements break or crack as a result of the test.
4.1 Safety Requirements for Flammability: 4.4 Safety Requirements for Stability:
4.1.1 This safety requirement applies to candle accessories 4.4.1 This safety requirement applies to all accessories
intended to be used in direct contact with burning candles. See intended to be used in direct contact with burning candles. See
X1.1. X1.4.
F2601 − 18
4.4.2 Performance Requirement—When tested in accor- sourceyieldsfailingresultsasoftenas,ormoreoftenthantests
dance with 5.5: using the specified flame source. See X2.1 for further infor-
4.4.2.1 The accessory shall not tip over when placed at a
mation.
minimum 10.0° (–0.0° / +0.5°) incline from horizontal when
5.2.2.4 Ring stand/clamp assembly.
tested with the candle specified in 5.5.3.2.
5.2.2.5 Stopwatch.
4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical accessories shall not tip over at any
5.2.2.6 Noncombustible measuring device graduated in
position when rotated around the vertical axis.
inches (millimeters), such as a ruler.
4.4.2.3 Holders labeled in accordance with 6.2 shall be
5.2.2.7 Thermometer.
tested with the maximum size candle(s) specified on the label.
5.2.2.8 Hygrometer.
5. Test Methods
5.2.3 Procedure:
5.1 General:
5.2.3.1 Condition the accessory before testing for at least 4
5.1.1 Safety Hazards—Warning—There is an inherent risk
h at a temperature between 68 and 86°F (20 and 30°C) and a
of working with and around open flames.
relative humidity of less than or equal to 55 %.
5.1.1.1 Use appropriate personal protective equipment and
5.2.3.2 Test the accessory:
practices that ensure a safe work environment.
(1) In a burn test area that will be environmentally con-
5.1.1.2 Keep fire suppression equipment nearby that is
trolled to between 68 and 86°F (20 and 30°C) and a relative
capableofmitigatingfiresassociatedwithcandleaccessoryfire
humidity of less than or equal to 70 %.
safety testing.
(2) Within1hof being removed from the conditioning
5.1.2 Precision and Bias—No information is presented
atmosphere.
about the precision or bias for any of the test methods in
(3) In an area with minimal disturbance of the flame source
Section 5.
and sufficient size to accommodate the accessory and prevent
5.2 Accessory Flammability Test Method:
oxygen starvation of the flame source.
5.2.1 Summary of Test Method:
(4) On a surface constructed of a noncombustible material
5.2.1.1 Components of candle accessories are tested on a
that is cleaned before conducting each test, removing charred
flat, noncombustible surface through contact with the flame
and molten materials or other debris from previous tests.
source for up to 60 s.
5.2.3.3 Test the accessory in an orientation typical of the
5.2.1.2 Each test is monitored for sustained flaming com-
bustion of the component. Three separate tests are performed product’s intended use.
on each type of component of the accessory. The burn time of (1) Place the candle rings on the test surface such that it
each test is measured and recorded.
lays flat to simulate normal use with no free-flowing air space
5.2.2 Apparatus: under the accessory unless that is how the candle ring is
5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.
designed.
5.2.2.2 Flame Source—Abutane diffusion flame intended to
(2) Position candle shades and toppers like they would be
representacandleflame.Theburnertubeconsistsofastainless
used on a candle.
steel tube with an outside diameter of nominally ⁄16 in. (8 mm)
5.2.3.4 Test the accessory in all orientations and configura-
and a wall thickness of ⁄128 in. (1 mm). The gas supply system
tions that it is designed or advertised to be used in. The
consistsofapressuregauge,flowmeter,fine-controlvalve,and
accessory fails the performance requirement if it fails in any of
cylinder regulator providing an outlet pressure of 0.4 psi (28.5
the orientations tested.
mbar). The flow meter supplies butane gas at a constant rate of
3 5.2.3.5 Ignite and apply the flame source to each unique
2 ⁄4 in. /min (45 mL/min) at 77°F (25°C). Under the specified
component, piece, and material on the accessory. See X2.2 for
conditions, the flame height is approximately 1 ⁄8 in. (35 mm).
further information.
