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ASTM D7025-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness

Standard Test Method for Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method for determining fineness of cleaned flax fibers is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments when the levels are controlled by use of a range of calibration standards.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples that are as homogenous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. These test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The resistance that a plug of flax fibers offers to the flow of air is measured as an approximate indication of the average relative fineness of the fibers.
The total surface area of finer fibers has a larger per unit mass and increased resistance to airflow than do coarser fibers.
Instruments are available to indicate the resistance to air flow using either compressed air or a vacuum; and are constructed (1) to measure airflow under constant pressure drop across the plug, (2) to measure pressure drop when a constant flow of air is maintained, or (3) to indicate resistance to air flow from both a balanced and unbalanced Wheatstone bridge.
The reliability of the results of any test method depends primarily upon how well the specimens tested represent the original source material. Flax fibers are different from many textile fibers, such as cotton or synthetic ones, in that they are not individual filaments but bundles of fibrous material that ma...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides two options that cover the determination of the fineness of clean loose flax fibers by: Option 1, measuring the specific surface area by the resistance of a plug of flax fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions, or Option 2, estimating the mass per unit length.
Note 1—For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers refer to Appendix X1.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2009
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.17 - Bast Fibers and Plants
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7025-04ae1 - Standard Test Method for Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness
Effective Date
01-Jul-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7025 − 09
StandardTest Method for
1
Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope crimp (4 to 6 crimps/cm) and a staple length of approximately
5 cm. Linear density of these fibers can be verified using the
1.1 This test method provides two options that cover the
bundle weighing Option A of Test Method D1577 to be
determination of the fineness of clean loose flax fibers by:
approximately 0.11, 0.17, and 0.33 mg/m. As detailed in Test
Option 1, measuring the specific surface area by the resistance
Method D1577, fibers were cut with a mechanical cutting
of a plug of flax fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions,
device under sufficient tension to remove fiber crimp. These
or Option 2, estimating the mass per unit length.
cellulosic fibers have the same specific gravity as flax and can
NOTE 1—For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers refer
be used to determine the specific surface area.
to Appendix X1.
3.1.2 specific surface index, n—relativefinenessobtainedby
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
measuringthespecificsurfaceareabytheresistanceofairflow
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
through a known mass of fiber compressed to a fixed volume.
standard.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Thespecificsurfaceindexisinfluenced
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
by various types of flax whose fiber perimeter, fiber bundles,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cross-sectional shape, density, and trash differ between
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
samples.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
refer to Terminology D6798.
2. Referenced Documents 3.3 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
2
refer to Terminology D123.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
4. Summary of Test Method
D1441Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
4.1 Using Option 1, a predetermined mass of clean loose
D1577Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles flaxfibersgeneratedbyusingamechanicalblenderisplacedin
the specimen holder and compressed to a fixed volume.
D6798Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
4.1.1 The resistance to airflow is measured using a cotton
3. Terminology
fiber instrument that provides a reading. This reading is
convertedtoaspecificsurfaceindexwhichisderivedfromthe
3.1 Definitions:
linear density of flax.
3.1.1 fineness index, n—the use of a cellulosic fiber to
measure air permeability having a specific gravity of 1.5 and a
4.2 Using Option 2, the average linear density of single
nominal linear density of 1.1 denier, 1.5 denier, or 3.0 denier.
fibers in a bundle is calculated from mass and length measure-
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Viscose rayon fiber samples are less
ments on the bundle and the number of single fibers in the
variable than natural fibers and manufactured to exacting
bundle.
properties by many fiber distributors. These fibers are derived
NOTE 2—There may be no overall correlation between the results
obtainedwithOptions1and2.Consequently,thesetwooptionscannotbe
from regenerated cellulose to contain a chemically induced
used interchangeably. In case of controversy, Option 1 shall prevail.
1
5. Significance and Use
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.17 on Flax and Linen.
