ASTM F1833-97(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of Running Shoes
Standard Test Method for Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of Running Shoes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method allows the rearfoot control properties of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be compared provided they are tested concurrently and under identical conditions.
Tests of this type are commonly used in the development and performance testing of running shoes and other in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and recommendations of this test shall provide results which can be compared between different laboratories.
Note 1—The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct comparisons between shoes tested in different experiments is therefore not possible.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain angular motions of the lower extremity during running, specifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and supination of the lower leg relative to the foot ("rearfoot motion") and methods by which the effects of different running shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.
1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are tested.
1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative angular motion between the lower leg and the foot ("rearfoot motion"). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination, which are three dimensional motions.
1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step.
1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or while they run overground under controlled conditions.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
Designation: F1833 – 97 (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Comparison of Rearfoot Motion Control Properties of
Running Shoes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1833; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
During a typical running step, the foot first makes contact with the ground on the rear lateral border
of the shoe. At first contact between the foot and the ground, the foot is normally in a supinated or
neutral position relative to the lower leg. During the first 50 to 150 ms of the period of ground contact,
the foot rotates about the ankle and subtalar joints to a more pronated position. Pronation is a
combination of eversion and abduction of the subtalar joint and dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.
Excessive pronation and possibly an excessive rate of pronation are believed to be risk factors in
common overuse injuries among runners. Other risk factors include a runner’s anatomical predispo-
sition, (for example, joint alignment, bone curvature, joint laxity) previous injury history and training
errors (for example, a sudden increase in the duration or intensity of training). Running shoes have
been shown to influence pronation. Shoe design factors which have produced measurable effects on
lower extremity motion under laboratory conditions include sole hardness, sole height and width, sole
geometry and the presence or absence of orthotics and stabilizing devices.
1. Scope 1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of
rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain
while they run overground under controlled conditions.
angular motions of the lower extremity during running, spe-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
cifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
supination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfoot
information only.
motion”) and methods by which the effects of different running
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall
be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are
2. Referenced Documents
tested.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the
F539 Practice for Fitting Athletic Footwear
two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative
angular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfoot
3. Terminology
motion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
which are three dimensional motions.
3.1.1 ankle joint—the joint between lower leg and foot
1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which
formedbythearticulationsofthetibiaandfibulawiththetalus.
the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step.
3.1.2 footstrike—initial contact between the foot and the
ground at the beginning of the stance phase.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
EquipmentandFacilitiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF08.54on
Athletic Footwear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2006. Published March 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as F1883 – 97. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1833-97R06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1833 – 97 (2006)
NOTE 1—The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between
3.1.3 maximum rearfoot angle—maximum value of the
shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct
rearfoot angle recorded during the stance phase.
comparisonsbetweenshoestestedindifferentexperimentsisthereforenot
3.1.4 peak angular velocity—maximum rate of change of
possible.
the rearfoot angle between footstrike and the occurrence of
maximum rearfoot angle.
6. Apparatus
3.1.5 pronation—three dimensional motion of the foot rela-
6.1 Running Surface:
tive to the lower leg, combining eversion an abduction of the
6.1.1 Treadmill—A powered treadmill shall be used.
subtalar joint an dorsiflexion of the ankle joint.
6.1.2 Runway—The runway used for overground running
3.1.6 rearfoot angle—the angle between the lower leg and
trials shall be a level surface with a minimum length of 15 m
the heel, viewed from the posterior aspect and projected in the
(50 ft).
frontal plane.
6.2 Means of Determining Running Speed:
3.1.7 rearfoot motion—relative motion of the heel and
6.2.1 A Calibrated Treadmill Speed Indicator—For tread-
lower leg during the stance phase.
mill running, a calibrated means of determining the speed of
3.1.8 stance phase—the period of a running step during
the treadmill belt.
which the foot is in contact with the ground.