5.2.2.3 An alternative flame source is permissible provided
that it can be demonstrated by testing identical specimens with 5.2.3.6 Keep the flame source stationary during the ignition
period with the flame source at a downward angle between 15
boththealternativeflamesourceandtheflamesourcespecified
in this test method that the tests using the alternative flame and 45° from horizontal. See Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Flame Source Positioning
F2601 − 18
5.2.3.7 Position the flame source such that its tip is station- 5.3.1.2 Test at least eight candle burn cycles each in a
ary and positioned approximately one half of the normal flame minimum of three identical burners (24 total tests).
height away from the accessory component to be tested. See 5.3.2 Apparatus:
Fig. 1. 5.3.2.1 Noncombustible measuring device graduated in
inches (millimeters),
NOTE 1—For example, if the flame source produces a flame approxi-
5.3.2.2 Candle holder/glass (if applicable),
mately 1 ⁄8 in. (35 mm) in height, the tip of the flame source would be
5.3.2.3 Lighter, matches, or other source of ignition,
positioned approximately ⁄4 in. (17.5 mm) away from the test component.
This will put the midpoint of the flame in contact with the edge of the
5.3.2.4 Test surface-level, noncombustible, and
component to be tested.
5.3.2.5 Wick-trimming device.
5.3.3 Procedure
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2601 − 16a F2601 − 18
Standard Specification for
Fire Safety for Candle Accessories
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification prescribes minimum safety requirements for candle accessories to help ensure a reasonable degree of
safety for normal use with candles, thereby improving personal safety and reducing fires, deaths, and injuries.
1.2 This specification is not intended to replace other safety practices such as adult supervision, close monitoring of product
when in use, and fire detection, alarm, or suppression systems.
1.3 The values stated in SIinch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for
information only.
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester
E136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
F1972 Guide for Terminology Relating to Candles and Associated Accessory Items
F2417 Specification for Fire Safety for Candles
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions— Certain candle-related terminology has already been is addressed in Guide F1972. Certain additional
fire-related terminology is found in Terminology , and the E176. The reader is directed to those standardsthat guide for definitions
not found in 3.2 and 3.3. For definitions of terms associated with fire issues, see Terminology E176.
3.2 Definitions: Candle Accessory Classification Terms:
3.2.1 candle accessory, n—object designed, intended, or marketed for use with a candle.
3.2.2 candle burner, n—a candle holder that restricts the free flow of exiting combustion gases.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
Candle burners include, but are not limited to, lanterns, potpourri burners, and food warmers. Does not include the item known
as a “candle follower”, also referred to by the term “candle burner” in the liturgical industry.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F15.45 on Candle Products.
Current edition approved July 1, 2016April 1, 2018. Published August 2016April 2018. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
F2601 – 16.F2601 – 16a. DOI: 10.1520/F2601-16A.10.1520/F2601-18.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2601 − 18
3.2.3 candle holder, n—candle accessory onto which a candle is placed.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
It may support, hold or contain a candle when in use.
3.2.3.2 Discussion—
Filled candles are not candle holders.
3.2.4 candle ring, n—candle accessory intended to surround the candle with decorative materials in proximity to a candle,
including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fill material.
3.2.5 food warmer, n—a vessel intended to hold food that is heated by one or more candles; it is a type of candle burner.
3.2.6 potpourri burner, n—candle burner designed to provide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneous material.
3.2.7 shade, n—a candle accessory placed above the candle, whose function is to modify light from the flame and change the
appearance of the candle.
3.2.8 topper, n—vented candle accessory, which is placed directly on top of a container candle, to modify airflow.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:Definitions:
3.2.1 burn time, n—time interval a test specimen supports sustained flaming combustion after removal of the ignition source
until all flaming ceases.
3.2.2 candle accessory, n—object designed, intended, or marketed for use with a candle. General Terms:
3.3.1 candle burner,barrier technology, n—a candle holder that restricts the free flow of exiting combustion gases.functional
design element of a candle accessory that minimizes the risk of ignition of the combustible components of the candle accessory
as a result of foreseeable misuse or failure of the candle.
3.3.1.1 Discussion—
Does not include the item known as a candle follower also referred to by the term candle burner in the liturgical industry. Candle
burners also include, but are not limited to, lanterns, potpourri burners, and food warmers.Precautions should be taken in barrier
technology designs to prevent ignition of combustible components. During intended use, the candle should not be capable of
igniting combustible components from either heat transfer or direct flame impingement. Accessories should also be designed to
prevent ignition of combustible components in reasonable and foreseeable situations such as in drafts or the candle falling over.
