ASTM E1355-23
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models
Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1355 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire
1
Models
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E1591 Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the
3
2.2 International Standards Organization Standards:
predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The
ISO/IEC Guide 98 (2008) Uncertainty of measurement –
intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical
Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measure-
models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in
ment
and on structures.
ISO 13943 (2008) Fire safety – Vocabulary
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of
ISO 16730 (2008) Fire safety engineering – Assessment,
evaluation:
verification and validation of calculation methods
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the
evaluation is to be conducted,
3. Terminology
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this guide
and assumptions used in the model,
and associated with fire issues, refer to terminology contained
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness
in Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the
of the model, and
definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire
3.2.1 model evaluation—the process of quantifying the
scenarios.
accuracy of chosen results from a model when applied for a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specific use.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.2 model validation—the process of determining the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
degree to which a calculation method is an accurate represen-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
tation of the real world from the perspective of the intended
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
uses of the calculation method.
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The fundamental strategy of validation
measures.
is the identification and quantification of error and uncertainty
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
in the conceptual and computational models with respect to
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
intended uses.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3.2.3 model verification—the process of determining that
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical the implementation of a calculation method accurately repre-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. sents the developer’s conceptual description of the calculation
method and the solution to the calculation method.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The fundamental strategy of verifica-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion of computational models is the identification and quanti-
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
fication of error in the computational model and its solution.
3.2.4 The precision of a model refers to the deterministic
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards
capability of a model and its repeatability.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally 3.2.5 The accuracy refers to how well the model replicates
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1355 – 12 (2018).
the evolution of an actual fire.
DOI: 10.1520/E1355-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
the ASTM website. 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1355 − 12 (Reapproved 2018) E1355 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire
1
Models
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1355; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is
to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on
structures.
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
E1591 Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018July 1, 2023. Published August 2018August 2023. Originally approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 20122018 as
E1355 – 12.E1355 – 12 (2018). DOI: 10.1520/E1355-12R18.10.1520/E1355-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1355 − 23
3
2.2 International Standards Organization Standards:
ISO/IEC Guide 98 (2008) Uncertainty of measurement – Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement
ISO 13943 (2008) Fire safety – Vocabulary
ISO 16730 (2008) Fire safety engineering – Assessment, verification and validation of calculation methods
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this guide and associated with fire issues, refer to terminology contained in
Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 model evaluation—the process of quantifying the accuracy of chosen results from a model when applied for a specific use.
3.2.2 model validation—the process of determining the degree to which a calculation method is an accurate representation of the
real world from the perspective of the intended uses of the calculation method.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The fundamental strategy of validation is the identification and quantification of error and uncertainty in the conceptual and
computational models with respect to intended uses.
3.2.3 model verification—the process of determining that the implementation of a calculation method accurately represents the
developer’s conceptual description of the calculation method and the solution to the calculation method.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
The fundamental strategy of verification of computational models is the identification and quantification of error in the
computational model and its solution.
3.2.4 The precision of a model refers to the de
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