5.1 This test method for determining fineness of cleaned
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published August 2009. Originally
aε
flax fibers is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D7025–04 1. DOI:
10.1520/D7025-09.
commercialshipmentswhenthelevelsarecontrolledbyuseof
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a range of calibration standards.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tween reported test results for two or more laboratories,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7025 − 09
comparativetestsshoul
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D7025–04a Designation:D7025–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in February 2005.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method provides two options that cover the determination of the fineness of clean loose flax fibers by: Option 1,
measuring the specific surface area by the resistance of a plug of flax fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions, or Option 2,
estimating the mass per unit length.
NOTE 1—For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers refer to Appendix X1.
1.2 The values,values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
D 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 6798 Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 fineness index, n—the use of a cellulosic fiber to measure air permeability having a specific gravity of 1.5 and a nominal
linear density of 1.1 denier, 1.5 denier, or 3.0 denier.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Viscose rayon fiber samples are less variable than natural fibers and manufactured to exacting properties
by many fiber distributors. These fibers are derived from regenerated cellulose to contain a chemically induced crimp (4 to 6
crimps/cm) and a staple length of approximately 5 cm. Linear density of these fibers can be verified using the bundle weighing
OptionAof Test Method D 1577 to be approximately 0.11, 0.17, and 0.33 mg/m.As detailed in Test Method D 1577, fibers were
cut with a mechanical cutting device under sufficient tension to remove fiber crimp. These cellulosic fibers have the same specific
gravity as flax and can be used to determine the specific surface area.
3.1.2 specific surface index, n—relative fineness obtained by measuring the specific surface area by the resistance of airflow
through a known mass of fiber compressed to a fixed volume.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The specific surface index is influenced by various types of flax whose fiber perimeter, fiber bundles,
cross-sectional shape, density, and trash differ between samples.
3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 6798.
3.3 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Using Option 1, a predetermined mass of clean loose flax fibers generated by using a mechanical blender is placed in the
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.17onFlaxandLinenFibers.Linen.
Current edition approved Oct.July 1, 2004.2009. Published October 2004.August 2009. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
a´
D 7025–04 1.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7025–09
specimen holder and compressed to a fixed volume.
4.1.1 The resistance to airflow is measured using a cotton fiber instrument that provides a reading. This reading is converted
to a specific surface index which is derived from the linear density of flax.
4.2 Using Option 2, the average linear density of single fibers in a bundle is calculated from mass and length measurements on
the bundle and the number of single fibers in the bundle.
NOTE 2—There may be no overall correlation between the results obtained with Options 1 and 2. Consequently, these two options cannot be used
interch
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D7025–04a Designation:D7025–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Assessing Clean Flax Fiber Fineness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7025; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in February 2005.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method provides two options that cover the determination of the fineness of clean loose flax fibers by: Option 1,
measuring the specific surface area by the resistance of a plug of flax fibers to air flow under prescribed conditions, or Option 2,
estimating the mass per unit length.
NOTE 1—For other methods for determining the fineness of fibers refer to Appendix X1.
1.2 The values,values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1441 Practice for Sampling Cotton Fibers for Testing
D 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 6798 Terminology Relating to Flax and Linen
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 fineness index, n—the use of a cellulosic fiber to measure air permeability having a specific gravity of 1.5 and a nominal
linear density of 1.1 denier, 1.5 denier, or 3.0 denier.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Viscose rayon fiber samples are less variable than natural fibers and manufactured to exacting properties
by many fiber distributors. These fibers are derived from regenerated cellulose to contain a chemically induced crimp (4 to 6
crimps/cm) and a staple length of approximately 5 cm. Linear density of these fibers can be verified using the bundle weighing
OptionAof Test Method D 1577 to be approximately 0.11, 0.17, and 0.33 mg/m.As detailed in Test Method D 1577, fibers were
cut with a mechanical cutting device under sufficient tension to remove fiber crimp. These cellulosic fibers have the same specific
gravity as flax and can be used to determine the specific surface area.
3.1.2 specific surface index, n—relative fineness obtained by measuring the specific surface area by the resistance of airflow
through a known mass of fiber compressed to a fixed volume.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The specific surface index is influenced by various types of flax whose fiber perimeter, fiber bundles,
cross-sectional shape, density, and trash differ between samples.