Examples include a durable, noncombustible wall, or space absent of combustible objects.
3.3.2 candle holder,burn cycle, n—candle accessory onto which a candle is placed. It may support, hold or contain a candle
when in use.the length of time a candle burns from when it is lit to when it is manually extinguished or from when it is lit until
it extinguishes on its own at end of useful life.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—
Filled candles are not candle holders.
3.3.3 candle ring,burn time, n—candle accessory intended to surround the candle with decorative materials in proximity to a
candle, including, but not limited to, a continuous ring or loose fill material.time a material supports sustained flaming combustion
after removal of the ignition source until all flaming ceases.
3.3.4 consumption rate, n—rate at which a candle is consumed measured in grams of fuel consumed per hour.consumed.
3.3.4.1 Discussion—
In this specification, consumption rate is measured in ounces (grams) of fuel consumed per hour.
3.3.4.2 Discussion—
Consumption rate is determined by weighing a candle prior to burning and then again at the end of the life or burn cycle of the
candle. The weight consumed in grams ounces (grams) is then divided by the burn time in hours to arrive at a consumption rate
in grams ounces (grams) per hour.
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3.3.5 diffusion flame, n—a type of flame where the fuel is not premixed with air or other oxygen source.
3.3.5.1 Discussion—
Diffusion flames are typically red, yellow, or orange in color.
3.3.6 flame height, n—the length of the candle flame from the base to the tip.
3.3.7 ignition, n—initiation of flaming combustion.
3.3.7.1 Discussion—
The combustion is typically evidenced by glow or flame. The combustion may be sustained or transient.
3.3.8 noncombustible, adj—not capable of igniting and burning when subjected to a fire under specified conditions.
3.3.8.1 Discussion—
Materials that pass Test Method E136 are considered noncombustible.
3.2.9 potpourri burner, n—candle burner designed to provide a source of heat to warm a reservoir of extraneous material.
3.2.10 shade, n—a candle accessory placed above the candle, whose function is to modify light from the flame and change the
appearance of the candle.
3.3.9 sustained flaming, n—existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of 4 s or more.
3.3.9.1 Discussion—
Sustained flaming starts at the beginning of the period when a flame is found on or over the surface.
3.2.12 topper, n—vented candle accessory, which is placed directly on top of a container candle, to modify airflow.
4. Safety Requirements
4.1 Safety Requirements for Candle Rings—This safety requirement applies to all candle rings with the following exceptions:
rings constructed exclusively of noncombustible materials, rings constructed exclusively of live plants or fresh cut flowers, or both,
that remain hydrated during their intended life, or items which include rings that incorporate barrier technology (see 5.2.4.14 –
5.2.4.16).
4.1.1 Rationale:
4.1.1.1 Candle rings are used in proximity to a known source of ignition (candle flame).
4.1.1.2 Flammable components of candle rings increase the risk of fires when using candle products.
4.1.2 Performance Requirement:
4.1.2.1 A candle ring shall pass the flammability requirements for candle rings if, when tested according to 5.2, it does not ignite
or has a burn time less than or equal to an average of 30 s for three tests per component and the burn time for any one test shall
not exceed 60 s. During any test, flaming shall not spread over the entire candle ring. The test shall be conducted on all applicable
components of the ring.
4.1 Safety Requirements for Candle Holders, Shades, and Toppers—Flammability: This safety requirement applies to all candle
holders, including candle burners and potpourri burners, and candle shades and toppers, with the following exceptions: items
constructed exclusively of noncombustible materials (see Note 1) or which incorporate barrier technology. (See 5.2.4.15.)
NOTE 1—Observations indicate that some porous materials which are otherwise considered to be noncombustible, for example, unglazed ceramics and
terra cotta, absorb molten wax or other combustible liquids and can support sustained flaming combustion. This note has been provided for informational
purposes only.
4.1.1 Rationale: This safety requirement applies to candle accessories intended to be used in direct contact with burning candles.
See X1.1.
