ASTM D7274-06
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Mineral Stabilizer Content of Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (BGM)
Standard Test Method for Mineral Stabilizer Content of Prefabricated Bituminous Geomembranes (BGM)
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of mineral stabilizer content in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes (BGM) by calcination.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
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Designation:D7274–06
Standard Test Method for
Mineral Stabilizer Content of Prefabricated Bituminous
Geomembranes (BGM)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7274; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope amount of mineral stabilizer. The amount of mineral stabilizer
used in a bituminous geomembrane has an effect on several
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determi-
physical properties, including but not limited to cold tempera-
nation of mineral stabilizer content in prefabricated bituminous
ture, flexibility, and asphalt penetration (see Guide D 6455 for
geomembranes (BGM) by calcination.
a list of BGM properites).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
5. Apparatus
only.
5.1 Porcelain Crucible,30cm capacity, or equivalent.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.2 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing to within
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
6 0.001 g.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.3 Bunsen Burner.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.4 Muffle Furnace, capable of maintaining a temperature of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
600 6 25°C (1110 6 45°F).
2. Referenced Documents
6. Hazards
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.1 Calcination of BGM involves the use of open flame and
D 4354 Practice for Sampling of Geosynthetics for Testing
will produce black smoke. This procedure should be carried
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
out under a fume hood, away from any flammable material.
D 6455 Guide for the Selection of Test Methods for Prefab-
ricated Bituminous Geomembranes (PBGM)
7. Sampling and Conditioning
3. Terminology 7.1 Sampling shall be conducted according to Practice
D 4354.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
7.2 Remove any surface material from the sample at the
3.1.1 prefabricated bituminous geomembrane (BGM), n—a
location where the test specimen will be taken. This operation
material fabricated in a plant and consisting principally of
will be easier when location is chosen on the side of the BGM
non-woven polyester textile, impregnated by a blend of oxi-
with film surfacing or on the film-covered lap. In that case, the
dized or polymer-modified bitumen incorporating filler.
BGM may be cooled to about –30°C for 2 hours and the film
3.1.2 mineral stabilizer, n—a fine, water-insoluble inor-
may be peeled off.
ganic material, used in admixture with solid or semisolid
7.3 Using a hot spatula or knife, sample 5 6 1 g of bitumen
bituminous materials.
from the BGM, taking care of not scraping down to the
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method,
reinforcing geotextile.
refer to Terminology D 4439.
7.4 Condition samples for a minimum of4hat23 6 3°C
4. Significance and Use (73.4 6 5.4°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity before testing.
4.1 Bituminous geomembranes, wheth
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1.2.2 Method B—Testing multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).
1.2.3 Method C—Testing multiple layers of multiple geogrid ribs in tension (kN/m or lbf/ft).
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure to measure the asperity height of textured geomembranes.
1.2 This test method does not provide for measurement of the spacing between the asperities nor of the complete profile of the textured surface.
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5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.
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Note 1: Differences may exist between ultrasonic measurements and measurements made using other methods due to differences in test conditions such as pressure applied and probe dimensions. An example is ultrasonic and mechanical thickness measurements.
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1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is recommended for the evaluation of the performance of water-saturated soil-geotextile systems under unidirectional flow conditions. The results obtained may be used as an indication of the compatibility of the soil-geotextile system with respect to both particle retention and flow capacity.
5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of specific on-site soils and geotextiles at the design stage of a project, or to provide qualitative data that may help identify causes of failure (for example, clogging, particle loss). It is not appropriate for acceptance testing of geotextiles. It is also improper to utilize the results from this test for job specifications or manufacturers' certifications.
5.3 This test method is intended for site-specific investigation therefore is not an index property of the geotextile, and thus is not intended to be requested of the manufacturer or supplier of the geotextile.
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1.1 This test method covers performance tests applicable for determining the compatibility of geotextiles with various types of water-saturated soils under unidirectional flow conditions.
1.2 Two evaluation methods may be used to investigate soil-geotextile filtration behavior, depending on the soil type:
1.2.1 For soils with a plasticity index lower than 5, the systems compatibility shall be evaluated per this standard.
1.2.2 For soils with a plasticity index of 5 or more, it is recommended to use Test Method D5567 (‘HCR,’ Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio) instead of this test method.
1.2.3 If the plasticity index of the soil is close to 5, the involved parties shall agree on the selection of the appropriate method prior to conducting the test. This task may require comparison of the permeability of the soil-geotextile system to the detection limits of the HCR and Gradient Ratio Test (GRT) test apparatus being used.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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4.1 The use of reinforced geomembranes as barrier materials has created a need for a standard test method to evaluate the quality of seams produced by thermo-fusion methods. This test method is used for quality control purposes and is intended to provide quality control and quality assurance personnel with data to evaluate seam quality.
4.2 This standard arose from the need for a destructive test method for evaluating seams of reinforced geomembranes. Standards written for destructive testing of nonreinforced geomembranes do not include all break codes (Fig. 1) applicable to reinforced geomembranes.
FIG. 1 Break Codes for Dual Hot Wedge and Hot Air Seams of Reinforced Geomembranes Tested for Seam Strength in Shear and Peel Modes
4.3 When reinforcement occurs in directions other than machine and cross-machine, scrim are cut at specimen edges, generally lowering results. To partially compensate for this, testing can be performed according to Test Method D7749 or the 2 in. wide strip specimen specified in this method can be utilized. Testing of 1 in. and 2 in. specimens is Method A and Method B, respectively.
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1.1 This test method describes destructive quality control tests used to determine the integrity of thermo-fusion seams made with reinforced geomembranes. Test procedures are described for seam tests for peel and shear properties using strip specimens.
1.2 The types of thermal field and factory seaming techniques used to construct geomembrane seams include the following:
1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.
1.2.2 Hot Wedge—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top and bottom geomembrane to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual tracks separated by a non-bonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.
1.2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) or Dielectric—High-frequency dielectric equipment is used to generate heat and pressure to form an overlap seam in factory fabrication.
1.2.5 Impulse—Clamping bars heated by wires or a ribbon melt the sheets clamped between them. A cooling period while still clamped allows the polymer to solidify before being released.
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include, but are not limited to, reinforced geomembranes made from the following polymers:
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).
1.3.3 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).
1.3.4 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
1.3.5 Chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSPE).
1.3.6 Ethylene interpolymer alloy (EIA).
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
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5.1 The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid or gas movement, and the common use of dual-track seams in joining these sheets, has created a need for a standard nondestructive test by which the quality of the seams can be assessed for continuity and watertightness. The test is not intended to provide any indication of the physical strength of the seam.
5.2 This practice recommends an air pressure test within the channel created between dual-seamed tracks whereby the presence of unbonded sections or channels, voids, nonhomogenities, discontinuities, foreign objects, and the like, in the seamed region can be identified.
5.3 This technique is intended for use on seams between geomembrane sheets formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product.
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1.1 This practice covers a nondestructive evaluation of the continuity of parallel geomembrane seams separated by an unwelded air channel. The unwelded air channel between the two distinct seamed regions is sealed and inflated with air to a predetermined pressure. Long lengths of seam can be evaluated by this practice more quickly than by other common nondestructive tests.
1.2 This practice should not be used as a substitute for destructive testing. Used in conjunction with destructive testing, this method can provide additional information regarding the seams undergoing testing.
1.3 This practice supercedes Practice D4437/D4437M for geomembrane seams that include an air channel. Practice D4437/D4437M may continue to be used for other types of seams. The user is referred to the referenced standards or to EPA/530/SW-91/051 for additional information regarding geomembrane seaming techniques and construction quality assurance.
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