3.2 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 6798.
3.3 For definitions of other terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Using Option 1, a predetermined mass of clean loose flax fibers generated by using a mechanical blender is placed in the
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.17onFlaxandLinenFibers.Linen.
Current edition approved Oct.July 1, 2004.2009. Published October 2004.August 2009. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
a´
D 7025–04 1.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7025–09
specimen holder and compressed to a fixed volume.
4.1.1 The resistance to airflow is measured using a cotton fiber instrument that provides a reading. This reading is converted
to a specific surface index which is derived from the linear density of flax.
4.2 Using Option 2, the average linear density of single fibers in a bundle is calculated from mass and length measurements on
the bundle and the number of single fibers in the bundle.
NOTE 2—There may be no overall correlation between the results obtained with Options 1 and 2. Consequently, these two options cannot be used
interch
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6774, for determining maximum total contraction, crimp, and residual fiber shrinkage in textured filament yarns is suitable for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The properties and their variability as measured by this method relate to bulk appearance, stretch and recovery of fabrics and dyeability of yarns.  
5.3 For some yarns, elapsed time between processing and testing has a marked effect on the results, of this test, especially during the first 72 h. The effect is caused by stress decay which is known to be minimal beyond the seventh day and after which time the yarn remains relatively stable. Therefore, specimens should only be compared if tested after the same elapsed time. Samples can be tested at-line, thus having little to no elapsed time between processing and testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of crimp contraction, residual fiber shrinkage and their variability of all types of filament yarns (partially oriented yarn (POY), fully oriented yarn (FOY), flat yarns, textured and bulked continuous filament (BCF) carpet yarns) using an automated tester.
Note 1: For another method of testing crimp in textured yarns, refer to Test Method D4031.  
1.1.1 This method may also be used for non-textured yarns.  
1.2 This test method is limited to crimped, multi-filament yarns ranging from 22.0 dtex to 890 dtex (15 denier to 800 denier) and for BCF yarns from 890 dtex to 4200 dtex (800 denier to 3800 denier).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6612-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Yarn Number and Yarn Number Variability Using Automated Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 Test Method D6612 also is used for the quality control of filament yarns.  
5.3 Indices of Variability:  
5.3.1 Coefficient of Variation—%CV is a standard statistical calculation and is the most common index of yarn unevenness. For most textile applications in the 80 to 330 dtex (70 to 300 denier) range, a 1.0 to 1.3 %CV is adequate. %CV of yarns coarser than 666 dtex (600 denier) is not routine and usually not meaningful. %CV is less discriminating that %DS.  
5.3.2 Bad/Good Test—%BGT...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.  
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.  
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1423/D1423M-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D3693-02(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Labeled Length per Holder of Sewing Thread

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for the labeled lengths per holder of sewing threads of all materials. The test specimen is a thread holder whether a cone, tube, spool, ready-made bobbin, or any other holders. The observed length for all holders such as home sewing spools, ready-made bobbins, or all other holders which depends on the sampling size shall equal or exceed a certain percentage of the minimum allowable labeled length.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for the labeled lengths of sewing threads of all materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2731-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Force at Specified Elongation (FASE) is a measure of the tensile force occurring while extending a textile material within specified limits. This characteristic of elastomeric yarn indicates the resistance that will have to be overcome by the wearer while putting on a garment made of the material and is also an indication of the garment's resistance to deformation caused by normal body movements during wear. The elongations used for these measurements are typically 100 %, 200 % and 300 %.  
5.3 Permanent Deformation (set) is a measure of the increase in length of an elastomeric yarn resulting from cyclic stretching and relaxation. The characteristic is a visible indication of the realignment of intermolecular bonds within the elastic material. As with stress decay, the amount of set increases with yarn extension; however, for any particular extension, little or no additional set takes place after...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of elastic properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers. Elastic properties include force at specified elongations, permanent deformation and stress decay. Other hysteresis related properties can be calculated.
Note 1: For a method designed specifically for testing rubber threads, refer to Test Method D2433.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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