4.2.1.1 Candle holders, shades, and toppers are used with burning candles placed directly under, on, or in them.
4.2.1.2 A buildup of heat or direct flame impingement from the candle flame onto candle holders, shades, or toppers is possible
during use, resulting in the candle holder, shade, or topper igniting.
4.1.2 Specifically this safety requirement applies to candle rings, candle holders, candle shades, candle toppers, and candle
burners.
4.1.3 Accessories exempted from this requirement include:
4.1.3.1 Accessories constructed exclusively of noncombustible materials,
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4.1.3.2 Accessories constructed exclusively of live plants or fresh cut flowers, or both, that remain hydrated during their
intended life,
4.1.3.3 Birthday candle holders that can hold only one candle, do not contain pyrotechnics, and are not intended to move.
4.1.3.4 Accessories that incorporate barrier technology (see 5.2.3.13).
4.1.4 Performance Requirement—A candle holder, shade, or topper shall pass the flammability requirements for candle holders,
shades, or toppers if, when tested according to When tested in accordance with the test method in 5.2, it does not ignite or has a
burn time less than or equal to an average of 30 s for three tests per component and the burn time for any one test shall not exceed
60 s. During any test, flaming shall not spread over the entire candle holder, shade, or topper. The test shall be conducted on all
applicable components of the holder, shade, or topper.:
4.1.4.1 The accessory shall have a burn time less than or equal to an average of 30 s for three tests per component and the burn
time for any one test shall not exceed 60 s.
4.1.4.2 During any test, flames shall not spread over the entire accessory.
4.1.4.3 The test shall be conducted on all applicable components of the accessory.
4.2 Safety Requirements for Candle Burners and Potpourri Burners—Performance: This safety requirement applies to all types
of burners designed to use a candle as a source of heat or light, or both. Candle accessories marketed as food warmers must be
assessed to determine whether the item qualifies as a candle burner, a candle holder, or other type of accessory and evaluated
accordingly. Candle burners and potpourri burners are also subject to the requirements of 4.2.
4.2.1 Rationale: This safety requirement applies to all candle burners. See X1.2.
4.3.1.1 Candle burners and potpourri burners can contribute to secondary ignition, excessive flame heights, or end of useful life
problems, or a combination thereof. These are often associated with the buildup of heat or soot or both from candles placed in these
types of products.
4.3.1.2 Candle burners and potpourri burners meeting the performance requirement listed in 4.3.2 will reduce the risk of fires
initiated by candles used with these types of products.
4.2.2 Performance Requirement: Requirement—When tested in accordance with 5.3:
4.2.2.1 All candle burners which have the capability of accepting multiple types of candles shall be labeled for use with, or
multiple quantities of candles, maximum candle size and the candle type(s), (including number of wicks if pertinent). The label
must have the following warning message or its practical equivalent, “or both, WARNING: For use with quantity, size, # wicks,
type candle(s)” Example: “WARNING: For use with one, single wick container candle up to 22 ounces.” The minimum height of
the safety alert symbol () and the warning message shall be 1.8 mm (0.07 in.) based on the height of an upper case letter. This
warning shall be directly affixed, engraved or attached to the accessory shall be labeled as directed in 6.1such a way that it is likely
to remain on the item throughout its useful life (for example an adhesive label placed on the bottom or other surface of the item).
If sold with external packaging, this warning shall also appear on the external packaging.
4.3.2.2 A candle burner shall pass the performance requirements if there is no secondary ignition, excessive flame height, or
end-of-useful life problems as detailed in Sections 4.1 through 4.3 in Specification F2417 and the burner does not ignite, crack,
or break when the candle burner is tested with an appropriate candle(s) according to the candle burning performance test method
found in Section 5.2.4 of Specification F2417. If the appropriate candle is a tealight, it must meet the requirements found in 5.3.1.
If the unit can be used with multiple candles, the unit is to be tested with the largest candle and the maximum number of candles
specified on the label of the burner as found in 4.3.2.1.
4.2.2.2 AllThe candle burners shall be tested using the prescribed candles in shall exhibit no secondary ignition.4.3.2.1 and
4.3.2.2. Three identical samples (burners) shall be tested using at least 8 candle burn cycles each. If the candle reaches end of life
th
prior to the 8 burn cycle, continue the test with a new candle until 8 cycles are completed. For burners requiring tealight candles,
or candles that reach end of life in less than 4 hours, each candle is burned to end of life which constitutes a complete cycle. Thus,
each burner shall be tested 8 times.