6.2.2 Timing Apparatus—For overground running, a timing
3.1.9 subtalar joint—alternative name for the talocalcaneal
apparatus shall be used to determine the elapsed time over a
joint.
distance of 5 m (16 ft) with an accuracy of 65 %. The average
3.1.10 supination—three dimensional motion of the foot
running speed, v, of the subject shall be determined by v = s/t
relative to the lower leg, combining inversion and adduction of
where s is the distance traversed and t is the elapsed time.
the subtalar joint and plantar flexion of the ankle joint.
NOTE 2—Anacceptabletimingapparatuscanbeconstructedusinglight
3.1.11 talocalcaneal joint—thejointformedbyarticulations
beams, photocell detectors and an electronic timer. Two light beam/
between the talus and the calcaneus.
photocell detector units are positioned at head level and place 5 m (16 ft)
3.1.12 time to maximum rearfoot angle—elapsed time be-
apart and on either side of test track on which rearfoot motion data will be
tween footstrike and the occurrence of maximum rearfoot
recorded. The photocell circuit is connected to the electronic timer so that
angle. breaking of the first beam starts the timer. Breaking of the second beam
stops the timer, which thus records the elapsed time.
3.1.13 total rearfoot motion—difference between the maxi-
mum rearfoot angle and touchdown angle.
6.3 High Speed Camera System—A cinephotographic or
3.1.14 touchdown angle—value of the rearfoot angle at the
video camera or other optical system capable of tracking the
instant of contact between the foot and the ground during a
motions of the lower leg at a minimum frame rate or sample
running step.
rate of 200/s. If no derivatives are to be calculated, a minimum
frame rate or sample rate of 100/s is permissible
4. Summary of Test Method
NOTE 3—The minimum sample rate is based on the spectral composi-
-1
4.1 The rearfoot angle is defined by reference to markers
tion of rearfoot motion at running speed of 3.8 ms (8.5 mph). Tests
placed on the lower leg and heel of the human subjects. While conducted at higher running speeds may require higher minimum sample
rates.
subjects run on a treadmill or overground the motion of the
lower leg is recorded using a high-speed camera system
6.4 Image Analysis Equipment—Apparatus for determining
positioned behind the subject and aligned with the subject’s
the coordinates of markers on images from the high speed
direction of motion. The time history of the rearfoot angle
camera system, such as a digitizer, video processor or optical
during the stance phase of running is determined by frame-by-
tracking system. The camera and image analysis equipment
frame analysis of the recorded motion.This process is repeated
shall have a combined resolution such that the angle formed by
for each subject running in each of two or more footwear
leg and shoe specimen markers in a two dimensional plane
specimens. For each combination of subject and specimen,
normal to the axis of the camera can be determined with an
average values of maximum rearfoot angle, time to maximum
error of less than 60.5°.
rearfoot angle, total rearfoot motion and peak angular velocity
NOTE 4—Greatest accuracy is achieved if the centroid of a marker is
are calculated. Analysis of variance is used to determine
digitized. The use of large markers may decrease digitizing accuracy.
whether there are significant differences in rearfoot motion
parameter between the specimens.
7. Specimens
7.1 Acceptability—The specimens may be any kind of
5. Significance and Use
footwear appropriate for use in or as a running shoe. The
5.1 This test method allows the rearfoot control properties specimensshallbeintheformofmatchedpairs(leftandright).
of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be 7.1.1 Shoes—The specimens shall form matched pairs (left
compared provided they are tested concurrently and under and right). All specimens shall be of the same size.
identical conditions. 7.1.2 Orthoses and In-Shoe Devices—The specimens shall
5.2 Tests of this type are commonly used in the develop- be in the form of matched pairs (left and right). All in-shoe
ment and performance testing of running shoes and other device comparisons shall be made using devices in the same
in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and pair of shoes worn by the same subjects.
recommendationsofthistestshallprovideresultswhichcanbe 7.2 Number of Specimens—Twoormorespecimensshallbe
compared between different laboratories. comparedinanytrial.Themaximumnumberofspecimensthat
F1833 – 97 (2006)
can be compared is limited by the number of subjects required 9.2.4 Treadmill Experience—If the test is to be completed
to achieve acceptable statistical power. while subjects run on a treadmill, the subjects should be
experienced treadmill runners. If the subjects are not experi-
7.3 Number of Subjects:
enced treadmill runners, a minimum of one 20 min period of
7.3.1 The number of subjects shall be a minimum of four
treadmill acclimatization training should be held prior to data
times the number of specimens.
collection.
