ASTM E1529-22

Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.  
5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a member or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area of a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard fire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total flux incident on the test specimen together with appropriate temperature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermal exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace calibration and actual testing.  
5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been completely characterized and are variable depending on the size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind conditions), the physical relationship of the structural member to the exposing fire, and other factors. As a result, the exposure specified in these test methods is not necessarily representative of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The specified standard exposure is based upon the best available information and testing technology. It provides a basis for comparing the relative performance of different assemblies under controlled conditions.  
5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the tested assembly is capable of substantially changing the performance characteristics of the assembly.  
5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.  
5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be the m...
SCOPE
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are used for determining the fire-test response of columns, girders, beams or similar structural members, and fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite construction, that are employed in HPI or other facilities subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.  
1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with these test methods will indicate whether structural members of assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue to perform their intended function during the period of fire exposure. These tests shall not be construed as having determined suitability for use after fire exposure.  
1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the relative performance of different structural and fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions. The application of these test results to predict the performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.  
1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements during both the control calibration and the actual test. These heat flux measurements are being made to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.  
1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks, and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requires development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or failure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descriptions are not provided in these test methods.  
1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the following:  
1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies constructed with components or of dimensions other than those ...

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2022
• ICS: 13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
• Technical Committee: E05 - Fire Standards
• Drafting Committee: E05.11 - Fire Resistance

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E176-24 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D822-23 - Standard Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E119-19 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E176-18a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 15-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM E119-18ce1 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM E119-18c - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM E119-18b - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM E119-18a - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM E119-18 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E176-18 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2018
• Refers: ASTM E2683-17 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2017
• Refers: ASTM E119-16a - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM E119-16 - Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Refers: ASTM E176-15a - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015
• Refers: ASTM E176-15ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2015

Overview

ASTM E1529-22: Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on Structural Members and Assemblies is a crucial international standard developed by ASTM International. It provides standardized laboratory procedures to evaluate the fire resistance and performance duration of structural elements-such as columns, beams, girders, and nonbearing walls-when subjected to the aggressive thermal environment of large, hydrocarbon-fueled pool fires. These test methods are particularly significant for the hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) and any facility at risk of exposure to free-burning hydrocarbon fires.

Key Topics

• Standardized Hydrocarbon Pool Fire Exposure:
  The test methods simulate total continuous engulfment of structural members and assemblies in the fire plume of a large, free-burning hydrocarbon pool fire. This creates high-temperature, high heat flux conditions not typically replicated by conventional building fire tests.

• Quantitative Measurement:
  An essential feature is the rigorous measurement of thermal exposure, specifically the total heat flux and temperature conditions imposed on test specimens. These data underpin design fire development and support fire safety engineering models.

• Measurement and Calibration:
  The methods include procedures for calibrating testing apparatus, requiring instruments like water-cooled heat flux gauges and directional flame thermometers to ensure accuracy and repeatability.

• Test Variations:
  Separate procedures are defined for columns and beams, both loaded and unloaded, as well as fire-containment wall assemblies. Performance is evaluated as the duration during which the member continues to fulfill its structural function during fire exposure.

• Application to Wide-Ranging Items:
  Although focused on structural assemblies, the methods can also be adapted for testing fire endurance of other items, including piping, cable trays, and electrical circuits within conduit, provided that suitable test details and failure criteria are defined.

• Environmental Considerations:
  The standard includes recommendations for accelerated weathering and aging tests to reflect real-world exposure, acknowledging the role of moisture, chemical, and physical weathering on fire protection material performance.

Applications

• Hydrocarbon Processing Facilities:
  The primary application is within the HPI sector, ensuring critical infrastructure is tested under conditions truly representative of potential hydrocarbon pool fire scenarios.

• Comparative Evaluation:
  The procedures enable engineers and designers to compare the relative fire resistance performance of different construction materials and fire protection systems under consistent, controlled conditions.

• Design Fire Support:
  The quantitative data obtained from these tests support the development of design fires and enhance fire safety engineering models for performance-based design in industrial and energy sectors.

• Regulatory and Safety Compliance:
  Results from ASTM E1529-22 can be used in regulatory submissions, third-party evaluations, and to meet insurance and client specifications demanding robust fire resistance data.

Related Standards

Several standards are referenced and related to ASTM E1529-22 for consistency and broader applicability:

• ASTM E119 – Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
• ASTM E176 – Terminology of Fire Standards
• ASTM E814 – Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems
• ASTM B117 – Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
• ASTM D822 – Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
• ISO 834-1 – Fire Resistance Tests – Elements of Building Construction – Part 1: General Requirements
• Relevant ISO/IEC 17011 and 17025 – For laboratory competence and accreditation

Practical Value

Implementing ASTM E1529-22 delivers:

• Improved fire protection design and material selection for industrial structures
• Comparable performance metrics for structural assemblies under severe fire exposure
• Quantitative support for risk assessment and emergency planning
• An evidence-based approach that helps fulfill insurance, regulatory, and client requirements