NOTE 2—Research indicates that candle burners with a small internal volume, low ceiling height, and limited ventilation are especially at risk to fail
the flame height, end-of-useful life, and secondary ignition requirements of Specification F2417.
4.2.2.3 The candle shall have no flame height greater than 3.0 in. (7.6 cm).
4.2.2.4 The burner shall not catch fire.
4.2.2.5 Neither the burner nor the candle container shall break or crack as a result of the test.
4.3 Safety Requirements for Tealight and Taper Candle Holders:
4.3.1 This safety requirement applies to candle holders not tested in accordance with 5.3 that are intended to use tealight or taper
candles. See X1.3.
4.3.2 Performance Requirement—When tested in accordance with 5.4:
4.3.2.1 All holders which have the capability of accepting multiple types or multiple quantities of candles, or both, shall be
labeled as directed in 6.1.
4.3.2.2 The candle shall exhibit no secondary ignition.
4.3.2.3 The candle shall have no flame height greater than 3.0 in. (7.6 cm).
4.3.2.4 The holder shall not catch on fire.
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4.3.2.5 Neither the holder nor the candle container shall break or crack as a result of the test.
4.4 Safety Requirements for Stability—Stability: This safety requirement applies to all accessories intended to be used in direct
contact with burning candles.
4.4.1 Rationale—This requirement minimizes the hazards of candle accessory/ensemble tip over.safety requirement applies to
all accessories intended to be used in direct contact with burning candles. See X1.4.
4.4.2 Performance Requirement—The candle accessory must not tip over when placed at a minimum 10.0° incline when tested
with the candle specified in When tested in accordance with 5.4.15.5.:
4.4.2.1 The accessory shall not tip over when placed at a minimum 10.0° (–0.0° / +0.5°) incline from horizontal when tested
with the candle specified in 5.5.3.2.
4.4.2.2 Asymmetrical accessories shall not tip over at any position when rotated around the vertical axis.
4.4.2.3 Holders labeled in accordance with 6.2 shall be tested with the maximum size candle(s) specified on the label.
5. Test Methods
5.1 Candle fire safety issues addressed by these test methods include candle ring, shade, topper, and holder flammability, candle
burner and potpourri burner accessories burn performance and stability.General:
5.1.1 Safety Hazards—Warning—There is an inherent risk of working with and around open flames.
5.1.1.1 Use appropriate personal protective equipment and practices that ensure a safe work environment.
5.1.1.2 Keep fire suppression equipment nearby that is capable of mitigating fires associated with candle accessory fire safety
testing.
5.1.2 Precision and Bias—No information is presented about the precision or bias for any of the test methods in Section 5.
5.2 Flammability of Candle Rings, Shades, Toppers, or Holders: Accessory Flammability Test Method:
5.2.1 Summary of Test Method—Method: Components of candle rings, shades, toppers, or holders are tested on a flat
noncombustible surface for sustained flaming combustion. Components of the ring, shade, topper, or holder are tested for
flammability through contact with the flame source for up to 60 s. Each test is monitored for sustained flaming combustion of the
component. Three separate tests are performed on each type of component of the candle ring, shade, topper, or the candle holder.
The burn time is measured.
5.2.1.1 Components of candle accessories are tested on a flat, noncombustible surface through contact with the flame source for
up to 60 s.
5.2.1.2 Each test is monitored for sustained flaming combustion of the component. Three separate tests are performed on each
type of component of the accessory. The burn time of each test is measured and recorded.
5.2.2 Apparatus:
5.2.2.1 Large, flat, noncombustible surface.
5.2.2.2 Flame Source—A butane diffusion flame intended to represent a candle flame. The burner tube consists of a stainless
5 5
steel tube with an outside diameter of nominally 8 ⁄16 mm in. (8 mm) and a wall thickness of 1 ⁄128 mm. in. (1 mm). The gas supply
system consists of a pressure gauge, flow meter, fine-control valve, and cylinder regulator providing an outlet pressure of 28.5 mbar
(0.4 psi).0.4 psi (28.5 mbar). The flow meter supplies butane gas at a constant rate of 452 ⁄4 mL/minin. at 25°C. /min (45 mL/min)
at 77°F (25°C). Under the specified conditions, the flame height is approximately 351 ⁄8 mm.in. (35 mm).