7.3.2 If specimens are to be presented to subjects in a
balanced order, the number of subjects shall be a multiple of
NOTE 8—During treadmill acclimatization training, start subject(s) at a
the number of shoes to be compared.
slower pace and the speed gradually increased until the speed is slightly
below or a the test speed. The duration and number of practice sessions
depends on the comfort of the subject with treadmill running. Some
8. Conditioning of Specimens
indication of the degree of comfort with treadmill running are seen in hip
8.1 Condition specimens by being used for a minimum of 8
flexion and stride length.
km (5 miles) of running prior to testing.
NOTE 9—Subjects should wear their own shoes (that is, not test
specimens) during treadmill acclimatization training.
NOTE 5—The cushioning and stability of running shoes change rapidly
during the first few miles of use. These characteristics stabilize after
9.3 Marker Placement:
approximately 5 miles (8 km) of running (3500 footfalls) and then change
9.3.1 Leg Markers—Place markers on the rear of each
less over the next 250 miles (400 km) of wear.
subject’s lower leg, at least 20 cm apart. Center lower marker
on the Achilles tendon. Place the top marker below the
9. Procedure
gastronemius, and orient so that the transverse vertical plane
9.1 Experimental Design:
projection of a line connecting the two markers is parallel to
9.1.1 Conduct the test as an experiment with a repeated
the transverse vertical plane projection of the axis of a lower
measures, within-subject design.
leg (see Fig. 1).
9.1.2 It is recommended that the order in which specimens
NOTE 10—Clarke et al (3) describe the use of an apparatus for placing
are presented to each subject should be balanced, not random-
the markers in a repeatable manner. Specifically, a jig is used to find the
ized.Abalanced order of presentation requires that the number
geometric center of the knee joint. Markers are then centered on a line
of subjects must be a multiple of n!(n factorial) where n is the
joining the knee joint center and the center of theAchilles tendon.The use
number of shoes to be tested. If it is not practicable to use a
of this test method is recommended.
balanced order of presentation, use randomized order of
9.3.2 Specimen Markers—Place markers on the midline of
presentation.
the rear of each specimen, a minimum of 5 cm apart, such that
the line joining the centroids of the two markers are perpen-
NOTE 6—The statistical power of the test may be improved if a
balanced order is used. dicular to the plane of the sole of the shoe (see Fig. 1).
9.4 Standing Calibration—In order to correct for differ-
9.2 Subjects:
ences in marker positioning between subjects, determine a
9.2.1 Humans Subjects/Ethics Committee Approval—
calibration angle for each subject measuring the value of the
Obtain the approval of all administrative bodies having juris-
rearfoot while the subject is standing in a neutral position. For
diction over the use of human subjects in the laboratory or
the purposes of this test method, the neutral position is defined
institution where the test is to be performed before any part of
as standing with the medial edges of the shoe heels 5 cm (2 in)
the test is begun.
apart and the feet abducted 7°.
9.2.2 Informed Consent—Obtain the informed consent of
NOTE 11—When calculating rearfoot angles, subtract the calibration
all human subjects shall in compliance with the American
angle from the recorded data.
College of Sports Medicine’s “Policy Statement Regarding
NOTE 12—Clarke et al (3) have described a simple jig for controlling
The Use Of Human Subjects and Informed Consent” (1)
the position of the feet while the calibration angle is recorded.
current at the time of the test.
9.5 Accommodation Period—All subjects should have a
9.2.3 Shoe Size—Therunningshoes
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