ASTM E1529-22 is indispensable for organizations seeking to safeguard critical infrastructure, improve fire safety outcomes, and advance performance-based design practices in fire protection engineering.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1529 − 22 An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on
Structural Members and Assemblies
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The performance of structural members and assemblies exposed to fire conditions resulting from
large, free-burning (that is, outdoors), fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fires is of concern in the design
of hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) facilities and other facilities subject to these types of fires.
In recognition of this unique fire protection problem, it is generally required that critical structural
members and assemblies be of fire-resistant construction.
Historically, such requirements have been based upon tests conducted in accordance with Test
Methods E119, the only available standardized test for fire resistant construction. However, the
exposure specified in Test Methods E119 does not adequately characterize large hydrocarbon pool
fires.Test Methods E119 is used for representation of building fires where the primary fuel is solid in
nature, and in which there are significant constraints on the movement of air to the fire, and the
combustion products away from the fire (that is, through doors, windows). In contrast, neither
condition is typical of large hydrocarbon pool fires (see Appendix X1 on Commentary).
One of the most distinguishing features of the pool fire is the rapid development of high
temperatures and heat fluxes that can subject exposed structural members and assemblies to a thermal
shock much greater than that associated with Test Methods E119.As a result, it is important that fire
resistance requirements for HPI assemblies of all types of materials be evaluated and specified in
accordancewithastandardizedtestthatismorerepresentativeoftheanticipatedfireconditions.Such
a standard is found in the test methods herein.
1. Scope* and fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled labora-
tory conditions. The application of these test results to predict
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response
the performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large
standard are used for determining the fire-test response of
pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.
columns, girders, beams or similar structural members, and
fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite 1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux
construction, that are employed in HPI or other facilities measurements during both the control calibration and the
subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires. actual test. These heat flux measurements are being made to
support the development of design fires and the use of fire
1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with
safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and
these test methods will indicate whether structural members of
material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.
assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue
to perform their intended function during the period of fire 1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items
exposure. These tests shall not be construed as having deter-
such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks,
mined suitability for use after fire exposure. and cable trays. Testing of these types of items requires
development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or
1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure
failure criteria. Such failure criteria and test specimen descrip-
for comparing the relative performance of different structural
tions are not provided in these test methods.
1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFire
Standards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire
following:
Resistance.
1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies
Current edition approved April 1, 2022. Published May 2022. Originally
ɛ1
constructedwithcomponentsorofdimensionsotherthanthose
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1529– 16 . DOI:
10.1520/E1529-22. tested.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1529 − 22
1.6.2 An evaluation of the degree to which the assembly D822Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Expo-
contributes to the fire hazard through the generation of smoke, sures of Paint and Related Coatings
toxic gases, or other products of combustion. E119Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
1.6.3 Simulation of fire behavior of joints or connections and Materials
between structural elements such as beam-to-column connec- E176Terminology of Fire Standards
tions. E457Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using
1.6.4 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
test assembly. E459Test Method for Measuring Heat Transfer Rate Using
1.6.5 Procedures for measuring the test performance of a Thin-Skin Calorimeter
other structural shapes (such as vessel skirts), equipment (such E511TestMethodforMeasuringHeatFluxUsingaCopper-
as electrical cables, motor-operated valves, etc.), or items Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Transducer
subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires, other than those E814Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop
described in 1.1. Systems
1.6.6 The erosive effect that the velocities or turbulence, or E2683Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-
both, generated in large pool fires has on some fire protection Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages
materials.
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
1.6.7 Full information on the performance of assemblies at 46CFR 164.007 Structural Insulations
timeslessthan5minbecausetherisetimecalledoutinSection
2.3 IMO Documents:
5 is longer than that of a real fire.
IMO A754
2.4 ISO Standard:
1.7 These test methods do not preclude the use of a real fire
ISO 834-1Fire Resistance Tests – Elements of Building
oranyothermethodofevaluatingtheperformanceofstructural
Construction – Part 1: General Requirements
members and assemblies in simulated fire conditions.Any test
2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:
method that is demonstrated to comply with Section 5 is
17011Conformity assessment—General Requirements for
acceptable.
accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
bodies
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
17025General requirements for the competence of testing
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and calibration laboratories
and are not considered standard.
3. Terminology
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E176 for definitions
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
of terms used in these test methods.
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
3.2.1 total cold wall heat flux—the heat flux that would be
actual fire conditions.
transferred to an object whose temperature is 70 °F (21 °C).
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4. Summary of Test Methods
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Astandard fire exposure of controlled extent and sever-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ityisspecified.Thetestsetupwillprovideanaveragetotalcold
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
wall heat flux on all exposed surfaces of the test specimen of
1.11 Thetextofthisstandardreferencesnotesandfootnotes 2 2 2 2
50000 Btu/ft ·h 6 2500 Btu/ft ·h (158 kW/m 6 8 kW/m ).
which provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-
The heat flux shall be attained within the first 5 min of test
notes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
exposure and maintained for the duration of the test. The
considered as requirements of the standard.
temperature of the environment that generates the heat flux of
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
procedures in 6.2 shall be at least 1500 °F (815 °C) after the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
first 3 min of the test and shall be between 1850 °F (1010 °C)
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and 2150 °F (1180 °C) at all times after the first 5 min of the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
test. Performance is defined as the time period during which
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
structuralmembersorassemblieswillcontinuetoperformtheir
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
2. Referenced Documents
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Available from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Environmental
StandardsDivision(CG-5224),U.S.CoastGuardHeadquarters,2100SecondStreet
B117Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
SW, Washington, DC 20593; http://www.uscg.mil/environmental_standards/
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
the ASTM website. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E1529 − 22
intended function when subjected to fire exposure. The results 5.3.1 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipulates
1 3
are reported in terms of time increments such as ⁄2 h, ⁄4 h, 1 that the beam shall be simply supported. Application of
h, 1 ⁄2 h, etc. restraintagainstlongitudinalthermalexpansiondependsonthe
intended use, as specified by the customer. The applied load is
4.1.1 These test methods require quantitative measurements
intendedtobetheallowabledesignloadpermittedforthebeam
of thermal exposure during both furnace calibration and actual
as determined in accordance with accepted engineering prac-
testing.
tice.
4.1.2 These test methods are cited as the “Standard Large
5.3.2 The procedure for testing unloaded beams includes
Hydrocarbon Pool Fire Tests.”
temperature limits for steel. These limits are to define the
temperature above which a simply supported, unrestrained
5. Significance and Use
beam would fail structurally if subjected to the allowable
5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for
design load. The procedure for unloaded specimens also
evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder,
provides for the testing of other than steel and reinforced
column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall,
concrete beams provided that appropriate acceptance criteria
will continue to perform its intended function when subjected
have been established.
to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.
5.3.3 It is recognized that beam assemblies that are tested
5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition
without load will not deflect to the same extent as an identical
simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a
assembly tested with load. As a result, tests conducted in
memberorassemblyintheluminousflame(fireplume)areaof
accordancewiththeunloadedbeamprocedurearenotintended
a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard
to reflect the effects of crack formation, dislodgement of
fire exposure is basically defined in terms of the total flux
applied fire protection materials, and other factors that are
incident on the test specimen together with appropriate tem-
influenced by the deflection of the assembly.
perature conditions. Quantitative measurements of the thermal
5.4 A separate procedure is specified for testing the fire-
exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace
containment capability of a wall/bulkhead/partition, etc. Ac-
calibration and actual testing.
ceptance criteria include temperature rise of nonfire exposed
5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of
surface, plus the ability of the wall to prohibit passage of
free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been
flames or hot gases, or both.
completely characterized and are variable depending on the
size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind
5.5 In most cases, the structural assemblies that will be
conditions), the physical relationship of the structural member
evaluatedinaccordancewiththesetestmethodswillbelocated
totheexposingfire,andotherfactors.Asaresult,theexposure
outdoors and subjected to varying weather conditions that are
specifiedinthesetestmethodsisnotnecessarilyrepresentative
capable of adversely affecting the fire endurance of the
of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires.
assembly. A program of accelerated weathering followed by
The specified standard exposure is based upon the best
fire exposure is described to simulate such exposure.
available information and testing technology. It provides a
5.6 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux
basis for comparing the relative performance of different
measurements to support the development of design fires and
assemblies under controlled conditions.
the use of fire safety engineering models to predict thermal
5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is,
exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire
size,methodofassembly,andmaterials)fromthatofthetested
scenarios.
assembly is capable of substantially changing the performance
characteristics of the assembly.
CONTROL OF FIRE TEST
5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column
6. Fire Test Exposure Conditions
specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.
5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate
6.1 Expose the test specimen to heat flux and temperature
that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be
conditions representative of total continuous engulfment in the
the maximum load condition allowed under nationally recog-
luminous flame regime of a large free-burning fluid-
nizedstructuraldesigncriteriaunlesslimiteddesigncriteriaare
hydrocarbon-fueled pool fire. See Appendix X1, which de-
specified and a corresponding reduced load applied.
scribes measurements in intermediate to large scale pool fires
5.2.2 The procedure for testing unloaded steel column
withcalorimetersofdifferentsizesandshapes,fortherationale
specimens includes temperature limits. These limits are in-
used in the selection of the temperatures and heat flux
tended to define the temperature above which a steel column
specifications.Essentialconditionsarespecifiedin6.2and6.3.
with an axially applied design allowable load would fail
Use calibration assemblies to demonstrate that the required
structurally.
heat flux and temperature levels are generated in the test
5.2.3 The procedure for unloaded specimens also provides
apparatus.
for the testing of other than steel columns provided that
6.2 After the first 5 min, the test setup will provide an
appropriate acceptance criteria have been established.
averagetotalcoldwallheatflux(6.2.1)onallexposedsurfaces
2 2
5.3 Separate procedures are also specified for testing beam of the test specimen of 50000 Btu/ft ·h 6 2500 Btu/ft ·h (158
2 2
assemblies with and without an applied superimposed load. kW/m 6 8 kW/m ). Adjust the flow of fuel and air, or vary
E1529 − 22
other parameters, or both, within the individual test apparatus
asnecessarytoachievethespecifiedsetup.Attainthecoldwall
heat flux of 50000 Btu/ft ·h within the first 5 min of test
exposure; maintain it for the duration of the test. (See 7.1
through 7.3 for measurement and control details.)
6.2.1 In all cases in these test methods, the heat flux values
citedaretotalcoldwallheatfluxes,wherethewalltemperature
is 50 °C.
6.3 The temperature of the environment that generates the
heatfluxspecifiedin6.2shallbeatleast1500°F(815°C)after
the first 3 min of the test and shall be between 1850 °F (1010
°C) and 2150 °F (1180 °C) at all times after the first 5 min of
the test. (See 9.1 – 9.4 for measurement and control details.)
6.4 Continue the fire-endurance test until the specified
conditions of acceptance are exceeded or until the specimen
has withstood the fire exposure for a period equal to that for
which classification is being sought. Continue the test beyond
the time at which the specified conditions of acceptance are
exceeded, when the purpose in doing so is to obtain additional
NOTE 1—O represents total heat flux sensor; X a gas temperature
performance data.
sensor.
NOTE 2—Heat flux measurements are required on two faces of the
7. Heat Flux Measurements
column.
NOTE 3—Temperature measurements are required on all faces.
7.1 Measurethetotalheatfluxasspecifiedin6.2usingboth
NOTE 4—All dimensions are in inches.
calibration and fire-resistance (actual) tests.
FIG. 1 Calibration Assembly for Beams and Columns
7.2 The sensors to be used for this measurement during
calibration tests are (1) water-cooled Schmidt-Boelter Gauges
(thermopiledesign)orGardonGauges(akaCircularFoilHeat
7.2.5 For fire-containment walls, the heat flux measure-
Flux Gauges - differential thermocouple design) or (2) Direc-
ments will be made with a calibration assembly with a
tional Flame Thermometers, which are uncooled (passive)
minimum of 5 points as shown in Fig. 2.
sensors.
7.2.6 The sampling rate for all heat flux and DFT plate
7.2.1 When using water-cooled heat flux sensors, the tem-
temperature measurements is required to be 1 Hz (1 s interval)
perature of the cooling water shall be above the dew point in
to utilize certain data analysis tools; it is suggested that all
the furnace (50 °C is usually sufficient). Otherwise, large
measurements be made witha1s sampling rate.
uncertainties will result due to condensation. Gardon Gauges
7.2.7 All measurements made withina1s interval (that is,
are more sensitive to this error than Schmidt-Boelter Gauges.
recordedtime 60.5s)shallbeconsideredashavingbeenmade
7.2.2 Because the radiative sensitivity of Gardon Gauges is
at the same time.
up to 25 % greater than the convective sensitivity, they shall
notbeusedinthistestmethodunlessthegaugeratingisatleast
8 times greater than the specified total heat flux.
NOTE 1—Water-cooled heat flux gauges are discussed in AnnexA1 for
GardonGauges.SeeTestMethodE511(SubcommitteeE21.08).E21.08is
developing a standard for Schmidt-Boelter Gauges.
7.2.3 When Directional Flame Thermometers (DFTs) are
used, they shall be fabricated to meet the specifications
contained in Annex A2. DFTs utilize two thermocouples.
Methods for analyzing DFTdata to obtain the heat flux history
are given in Annex A2.
7.2.4 For columns or beams, the heat flux measurements
will be made with a calibration assembly mounted in the
appropriate orientation. The calibration assembly is to be
fabricatedfromnoncombustiblematerials.Thedimensionsand
instrumentation are shown in Fig. 1.
NOTE 1—O denotes site of heat flux measurement, X a gas temperature
sensor.
ThecalibrationassemblydesignshowninFig.1issimilartoonedevelopedby
NOTE 2—Arrow denotes viewing direction of heat flux sensor.
Underwriters Laboratories for their test method UL 1709 and is used with
NOTE 3—All dimensions are in inches.
permission. This test method does not require the use of an exact duplicate of the
Underwriters calibration assembly. FIG. 2 Calibration Assembly for Fire-Containment Walls
E1529 − 22
7.3 Directional Flame Thermometers (DFTs) shall be used specimens, as specified in 6.3. Mineral-Insulated, Metal-
during actual fire-resistance tests. They shall be fabricated to Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples shall be used. Use Inconel-
meet the specifications contained in Annex A2. DFTs utilize sheathed, 0.25-in. outside diameter (OD), Type K, (Chromel-
two thermocouples. Methods for analyzing DFTdata to obtain Alumel) thermocouples. The time constant of the MIMS
the heat flux history are given in Annex A2. thermocouple assemblies shall be less than 60 s in air flowing
at 65 ft/s (20 m/s). Use standard calibration thermocouples
7.4 At all times after the first 5 min of a calibration or fire
with an accuracy of 60.75 %. A minimum length of 20
endurance test, the total heat flux shall be:
diameters (125 mm) of the sheathed junction end of the
7.4.1 Atanyonepoint,between37500and62500Btu/ft ·h
2 2 2 thermocouple shall be mounted parallel to the surface of the
(118 to 197 kW/m ). That is, 50000 Btu/ft ·h (158 kW/m ) 6
test specimen.
25%).
7.4.2 For the average of the total number of measurement
9.2 Obtainthegastemperaturefromthereadingsofnotless
2 2
sites, between 47 500 and 52 500 Btu/ft ·h (50 000 Btu/ft ·h
than five thermocouples for a nonbearing wall specimen, and
(158 kW/m ) 65%.
not less than eight thermocouples for a column or beam
