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ASTM E2309/E2309M-20

(Practice)

Standard Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines

Standard Practices for Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and Devices Used in Material Testing Machines

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Testing machines that apply and measure displacement are used in many industries. They may be used in research laboratories to determine material properties, and in production lines to qualify products for shipment. The displacement measuring devices integral to the testing machines may be used for measurement of crosshead or actuator displacement over a defined range of operation. The accuracy of the displacement value shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or another recognized National Laboratory. Practices E2309 provides a procedure to verify these machines and systems, in order that the measured displacement values may be traceable. A key element to having traceability is that the devices used in the verification produce known displacement characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with adequate calibration standards.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for the calibration and verification of displacement measuring systems by means of standard calibration devices for static and quasi-static testing machines. This practice is not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines or displacement measuring systems. Displacement measuring systems are not intended to be used for the determination of strain. See Practice E83.  
1.2 These procedures apply to the verification of the displacement measuring systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the displacement-measuring system(s) to be verified.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 Displacement values indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are within the Classification criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2309/E2309M.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jan-2020
ICS
13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.01 - Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E2309/E2309M −20
Standard Practices for
Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and
1
Devices Used in Material Testing Machines
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2309/E2309M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for
the calibration and verification of displacement measuring
2. Referenced Documents
systemsbymeansofstandardcalibrationdevicesforstaticand
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
quasi-static testing machines. This practice is not intended to
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
be complete purchase specifications for testing machines or
someter Systems
displacement measuring systems. Displacement measuring
systems are not intended to be used for the determination of
3. Terminology
strain. See Practice E83.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 These procedures apply to the verification of the dis-
3.1.1 accuracy, n—degree of conformity of a measure to a
placement measuring systems associated with the testing
standard.
machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder
3.1.2 error, n—the amount of deviation from a standard.
chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The word “error” shall be used with
must designate the displacement-measuring system(s) to be
numericalvalues,forexample,“Atadisplacementof+1.00in.,
verified.
the error of the displacement measuring system was +0.001
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
in.”
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.3 tolerance, n—theallowabledeviationfromastandard.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 3.2.1 calibration, n—in the case of displacement measuring
with the standard. systems used with testing machines, the process of comparing
thedisplacementindicationofthemachineorsystemundertest
1.4 Displacement values indicated on displays/printouts of
to that of a standard, making adjustments as needed to meet
testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed,
error requirements.
stored, or retransmitted—which are within the Classification
3.2.2 capacity range, n—inthecaseoftestingmachines,the
criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2309/
range of displacement for which it is designed. Some testing
E2309M.
machines have more than one capacity range, that is, multiple
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ranges.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 correction, n—in the case of a testing machine, the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
difference obtained by subtracting the measured displacement
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
from the correct value of the applied displacement.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.4 displacement, n—a movement or measurement of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
length expressed in terms of millimeters, inches, etc.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.5 displacement measuring system, n—a device or set of
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
devicescomprisedofadisplacementtransducerandassociated
instrumentation.
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on
2
Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2020. Published March 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
published in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E2309/E2309M-16 . Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E2309_E2309M-20 the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

----------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2309/E2309M − 16 E2309/E2309M − 20
Standard Practices for
Verification of Displacement Measuring Systems and
1
Devices Used in Material Testing Machines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2309/E2309M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for the calibration and verification of displacement measuring systems
by means of standard calibration devices for static and quasi-static testing machines. This practice is not intended to be complete
purchase specifications for testing machines or displacement measuring systems. Displacement measuring systems are not intended
to be used for the determination of strain. See Practice E83.
1.2 These procedures apply to the verification of the displacement measuring systems associated with the testing machine, such
as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the
displacement-measuring system(s) to be verified.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 Displacement values indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed,
stored, or retransmitted—which are within the Classification criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2309/E2309M.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 accuracy, n—degree of conformity of a measure to a standard.
3.1.2 error, n—the amount of deviation from a standard.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The word “error” shall be used with numerical values, for example, “At a displacement of +1.00 in., the error of the displacement
measuring system was +0.001 in.”
3.1.3 tolerance, n—the allowable deviation from a standard.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on Calibration of
Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016Feb. 1, 2020. Published February 2016March 2020. Originally published in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
ɛ1
E2309/E2309M-05(2011)E2309/E2309M-16 . DOI: 10.1520/E2309_E2309M-1610.1520/E2309_E2309M-20
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2309/E2309M − 20
TABLE 1 Classification of Displacement Measuring Systems
Resolution not to Error not to Repeatability not to
Exceed the Greater of: Exceed the Greater of: Exceed the Greater of:
Classification
Fixed Error, Fixed Error, Relative Error Fixed Relative
% of Reading
mm [in.] mm [in.] (% of Displacement) mm [in] (% of Displacement)
Class A 0.013 [0.0005] ±0.25 ±0.025 [0.001] ±0.5 0.025 [0.001] 0.5
Class B 0.038 [0.0015] ±0.5 ±0.075 [0.003] ±1.0 0.075 [0.003] 1.0
Class C 0.064 [0.0025] ±1.0 ±0.125 [0.005] ±2.0 0.125 [0.005] 2.0
Class D 0
...