NOTE 3—An alternative flame source is permissible provided that it can be demonstrated by testing identical specimens with both the alternative flame
source and the flame source specified in this test method that the tests using the alternative flame source yields failing results as often as, or more often
than tests using the specified flame source.
5.2.2.3 An alternative flame source is permissible provided that it can be demonstrated by testing identical specimens with both
the alternative flame source and the flame source specified in this test method that the tests using the alternative flame source yields
failing results as often as, or more often than tests using the specified flame source. See X2.1 for further information.
5.2.2.4 Ring stand/clamp assembly.
5.2.2.5 Stopwatch.
5.2.2.6 Ruler.Noncombustible measuring device graduated in inches (millimeters), such as a ruler.
5.2.2.7 Thermometer.
5.2.2.8 Hygrometer.
5.2.3 Safety Hazards—(Warning—There is an inherent risk of working with and around open flames. Appropriate personal
protective equipment shall be used and safe work practices shall be followed. Fire suppression equipment capable of mitigating
fires associated with candle accessory fire safety testing shall be readily available during testing.)
5.2.3 Procedure:
5.2.3.1 The candle ring, shade, topper, or holder under test shall be conditioned Condition the accessory before testing for at
least 4 h at a temperature between 20 to 30°C (68 to 86°F)68 and 86°F (20 and 30°C) and a relative humidity of less than or equal
to 55 %. All candle rings, shades, toppers, or holders shall be tested in a burn test area that will be environmentally controlled to
between 20 to 30°C (68 to 86°F) and less than or equal to 70 % relative humidity. Once removed from the conditioning atmosphere,
the candle rings, shades, toppers, or holders shall be tested within 1 h.
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5.2.3.2 The test shall be carried out with minimal disturbance of the flame source in a test area of sufficient size to accommodate
the candle ring, shade, topper, or holder and prevent oxygen starvation of the flame source. The test surface shall be constructed
of a noncombustible material and shall be cleaned before conducting each test, removing charred and molten materials or other
debris from previous tests.Test the accessory:
(1) In a burn test area that will be environmentally controlled to between 68 and 86°F (20 and 30°C) and a relative humidity
of less than or equal to 70 %.
(2) Within 1 h of being removed from the conditioning atmosphere.
(3) In an area with minimal disturbance of the flame source and sufficient size to accommodate the accessory and prevent
oxygen starvation of the flame source.
(4) On a surface constructed of a noncombustible material that is cleaned before conducting each test, removing charred and
molten materials or other debris from previous tests.
5.2.3.3 The finished product is to be tested Test the accessory in an orientation typical of the product’s intended use. The candle
ring or holder shall be placed on the test surface such that it lays flat to simulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under
the candle ring unless that is how the candle ring is designed.
(1) Place the candle rings on the test surface such that it lays flat to simulate normal use with no free-flowing air space under
the accessory unless that is how the candle ring is designed.
(2) Position candle shades and toppers like they would be used on a candle.
5.2.3.4 The candle shades and toppers are positioned like they would be used on a candle. If a candle ring, shade, topper, or
holder Test the accessory in all orientations and configurations that it is designed or advertised to be used in several orientations
or configurations, it shall be tested in every orientation/configuration for which it was designed or advertised. If the candle ring,
shade, topper, or holder in. The accessory fails the performance requirement if it fails in any of the orientations tested, it will be
considered a failure.tested.
5.2.3.5 Ignite and apply the flame source to each unique component, piece, and material on the accessory. See X2.2 for further
information.
5.2.3.6 The flame source is to be applied to each unique component on the candle ring, shade, topper, or holder for a period
of up to 60 s. The flame source shall remain Keep the flame source stationary during the ignition period. The period with the flame
source shall be positioned at an at a downward angle between 15 and 45° (nonburning end of flame source higher than the flame
end) from horizontal. See Fig. 1.
5.2.3.7 Position the flame source such that its tip is stationary. The tip of the flame source shall be stationary and positioned
approximately one half of the normal flame height away from the ring, shade, topper, or holder accessory component to be tested.
See Fig. 1.
NOTE 1—For example, if the flame source produces a flame approximate
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