specimen. The thermocouples shall be symmetrically disposed
8. Furnace Pressure Measurement
and distributed to show the temperatures of the environment
8.1 Whentestinganyassemblythatformspartofthewallof
near all parts of the specimen.
a test furnace (for example, walls, ceilings, floors, bulkheads,
9.2.1 For columns and beams, the thermocouple junction
decks,doors,etc.),thefurnacepressureshallbemeasured.The
shallbeplaced6in.(152mm)awayfromtheexposedfacesof
procedure is adapted from the differential pressure section of
the specimen at the beginning of the test, and during the test
Test Method E814.
shall not touch the specimen as a result of specimen growth or
deflection.
8.2 Measure the gauge pressure at three points 0.78 in. (20
mm) from the surface and located as follows: 9.2.2 In the case of fire-containment walls, the thermo-
couple junctions shall be placed 6 in. (152 mm) away from the
8.2.1 Vertical Surfaces, at the center and quarter points on
the vertical center line. exposed face of the specimen at the beginning of the test, and
shall not touch the specimen during the test as a result of
8.2.2 Horizontal Surfaces, at the center and quarter points
on the longitudinal center line. specimen growth or deflection.
8.3 The pressure measuring probe tips shall be as shown in
9.3 Measurementsofthegastemperaturewillbemadewith
Fig.3;thisdesignisidenticaltotheoneshowninFig.4ofTest
a maximum sampling interval of 10 s at each required
Method E814. The probe tips are to be manufactured from
measurement site. Data recorded within 610 s will satisfy the
stainless steel or other suitable material.
minimumrequirementsforcalibrationandcontrolcalledoutin
Section 6.
8.4 Measure the pressure by means of a manometer or
equivalent transducer. The manometer or transducer shall be
9.4 At all times after the first 5 min of the test, the average
capable of reading 0.01 in. H O (2.5 Pa) increments with a
2 gas temperature shall be between 1850 °F (1010 °C) and 2150
measurement precision of 0.005 in. H O (1.25 Pa).
°F (1180 °C)
9. Furnace Measurements – Furnace (Gas) Temperature 9.5 Thermal Exposure—To obtain total thermal exposure in
and Thermal Exposure these test methods, Directional Flame Thermometers (DFT)
shall be used in both calibration and testing to provide
9.1 Furnace Temperature—Measure the temperature of the
quantitative heat flux measurements.
gases adjacent to and impinging on the calibration or test
NOTE 2—Annex A2 provides specifications on the fabrication and use
of DFTs. Appendix X2 explains the need for quantitative measurements
and the rationale for selecting DFTs.
9.6 During a test run, one DFT will be mounted 6 in. (152
mm) from and parallel to the test unit wall of the furnace or 6
in. (152 mm) in front of one side of a column unit. A second
DFTwillbemounted6in.(152mm)infrontofthecalibration
unit during calibration runs.
9.7 Measurements of the DFT plate temperatures will be
madewithasamplingintervalof1s.Thisisrequiredforusing
the Inverse Filter Functions to calculate heat flux and thermal
exposure.
10. Test Apparatus Design
10.1 Thesetestmethodsspecifytheenvironmenttowhicha
specimen shall be exposed, but do not specify test apparatus
FIG. 3 Static Pressure-Measuring Device Dimensions in Millime-
tres design. This approach was taken for several reasons:
E1529 − 22
10.1.1 It is consistent with the approach of Test Methods is capable of affecting the initial calibration. Between
E119, calibrations, record any repairs, modifications, or maintenance
10.1.2 It is important not to inhibit the creativity of experi- made to the apparatus.
menters in achieving the specified test environment, and
11.6 Once the test apparatus has been successfully
10.1.3 Itisnotdesiredtoeliminateanyexistingfacilities(or
calibrated, materials for testing shall be subjected to a fire
modification of them) or to eliminate the use of an actual fire
environment simulated by reproducing the time-temperature
a priori.
curves recorded during the furnace calibration.
11.6.1 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such
11. Calibration and Control of Furnace Type Test
that:
Facilities
11.6.1.1 The area under the integrated heat-flux curve de-
11.1 If the test apparatus is of the furnace type, use the
veloped from Directional Flame Thermometer measurements
measurement and control procedures described in 11.2 – 11.6.
of 9.1 – 9.3 is within 10% of the corresponding curve
developed in the furnace calibration for tests of ⁄2 h or less
11.2 Calibration runs shall meet the following configura-
duration, within 7.5% for those over ⁄2 h and not more than 1
tional and procedural criteria:
h, and within 5% for tests exceeding1hin duration.
11.2.1 During all calibration runs, an instrumented calibra-
11.6.1.2 The area under the time-temperature curve of the
tion specimen shall be in place during the entire test. The
average of the gas temperature measurements of 9.1 – 9.3 is
calibration specimen shall be fabricated of noncombustible
within 10% of the corresponding curve developed in the
materials and shall be as follows:
furnace calibration for tests of ⁄2 h or less duration, within
11.2.1.1 Forcolumnsandbeams,theboxshapeofFig.1,or
7.5%forthoseover ⁄2handnotmorethan1h,andwithin5%
itsequivalent,orientedinthesamepositionandinclination(for
for tests exceeding1hin duration.
example,verticalorhorizontal)asthesubsequentmaterialstest
specimen would be.
TEST CONFIGURATIONS
11.2.1.2 For fire-containment wall specimens, the calibra-
tion specimen shall consist of 25 mm of ceramic insulating
12. Test Specimen
board facing the fire.The board shall be suitably supported in
a frame, and if necessary, its backface (that is, nonfire-exposed 12.1 The test specimen shall be representative of the con-
surface) shall be insulated with inorganic blanket insulation struction for which classification is desired as to materials,
such that the temperature of the backface of the entire workmanship, and details such as the dimensions of various
(composite) specimen does not exceed the criteria of 17.6.2. components. Build the test specimen under conditions repre-
11.2.2 Instrument the calibration specimen to make mea- sentative of those encountered in actual construction to the
surements that are specified as follows: extent possible. Determine the physical properties of the
11.2.2.1 Total Heat Flux—See 7.1 through 7.4. materials and components used in the construction of the test
11.2.2.2 Gas Temperature—See 9.1 – 9.4 and Thermal specimen where possible.
Exposure, see 9.5 – 9.7.
12.2 For fire-protected steel columns and beams, both the
11.2.3 The time duration of the calibration run shall be:
weight (w) and heated perimeter (d) of the steel member
11.2.3.1 Atleastaslongasthelongestsubsequentmaterials
significantly influence fire endurance as determined in accor-
test for which it shall apply, or
dancewiththesetestmethods.Considerationofthe w/dratiois
11.2.3.2 Until the test apparatus has reached a steady
paramount when designing a test program in order to directly
condition such that the average cold wall heat flux and the
compare the performance of different fire protection materials
average gas temperature are within 65% of the specified
appliedtostructuralsteelbeamsandcolumns.Itisdesirableto
values over a continuous period of 15 min.
conduct tests on a common size member, such as aW10 by 49
11.3 A successful calibration run shall meet the following
(W250by73)columntoaccommodateeaseofmakingrelative
criteria:
comparisons of thermal performance.
11.3.1 For Total Heat Flux—See 6.2 and Section 7.
12.3 For fire containment steel wall specimens, the thick-
11.3.2 For Gas Temperature and Thermal Exposure—See
ness of the steel plate will influence fire endurance as deter-
6.3 and Section 9.
minedbythesetestmethods.Whendesigningthetestprogram,
11.4 Afurnacetypeapparatusshallbeconsideredcalibrated
however, in order to directly compare the performance of
afteraninitialtestthatmeetstherequirementsof11.2and11.3.
different fire protection materials applied to steel wall
specimens, tests shall be performed using a standard steel wall
11.5 After the initial calibration, recalibrate the test appara-
thickness of 0.18 in. 6 0.02 in. (4.5 mm 6 0.5 mm). The 0.18
tusifanyrepairormodificationismadetotheheatgeneration,
in. 6 0.02 in. thick specimen is specified by IMO Resolution
heat retention, flow or other characteristics of the furnace that
A.517(13) and as such, has had a large number of tests
conducted on it.
Marinite XL, a registered trademark of Johns-Manville Co., Manville Corp.,
Product Information Center, P.O. Box 5108, Denver, CO 80217, has been found 13. Conditioning
suitableforthispurpose.Ithasthefollowingthermalproperties:densityof46lb/ft
3 2
13.1 Protectthetestspecimenduringandafterfabricationto
(737kg/m ),thermalconductivity(at350°F(177°C))of0.89Btu.in./h·ft ·°F(0.13
W/m·°K), and specific heat (at 200 °F (93 °C)) of 0.28 Btu/lb. °F (117 J/kg·K). ensure the quality of its condition at the time of test. The
E1529 − 22
specimen shall not be tested until after its strength has at least thickness. Provide each end of each steel tube with steel caps
attained its design strength. covered with the protection material being investigated.
13.2 If the test specimen contains moisture, solvents, 14.3 Locate four Type K thermocouples having a time
constant not greater than2son each steel tube. The thermo-
plasticizers,curingcompounds,orsimilaragents,conditionthe
specimen prior to the test with the objective of providing a couplesshallmeasurethetemperatureatthecenterofeachface
condition within the specimen which is representative of the of the steel tube.
intended end-use environment of the assembly. When acceler-
14.4 The protective material thickness shall be sufficient to
ateddryingtechniquesareusedtoachievethisobjective,avoid
provide an endurance time of approximately 70 6 29 min in
dryingproceduresthatwillalterthestructuralorfireendurance
accordance with 16.2.5.
characteristics of the test specimen from those produced as a
14.5 Prepare a minimum of seven samples. Expose at least
result of air drying under ambient atmospheric conditions.
six samples to the environments and use at least one sample as
Record the temperature and humidity of the test specimen at
a control for comparison purposes. Expose a sample to only
the time of the fire test. (See 13.4.)