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4.3.5 Consultants, auditors, state, municipal and private inspectors, and compliance assistance personnel;  
4.3.6 Educational facilities such as experimental forests and nature preserves;  
4.3.7 Non-regulatory government agencies, such as the military;  
4.3.8 Wildlife management entities including government, tribal, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs);  
4.3.9 Cities, towns, and counties, especially in developing climate vulnerability strategies and plans;  
4.3.10 Commercial and residential real estate property developers, including redevelopers;  
4.3.11 Non-profits, community groups, and land owners.  
4.4 Coordination and cooperation must fit into the process for improving community prepared...
SCOPE
1.1 Overview—Wildfires pose a significant risk to water utilities as they can cause contaminants of concern to be released into surface water and groundwater supplies (1).2 This can endanger human health if systems were not designed to manage these contaminant loads.  
1.2 Purpose—Mitigation measures of wildfire effects on sediment loads, trace minerals, and contaminants of concern on runoff in a Source Water Protection Area (2) is an expanding area of study that does not have a full set of regulations at the federal or state level. This guide provides public-sector and private-sector land managers and water utility operators details on how to assess the potential impacts of wildfires on watersheds and measures that can be employed to minimize or abate those impacts prior to a wildfire occurring or after it occurs.  
1.2.1 This guide supplements existing watershed and Source Water Protection Area guidance.  
1.2.2 This guide will recommend fuel management prior to a wildfire, suppression strategies during a wildfire, and mitigation opportunities for both forests and water treatment systems after the wildfire. It will also support collaboration between involved stakeholders (see Fig. 1 below).
FIG. 1 Place-based characteristics for consideration when assessing threats to water supplies and treatment due to a wildfire (adapted from (3)).  
1.2.3 The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options that water utilities, landowners, and land managers can implement to limit the chance of a wildfire, specifically in a drinking water watershed, and mitigation opportunities to protect drinking water after a wildfire occurs. This guide encourages consistent management of forests to limit wildfire risks to water resources. The guide presents practices and recommendations based on the best available science to provide institutional and engineering actions to reduce the likelihood of a wildfire and the potentially disas...

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ASTM
ASTM E1546-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.  
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an approach to the development of a fire hazard standard; fixed procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available tests and models, and scientific knowledge may constitute significant constraints on the fire-hazard-assessment procedure.  
4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing fire-hazard-assessment standards for products, the general concepts presented also may apply to processes, activities, occupancies, and buildings.  
4.4 When developing fire-risk-assessment standards, use Guide E1776. The present guide also contains some of the guidance to develop such a fire-risk assessment standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards.  
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.  
1.3 Fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment are both procedures for assessing the potential for harm caused by something–the subject of the assessment–when it is involved in fire, where the involvement in fire is assessed relative to a number of defined fire scenarios.  
1.4 Both fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment provide information that can be used to address a larger group of fire scenarios. Fire-hazard assessment provides information on the maximum potential for harm that can be caused by the fire scenarios that are analyzed or by any less severe fire scenarios. Fire-risk assessment uses information on the relative likelihood of the fire scenarios that are analyzed and the additional fire scenarios that each analyzed scenario represents. In these two ways, fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment allow the user to support certain statements about the potential for harm caused by something when it is involved in fire, generally.  
1.5 Fire-hazard assessment is appropriate when the goal is to characterize maximum potential for harm under worst-case conditions. Fire-risk assessment is appropriate when the goal is to characterize overall risk (average severity) or to characterize the likelihood of worst-case outcomes. It is important that the user select the appropriate type of assessment procedure for the statements the user wants to support.  
1.6 Fire-hazard assessment is addressed in this guide and fire-risk assessment is addressed in Guide E1776.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.9 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1273-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Tank Vent Flame Arresters

ABSTRACT
This specification provides the minimum requirements for design, construction, performance, and testing of two types of tank vent flame arrester (Type I and Type II). This specification is intended for flame arresters protecting systems containing vapors of flammable or combustible liquids with the specified vapor temperature. The defined test media can be used except where arresters protect systems handling vapors with the given value of maximum experimental safe gap (MESG). Flame arresters protecting such systems must be tested with appropriate media. The flame arrester housing, and other parts or bolting used for pressure retention, shall be constructed of the prescribed materials. Arrester, elements, gaskets, and seals shall be of materials resistant to attack by seawater and the liquids and vapors contained in the tank being protected. Nonmetallic materials, other than gaskets and seals, shall not be used in the construction of pressure-retaining components and nonmetallic gaskets and seals shall be noncombustible and suitable for the service intended. The possibility of galvanic corrosion shall be considered in the selection of materials. Requirements for flame arrester design and construction, housings, elements, threaded or flanged pipe connections, joints, and fastenings are detailed. Prototype testing such as corrosion test, performance test, endurance burn test, and flashback test shall be done.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides the minimum requirements for design, construction, performance, and testing of tank vent flame arresters.  
1.2 This specification is intended for flame arresters protecting systems containing vapors of flammable or combustible liquids where vapor temperatures do not exceed 60°C. The test media defined in 9.1.1 can be used except where arresters protect systems handling vapors with a maximum experimental safe gap (MESG) below 0.9 mm. Flame arresters protecting such systems must be tested with appropriate media (the same vapor or a media having a MESG no greater than the vapor). Various gases and their respective MESG are listed in Table 1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portions, Sections 8 and 9, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E800-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of fire gases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of these species. Analysis has involved several new or modified methods, since common analytical techniques have often proven to be inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and low concentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.  
4.2 In the measurement of fire gases, it is imperative to use procedures that are both reliable and appropriate to the unique atmosphere of a given fire environment. To maximize the reliability of test results, it is essential to establish the following:  
4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the compositions existing at the point of sampling,  
4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur without loss, or with known efficiency, and  
4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.  
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).  
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.  
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.  
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods. A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.  
1.4 The techniques described herein can be used to determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample collected for analysis. These techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during a fire test.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1591-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.  
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.  
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.  
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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