one environment before it is subjected to the fire endurance
13.3 For some assemblies, it is difficult or impossible to
test.
achieve the objective of 13.2 even after an excessively lengthy
14.6 The accelerated weathering or aging environments
periodoftime.Intheeventthatspecimens,airdriedinaheated
shall consist of:
building, fail to meet this objective after a 12-month condi-
14.6.1 Accelerated Aging—A circulating air oven main-
tioning period or in the event that the nature of the assembly is
tained at 160 °F 6 5 °F (71 °C 6 3 °C) and the air circulated
such that it is evident that drying of the specimen interior is
at a rate to change the air volume in the oven each 8 h. The
preventedduetohermeticsealing,therequirementsof13.2are
exposure time shall be at least 6480 h (270 days).
waived. In such cases, test the specimen after its strength has
14.6.2 Accelerated Weathering Exposure—Aweatherometer
atleastattaineditsdesignstrength.Recordthetemperatureand
in accordance with Practice D822. The exposure time shall be
humidity of the test specimen at the time of the fire test. (See
at least 720 h (30 days).
13.4.)
14.6.2.1 Samplesaremountedonarotatingdrumwithinthe
13.4 Ifthespecimencontainsmoistureorsolvents,measure
weatherometer. Operation of the weatherometer requires
the actual content of such agents within 72 h prior to the test.
samples to be balanced and the sample weight not exceed the
Obtain this information by weight determinations, moisture
limits of the equipment.
meters,oranyotherappropriatetechniquesdeemedsuitableby
14.6.3 Wet/Freeze/Thaw Exposure—Twelve cycles of simu-
thetestinglaboratory.Iftheconditionofthetestedspecimenis
lated rainfall at 0.7in. (17.8mm) per hour for 72h, followed
capable of significantly changing within 72 h preceding the
by an immediate (while the specimen is still wet from the
test,theactualcontentofmoisture,solvents,andsimilaragents
simulatedrainfall)exposureto−40°F 65°F(−40°C 63°C)
shall be made within 24 h prior to the test.
for 24h, and then an immediate (while the specimen is still
cold from the freeze exposure) exposure to +140 °F 65°F
14. Accelerated Weathering and Aging Tests
(+60 °C 63 °C) for 72h.
14.6.4 High Humidity Exposure—A chamber maintained at
14.1 Test procedures are specified in 14.2 – 14.9 that
100% relative humidity (+0,−3%) and 95 °F 6 5 °F (35 °C
represent a recommended minimum test program for evaluat-
63°C).Theexposuretimeshallbeatleast4320h(180days).
ing the weatherability for fire protection materials and assem-
14.6.5 Heavy Industrial Atmospheric Exposure—Achamber
blies using accelerated weathering and aging tests. These tests
maintained at 95 °F 6 5 °F (35 °C 6 3 °C). There shall be a
are applicable for fire protection materials for structural steel.
Determination of the applicability of these test methods to panfilledtoadepthof1in.(25.4mm)withwaterinthebottom
of the test chamber. Maintain the gaseous mixture in the test
othermaterialsandassembliesislefttothoseinterestedparties
involved. Further, because it is recognized that accelerated chamber from 97 to 98% air, 1 to 1.5% sulphur dioxide, 1 to
1.5% carbon dioxide (by volume).The exposure time shall be
aging/weathering testing is an art and not a science, require-
mentsforpreconditioningtestspriortoaging/weatherexposure at least 720 h.
(for example, tensile stressing of brittle materials), and addi- 14.6.6 Salt Spray or Salt Fog—If this type of exposure is
tionalexposureenvironmentsforsomefireprotectionmaterials required, perform the test in accordance with Test Method
forstructuralsteelorothermaterialsandassemblies,areleftto B117.
the parties involved that have a particular concern about a
14.7 Noteanychangesinthephysicalintegrity,adhesion,or
particularmaterialoranassemblyinaparticularenvironmental
general appearance of fire protection materials or assemblies
exposure.
tested under the conditions of 14.6.
NOTE3—Bydefiningaspecifictestprogramforprotectionmaterialsfor
14.8 Subject seven samples to the fire exposure defined in
structural steel, it is not to be construed that the fire protection properties
Section 6. Determine the time to reach an average temperature
of these materials are especially vulnerable to weathering effects. Rather,
of 1000 °F (538 °C) as measured by the thermocouples
it is a reflection of the state of the art that such a test program exists for
these materials. attached to a tube.
14.2 For evaluation of a protective material, apply the 14.9 A fire protection material shall be judged to have not
material to 2-ft long, 6 by 6 in. steel tubes with a ⁄16-in. wall been affected by aging or weathering if the average endurance
E1529 − 22
time to 1000 °F for each sample exposed to the conditions of 15.2.5 Measure the temperature of the column assembly at
14.6 is at least 75% of the endurance time determined for the four levels throughout the fire endurance test. The upper and
control sample. lower levels shall be located 2 ft (0.61 m) from the ends of the
column and the intermediate levels shall be equally spaced.
TEST METHOD A—COLUMN TESTS
Position at least three thermocouples at each level so as to
measure the temperature of significant elements of the steel
15. Procedure
column. Use metal or ceramic sheathed thermocouples if the
nature of the protection material is such that other types of
15.1 Loaded Specimens:
thermocouples will not function properly (for example, short-
15.1.1 Test the column assembly in a vertical orientation.
out in a charring type protection material or one that releases
The length of the assembly subjected to the fire exposure shall
significant amounts of water).
be not less than 9 ft (2.74 m). Apply the contemplated details
15.2.6 The average temperature at each of the four levels
of connections and their protection, if any, according to
shallnotexceed1000°F(538°C),andthemaximumtempera-
methodsoffieldpractice.Subjecttheassemblytothespecified
ture recorded by any individual thermocouple shall not exceed
fire exposure simultaneously on all sides.
1200 °F (649 °C), for a period equal to that for which
15.1.2 Throughout the fire endurance test, apply a superim-
classification is desired.
posed load to the column to simulate the maximum load
condition allowed under nationally recognized structural de-
TEST METHOD B—BEAM TESTS
sign criteria unless limited design criteria are specified with a
correspondingreducedload.Calculatetheappliedloadsoasto
16. Procedure
be consistent with the degree of the end fixity inherent in the
16.1 Loaded Specimens:
laboratory’s system for transmitting the load to the column
16.1.1 Test the beam assembly in a horizontal orientation.
assembly. Make provisions for transmitting the load to the
The length of the assembly subjected to the fire exposure shall
exposed portion of the column without increasing the effective
be not less than 12 ft (3.7 m). Subject the assemblies to the
column length.
specified fire exposure simultaneously on all sides (Note 4).
15.1.3 Thecolumnassemblyshallsustainthesuperimposed
The ends of the beam shall be simply supported and the beam
appliedloadduringthefireendurancetestforaperiodequalto
shall not be restrained against longitudinal thermal expansion.
that for which classification is desired.
NOTE 4—Because this test method is aimed at fires generally occurring
15.2 Unloaded Steel Specimens:
at HPI and similar facilities where flooring is not a great concern on
structural beams, the fire test method for beam assemblies specifies that
15.2.1 The following test procedure does not require appli-
the beam be totally engulfed. This varies from Test Methods E119,in
cation of a superimposed load at any time. This procedure is
which the beam is an integral part of a ceiling assembly, and therefore is
used to evaluate the fire endurance of steel columns where the
subjected to fire from only three sides.
applied fire protection materials are not intended to carry any
16.1.2 Throughout the fire endurance test, apply a superim-
of the superimposed load acting on the column.
posed load to the beam to simulate maximum load condition.
15.2.2 Use of this procedure for the testing of other than
This load shall be the maximum load condition allowed under
steel columns is allowed provided that appropriate endpoint or
nationally recognized structural design criteria unless limited
acceptance criteria have been established and substantiated.
design criteria are specified and a corresponding reduced load
Base such acceptance criteria upon the temperature of the
applied.
column assembly and other parameters that influence the load
16.1.3 Thebeamshallsustainthesuperimposedloadduring
carrying capacity of the column (such as depth of char for
the fire endurance test for a period equal to that for which
timber columns). Unless otherwise specified, base the accep-
classification is desired.
tance criteria upon an axially loaded specimen using the
16.1.4 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipu-
allowable design load for the specific column assembly as the
latesthatthebeamshallbesimplysupportedandun-restrained.
applied load.
However,thisprocedureallowsfortestingofotherthansimply
15.2.3 Test the column assembly in a vertical orientation.
supported or un-restrained, or both, end conditions for experi-
The length of the test specimen subjected to the fire exposure
mentation of special approvals, provided that the support
shall be not less than 8 ft (2.44 m). Apply the contemplated
condition is documented in the test report, and if applicable,
details of connections and their protection, if any, according to
endpoint or acceptance criteria have been established and
methods of field practice. Subject the column to the specified
substantiated.
fire exposure simultaneously on all sides.
16.2 Unloaded Steel Specimens:
15.2.4 Restrain the applied protection against longitudinal
16.2.1 The following test procedure does not require the
temperature expansion greater than that of the steel column
applicationofasuperimposedloadatanytime.Thisprocedure
with rigid steel plates or reinforced concrete attached to the
is used to evaluate the fire endurance of steel beams where the
ends of the steel column before the protection is applied. The
appliedprotectionmaterialsarenotintendedtocarryanyofthe
size of the plates or amount of concrete shall provide direct
superimposed load acting on the beam.
bearing for the entire transverse area of the protection. Provide
the ends of the specimen, including the means for restraint of
NOTE5—Thisprocedureisusedforthetestingofotherthansteelbeams
the applied protection, with thermal insulation to limit direct
provided that appropriate endpoint or acceptance criteria have been
heat transfer from the furnace. established and substantiated. Such acceptance criteria shall be based
E1529 − 22
upon the temperature of the beam assembly and other parameters that are
example,46CFR164.007,whichconcernstheperformanceof
capable of influencing the load carrying capacity of the beam (such as
materials intended for use as structural insulation on merchant
depth of char for timber beams).
vessels, requires the samples to be 40 by 60 in. (1.02 by 1.52
16.2.2 Test the beam assembly in a horizontal orientation.
m).
The length of the test specimen subjected to the fire exposure
17.3 Steel Wall—The specimen shall have a structural core
shall be not less than 12 ft (3.67 m). Subject the beams to the
of flat steel plate, suitably stiffened, representative of the
specified fire exposure simultaneously on all sides (Note 4).
intended actual construction. In the absence of a specific
16.2.3 Restrain the applied protection against longitudinal
construction design, the specimen shall have a structural core
temperature expansion greater than that of the steel beam or
of stiffened flat steel plate designed and fabricated in accor-
girder with rigid steel plates or reinforced concrete attached to
dance with the specifications shown in Fig. 4.When the actual
the ends of the steel member before the protection is applied.
constructionwillcontainoneormorejoints,thespecimenshall
The size of the plates or amount of concrete shall be adequate
be tested with at least one joint.
to provide direct bearing for the entire transverse area of the
NOTE6—Thisprocedureisusedforthefire-containmentlistin
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1529 − 16 E1529 − 22 An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Effects of Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fires on
Structural Members and Assemblies
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1529; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—In 8.4, the metric conversion for 0.005 in. H O was corrected from 12.5 Pa to 1.25 Pa in December 2017.
INTRODUCTION
The performance of structural members and assemblies exposed to fire conditions resulting from
large, free-burning (that is, outdoors), fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fires is of concern in the design
of hydrocarbon processing industry (HPI) facilities and other facilities subject to these types of fires.
In recognition of this unique fire protection problem, it is generally required that critical structural
members and assemblies be of fire-resistant construction.
Historically, such requirements have been based upon tests conducted in accordance with Test
Methods E119, the only available standardized test for fire resistant construction. However, the
exposure specified in Test Methods E119 does not adequately characterize large hydrocarbon pool
fires. Test Methods E119 is used for representation of building fires where the primary fuel is solid in
nature, and in which there are significant constraints on the movement of air to the fire, and the
combustion products away from the fire (that is, through doors, windows). In contrast, neither
condition is typical of large hydrocarbon pool fires (see Appendix X1 on Commentary).
One of the most distinguishing features of the pool fire is the rapid development of high
temperatures and heat fluxes that can subject exposed structural members and assemblies to a thermal
shock much greater than that associated with Test Methods E119. As a result, it is important that fire
resistance requirements for HPI assemblies of all types of materials be evaluated and specified in
accordance with a standardized test that is more representative of the anticipated fire conditions. Such
a standard is found in the test methods herein.
1. Scope*
1.1 The test methods described in this fire-test-response standard are used for determining the fire-test response of columns,
girders, beams or similar structural members, and fire-containment walls, of either homogeneous or composite construction, that
are employed in HPI or other facilities subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires.
1.2 It is the intent that tests conducted in accordance with these test methods will indicate whether structural members of
assemblies, or fire-containment wall assemblies, will continue to perform their intended function during the period of fire exposure.
These tests shall not be construed as having determined suitability for use after fire exposure.
1.3 These test methods prescribe a standard fire exposure for comparing the relative performance of different structural and
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.11 on Fire Resistance.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2016April 1, 2022. Published December 2016May 2022. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20142016 as
ɛ1
E1529 – 14a.16 . DOI: 10.1520/E1529-16E01.10.1520/E1529-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1529 − 22
fire-containment wall assemblies under controlled laboratory conditions. The application of these test results to predict the
performance of actual assemblies when exposed to large pool fires requires a careful engineering evaluation.
1.4 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements during both the control calibration and the actual test.
These heat flux measurements are being made to support the development of design fires and the use of fire safety engineering
models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.
1.5 These test methods are useful for testing other items such as piping, electrical circuits in conduit, floors or decks, and cable
trays. Testing of these types of items requires development of appropriate specimen details and end-point or failure criteria. Such
failure criteria and test specimen descriptions are not provided in these test methods.
1.6 Limitations—These test methods do not provide the following:
1.6.1 Full information on the performance of assemblies constructed with components or of dimensions other than those tested.
1.6.2 An evaluation of the degree to which the assembly contributes to the fire hazard through the generation of smoke, toxic
gases, or other products of combustion.
1.6.3 Simulation of fire behavior of joints or connections between structural elements such as beam-to-column connections.
1.6.4 Measurement of flame spread over the surface of the test assembly.
1.6.5 Procedures for measuring the test performance of other structural shapes (such as vessel skirts), equipment (such as electrical
cables, motor-operated valves, etc.), or items subject to large hydrocarbon pool fires, other than those described in 1.1.
1.6.6 The erosive effect that the velocities or turbulence, or both, generated in large pool fires has on some fire protection materials.
1.6.7 Full information on the performance of assemblies at times less than 5 min because the rise time called out in Section 5 is
longer than that of a real fire.
1.7 These test methods do not preclude the use of a real fire or any other method of evaluating the performance of structural
members and assemblies in simulated fire conditions. Any test method that is demonstrated to comply with Section 5 is acceptable.
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B117 Practice for Operating Salt Spray (Fog) Apparatus
D822 Practice for Filtered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
E1529 − 22
E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E457 Test Method for Measuring Heat-Transfer Rate Using a Thermal Capacitance (Slug) Calorimeter
E459 Test Method for Measuring Heat Transfer Rate Using a Thin-Skin Calorimeter
E511 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using a Copper-Constantan Circular Foil, Heat-Flux Transducer
E814 Test Method for Fire Tests of Penetration Firestop Systems
E2683 Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Flush-Mounted Insert Temperature-Gradient Gages
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
46 CFR 164.007 Structural Insulations
2.3 IMO Documents:
IMO A754
2.4 ISO Standard:
ISO 834-1 Fire Resistance Tests – Elements of Building Construction – Part 1: General Requirements
2.5 ISO/IEC Standards:
17011 Conformity assessment—General Requirements for accreditation bodies accrediting conformity assessment bodies
17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology E176 for definitions of terms used in these test methods.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 total cold wall heat flux—the heat flux that would be transferred to an object whose temperature is 70°F (21°C). 70 °F (21
°C).
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 A standard fire exposure of controlled extent and severity is specified. The test setup will provide an average total cold wall
2 2 2 2
heat flux on all exposed surfaces of the test specimen of 50 000 Btu/ft ·h 6 2500 Btu/ft ·h (158 kW/m 6 8 kW/m ). The heat
flux shall be attained within the first 5 min of test exposure and maintained for the duration of the test. The temperature of the
environment that generates the heat flux of procedures in 6.2 shall be at least 1500°F (815°C) 1500 °F (815 °C) after the first 3
min of the test and shall be between 1850°F (1010°C) and 2150°F (1180°C) 1850 °F (1010 °C) and 2150 °F (1180 °C) at all times
after the first 5 min of the test. Performance is defined as the time period during which structural members or assemblies will
continue to perform their intended function when subjected to fire exposure. The results are reported in terms of time increments
1 3 1
such as ⁄2 h, ⁄4 h, 1 h, 1 ⁄2 h, etc.
4.1.1 These test methods require quantitative measurements of thermal exposure during both furnace calibration and actual testing.
4.1.2 These test methods are cited as the “Standard Large Hydrocarbon Pool Fire Tests.”
5. Significance and Use
5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or
similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled,
standardized fire exposure.
5.1.1 In particular, the selected standard exposure condition simulates the condition of total continuous engulfment of a member
or assembly in the luminous flame (fire plume) area of a large free-burning-fluid-hydrocarbon pool fire. The standard fire exposure
is basically defined in terms of the total flux incident on the test specimen together with appropriate temperature conditions.
Quantitative measurements of the thermal exposure (total heat flux) are required during both furnace calibration and actual testing.
5.1.2 It is recognized that the thermodynamic properties of free-burning, hydrocarbon fluid pool fires have not been completely
characterized and are variable depending on the size of the fire, the fuel, environmental factors (such as wind conditions), the
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from the International Maritime Organization (IMO), Environmental Standards Division (CG-5224), U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters, 2100 Second Street SW,
Washington, DC 20593; http://www.uscg.mil/environmental_standards/
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva,
Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
E1529 − 22
physical relationship of the structural member to the exposing fire, and other factors. As a result, the exposure specified in these
test methods is not necessarily representative of all the conditions that exist in large hydrocarbon pool fires. The specified standard
exposure is based upon the best available information and testing technology. It provides a basis for comparing the relative
performance of different assemblies under controlled conditions.
5.1.3 Any variation to construction or conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials) from that of the tested assembly
is capable of substantially changing the performance characteristics of the assembly.
5.2 Separate procedures are specified for testing column specimens with and without an applied superimposed load.
5.2.1 The procedures for testing loaded columns stipulate that the load shall be applied axially. The applied load is to be the
maximum load condition allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria unless limited design criteria are specified
and a corresponding reduced load applied.
5.2.2 The procedure for testing unloaded steel column specimens includes temperature limits. These limits are intended to define
the temperature above which a steel column with an axially applied design allowable load would fail structurally.
5.2.3 The procedure for unloaded specimens also provides for the testing of other than steel columns provided that appropriate
acceptance criteria have been established.
5.3 Separate procedures are also specified for testing beam assemblies with and without an applied superimposed load.
5.3.1 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipulates that the beam shall be simply supported. Application of restraint
against longitudinal thermal expansion depends on the intended use, as specified by the customer. The applied load is intended to
be the allowable design load permitted for the beam as determined in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
5.3.2 The procedure for testing unloaded beams includes temperature limits for steel. These limits are to define the temperature
above which a simply supported, unrestrained beam would fail structurally if subjected to the allowable design load. The procedure
for unloaded specimens also provides for the testing of other than steel and reinforced concrete beams provided that appropriate
acceptance criteria have been established.
5.3.3 It is recognized that beam assemblies that are tested without load will not deflect to the same extent as an identical assembly
tested with load. As a result, tests conducted in accordance with the unloaded beam procedure are not intended to reflect the effects
of crack formation, dislodgement of applied fire protection materials, and other factors that are influenced by the deflection of the
assembly.
5.4 A separate procedure is specified for testing the fire-containment capability of a wall/bulkhead/partition, etc. Acceptance
criteria include temperature rise of nonfire exposed surface, plus the ability of the wall to prohibit passage of flames or hot gases,
or both.
5.5 In most cases, the structural assemblies that will be evaluated in accordance with these test methods will be located outdoors
and subjected to varying weather conditions that are capable of adversely affecting the fire endurance of the assembly. A program
of accelerated weathering followed by fire exposure is described to simulate such exposure.
5.6 These test methods provide for quantitative heat flux measurements to support the development of design fires and the use of
fire safety engineering models to predict thermal exposure and material performance in a wide range of fire scenarios.
CONTROL OF FIRE TEST
6. Fire Test Exposure Conditions
6.1 Expose the test specimen to heat flux and temperature conditions representative of total continuous engulfment in the luminous
flame regime of a large free-burning fluid-hydrocarbon-fueled pool fire. See Appendix X1, which describes measurements in
intermediate to large scale pool fires with calorimeters of different sizes and shapes, for the rationale used in the selection of the
temperatures and heat flux specifications. Essential conditions are specified in 6.2 and 6.3. Use calibration assemblies to
demonstrate that the required heat flux and temperature levels are generated in the test facility.apparatus.
E1529 − 22
6.2 After the first 5 min, the test setup will provide an average total cold wall heat flux (6.2.1) on all exposed surfaces of the test
2 2 2 2
specimen of 50 000 Btu/ft ·h 6 2500 Btu/ft ·h (158 kW/m 6 8 kW/m ). Adjust the flow of fuel and air, or vary other parameters,
or both, within the individual test facilityapparatus as necessary to achieve the specified setup. Attain the cold wall heat flux of
50 000 Btu/ft ·h within the first 5 min of test exposure; maintain it for the duration of the test. (See 7.1 through 7.3 for measurement
and control details.)
6.2.1 In all cases in these test methods, the heat flux values cited are total cold wall heat fluxes, where the wall temperature is
50°C.50 °C.
6.3 The temperature of the environment that generates the heat flux specified in 6.2 shall be at least 1500°F (815°C) 1500 °F (815
°C) after the first 3 min of the test and shall be between 1850°F (1010°C) and 2150°F (1180°C) 1850 °F (1010 °C) and 2150 °F
(1180 °C) at all times after the first 5 min of the test. (See 9.1 – 9.4 for measurement and control details.)
6.4 Continue the fire-endurance test until the specified conditions of acceptance are exceeded or until the specimen has withstood
the fire exposure for a period equal to that for which classification is being sought. Continue the test beyond the time at which the
specified conditions of acceptance are exceeded, when the purpose in doing so is to obtain additional performance data.
7. Heat Flux Measurements
7.1 Measure the total heat flux as specified in 6.2 using both calibration and fire-resistance (actual) tests.
7.2 The sensors to be used for this measurement during calibration tests are (1) water-cooled Schmidt-Boelter Gauges (thermopile
design ) or Gardon Gauges (aka Circular Foil Heat Flux Gauges - differential thermocouple design) or (2) Directional Flame
Thermometers, which are uncooled (passive) sensors.
7.2.1 When using water-cooled heat flux sensors, the temperature of the cooling water shall be above the dew point in the furnace
(50°C (50 °C is usually sufficient). Otherwise, large uncertainties will result due to condensation. Gardon Gauges are more
sensitive to this error than Schmidt-Boelter Gauges.
7.2.2 Because the radiative sensitivity of Gardon Gauges is up to 25 % greater than the convective sensitivity, they shall not be
used in this test method unless the gauge rating is at least 8 times greater than the specified total heat flux.
NOTE 1—Water-cooled heat flux gauges are discussed in Annex A1 for Gardon Gauges. See Test Method E511 (Subcommittee E21.08). E21.08 is
developing a standard for Schmidt-Boelter Gauges.
7.2.3 When Directional Flame Thermometers (DFTs) are used, they shall be fabricated to meet the specifications contained in
Annex A2. DFTs utilize two thermocouples. Methods for analyzing DFT data to obtain the heat flux history are given in Annex
A2.
7.2.4 For columns or beams, the heat flux measurements will be made with a calibration assembly mounted in the appropriate
orientation. The calibration assembly is to be fabricated from noncombustible materials. The dimensions and instrumentation are
shown in Fig. 1.
7.2.5 For fire-containment walls, the heat flux measurements will be made with a calibration assembly with a minimum of 5 points
as shown in Fig. 2.
7.2.6 The sampling rate for all heat flux and DFT plate temperature measurements is required to be 1 Hz (1 s interval) to utilize
certain data analysis tools; it is suggested that all measurements be made with a 1 s sampling rate.
7.2.7 All measurements made within a 1 s interval (that is, recorded time 60.5 s) shall be considered as having been made at the
same time.
The calibration assembly design shown in Fig. 1 is similar to one developed by Underwriters Laboratories for their test method UL 1709 and is used with permission.
This test method does not require the use of an exact duplicate of the Underwriters calibration assembly.
E1529 − 22
NOTE 1—O represents total heat flux sensor; X a gas temperature sensor.
NOTE 2—Heat flux measurements are required on two faces of the column.
NOTE 3—Temperature measurements are required on all faces.
NOTE 4—All dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 1 Calibration Assembly for Beams and Columns
NOTE 1—O denotes site of heat flux measurement, X a gas temperature sensor.
NOTE 2—Arrow denotes viewing direction of heat flux sensor.
NOTE 3—All dimensions are in inches.
FIG. 2 Calibration Assembly for Fire-Containment Walls
7.3 Directional Flame Thermometers (DFTs) shall be used during actual fire-resistance tests. They shall be fabricated to meet the
specifications contained in Annex A2. DFTs utilize two thermocouples. Methods for analyzing DFT data to obtain the heat flux
history are given in Annex A2.
7.4 At all times after the first 5 min of a calibration or fire endurance test, the total heat flux shall be:
2 2 2 2
7.4.1 At any one point, between 37 500 and 62 500 Btu/ft ·h (118 to 197 kW/m ). That is, 50 000 Btu/ft ·h (158 kW/m ) 6 25 %).
2 2
7.4.2 For the average of the total number of measurement sites, between 47 500 and 52 500 Btu/ft ·h (50 000 Btu/ft ·h (158
kW/m ) 6 5 %.
E1529 − 22
8. Furnace Pressure Measurement
8.1 When testing any assembly that forms part of the wall of a test furnace (for example, walls, ceilings, floors, bulkheads, decks,
doors, etc.), the furnace pressure shall be measured. The procedure is adapted from the differential pressure section of Test Method
E814.
8.2 Measure the gauge pressure at three points 0.78 in. (20 mm) from the surface and located as follows:
8.2.1 Vertical Surfaces, at the center and quarter points on the vertical center line.
8.2.2 Horizontal Surfaces, at the center and quarter points on the longitudinal center line.
8.3 The pressure measuring probe tips shall be as shown in Fig. 3; this design is identical to the one shown in Fig. 4 of Test Method
E814. The probe tips are to be manufactured from stainless steel or other suitable material.
8.4 Measure the pressure by means of a manometer or equivalent transducer. The manometer or transducer shall be capable of
reading 0.01 in. H O (2.5 Pa) increments with a measurement precision of 0.005 in. H O (1.25 Pa).
2 2
9. Furnace Measurements – Furnace (Gas) Temperature and Thermal Exposure
9.1 Furnace Temperature—Measure the temperature of the gases adjacent to and impinging on the calibration or test specimens,
as specified in 6.3. Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples shall be used. Use Inconel-sheathed, 0.25-in.
outside diameter (OD), Type K, (Chromel-Alumel) thermocouples. The time constant of the MIMS thermocouple assemblies shall
be less than 60 s in air flowing at 65 ft/s (20 m/s). Use standard calibration thermocouples with an accuracy of 60.75 %. A
minimum length of 20 diameters (125 mm) of the sheathed junction end of the thermocouple shall be mounted parallel to the
surface of the test specimen.
9.2 Obtain the gas temperature from the readings of not less than five thermocouples for a nonbearing wall specimen, and not less
than eight thermocouples for a column or beam specimen. The thermocouples shall be symmetrically disposed and distributed to
show the temperatures of the environment near all parts of the specimen.
9.2.1 For columns and beams, the thermocouple junction shall be placed 6 in. (152 mm) away from the exposed faces of the
specimen at the beginning of the test, and during the test shall not touch the specimen as a result of specimen growth or deflection.
9.2.2 In the case of fire-containment walls, the thermocouple junctions shall be placed 6 in. (152 mm) away from the exposed face
of the specimen at the beginning of the test, and shall not touch the specimen during the test as a result of specimen growth or
deflection.
9.3 Measurements of the gas temperature will be made with a maximum sampling interval of 10 s at each required measurement
site. Data recorded within 610 s will satisfy the minimum requirements for calibration and control called out in Section 6.
FIG. 3 Static Pressure-Measuring Device Dimensions in Millimetres
E1529 − 22
9.4 At all times after the first 5 min of the test, the average gas temperature shall be between 1850°F (1010°C) and 2150°F
(1180°C)1850 °F (1010 °C) and 2150 °F (1180 °C)
9.5 Thermal Exposure—To obtain total thermal exposure in these test methods, Directional Flame Thermometers (DFT) shall be
used in both calibration and testing to provide quantitative heat flux measurements.
NOTE 2—Annex A2 provides specifications on the fabrication and use of DFTs. Appendix X2 explains the need for quantitative measurements and the
rationale for selecting DFTs.
9.6 During a test run, one DFT will be mounted 6 in. (152 mm) from and parallel to the test unit wall of the furnace or 6 in. (152
mm) in front of one side of a column unit. A second DFT will be mounted 6 in. (152 mm) in front of the calibration unit during
calibration runs.
9.7 Measurements of the DFT plate temperatures will be made with a sampling interval of 1 s. This is required for using the
Inverse Filter Functions to calculate heat flux and thermal exposure.
10. Test FacilityApparatus Design
10.1 These test methods specify the environment to which a specimen shall be exposed, but do not specify test facilityapparatus
design. This approach was taken for several reasons:
10.1.1 It is consistent with the approach of Test Methods E119,
10.1.2 It is important not to inhibit the creativity of experimenters in achieving the specified test environment, and
10.1.3 It is not desired to eliminate any existing facilities (or modification of them) or to eliminate the use of an actual fire a priori.
11. Calibration and Control of Furnace Type Test Facilities
11.1 If the test facilityapparatus is of the furnace type, use the measurement and control procedures described in 11.2 – 11.6.
11.2 Calibration runs shall meet the following configurational and procedural criteria:
11.2.1 During all calibration runs, an instrumented calibration specimen shall be in place during the entire test. The calibration
specimen shall be fabricated of noncombustible materials and shall be as follows:
11.2.1.1 For columns and beams, the box shape of Fig. 1, or its equivalent, oriented in the same position and inclination (for
example, vertical or horizontal) as the subsequent materials test specimen would be.
11.2.1.2 For fire-containment wall specimens, the calibration specimen shall consist of 25 mm of ceramic insulating board facing
the fire. The board shall be suitably supported in a frame, and if necessary, its backface (that is, nonfire-exposed surface) shall be
insulated with inorganic blanket insulation such that the temperature of the backface of the entire (composite) specimen does not
exceed the criteria of 17.6.2.
11.2.2 Instrument the calibration specimen to make measurements that are specified as follows:
11.2.2.1 Total Heat Flux—See 7.1 through 7.4.
11.2.2.2 Gas Temperature—See 9.1 – 9.4 and Thermal Exposure, see 9.5 – 9.7.
11.2.3 The time duration of the calibration run shall be:
Marinite XL, a registered trademark of Johns-Manville Co., Manville Corp., Product Information Center, P.O. Box 5108, Denver, CO 80217, has been found suitable
3 3 2
for this purpose. It has the following thermal properties: density of 46 lb/ft (737 kg/m ), thermal conductivity (at 350°F (177°C)) 350 °F (177 °C)) of 0.89 Btu.in./h·ft · °F
(0.13 W/m·°K), and specific heat (at 200°F (93°C)) 200 °F (93 °C)) of 0.28 Btu/lb. °F (117 J/kg·K).
E1529 − 22
11.2.3.1 At least as long as the longest subsequent materials test for which it shall apply, or
11.2.3.2 Until the test facilityapparatus has reached a steady condition such that the average cold wall heat flux and the average
gas temperature are within 65 % of the specified values over a continuous period of 15 min.
11.3 A successful calibration run shall meet the following criteria:
11.3.1 For Total Heat Flux—See 6.2 and Section 7.
11.3.2 For Gas Temperature and Thermal Exposure—See 6.3 and Section 9.
11.4 A furnace type facilityapparatus shall be considered calibrated after an initial test that meets the requirements of 11.2 and
11.3.
11.5 After the initial calibration, recalibrate the test facilityapparatus if any repair or modification is made to the heat generation,
heat retention, flow or other characteristics of the furnace that is capable of affecting the initial calibration. Between calibrations,
record any repairs, modifications, or maintenance made to the facility.apparatus.
11.6 Once the test facilityapparatus has been successfully calibrated, materials for testing shall be subjected to a fire environment
simulated by reproducing the time-temperature curves recorded during the furnace calibration.
11.6.1 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such that:
11.6.1.1 The area under the integrated heat-flux curve developed from Directional Flame Thermometer measurements of 9.1 – 9.3
is within 10 % of the corresponding curve developed in the furnace calibration for tests of ⁄2 h or less duration, within 7.5 % for
those over ⁄2 h and not more than 1 h, and within 5 % for tests exceeding 1 h in duration.
11.6.1.2 The area under the time-temperature curve of the average of the gas temperature measurements of 9.1 – 9.3 is within 10 %
1 1
of the corresponding curve developed in the furnace calibration for tests of ⁄2 h or less duration, within 7.5 % for those over ⁄2
h and not more than 1 h, and within 5 % for tests exceeding 1 h in duration.
TEST CONFIGURATIONS
12. Test Specimen
12.1 The test specimen shall be representative of the construction for which classification is desired as to materials, workmanship,
and details such as the dimensions of various components. Build the test specimen under conditions representative of those
encountered in actual construction to the extent possible. Determine the physical properties of the materials and components used
in the construction of the test specimen where possible.
12.2 For fire-protected steel columns and beams, both the weight (w) and heated perimeter (d) of the steel member significantly
influence fire endurance as determined in accordance with these test methods. Consideration of the w/d ratio is paramount when
designing a test program in order to directly compare the performance of different fire protection materials applied to structural
steel beams and columns. It is desirable to conduct tests on a common size member, such as a W10 by 49 (W250 by 73) column
to accommodate ease of making relative comparisons of thermal performance.
12.3 For fire containment steel wall specimens, the thickness of the steel plate will influence fire endurance as determined by these
test methods. When designing the test program, however, in order to directly compare the performance of different fire protection
materials applied to steel wall specimens, tests shall be performed using a standard steel wall thickness of 0.18 in. 6 0.02-in. 0.02
in. (4.5 mm 6 0.5-mm). 0.5 mm). The 0.18 in. 6 0.02-in. 0.02 in. thick specimen is specified by IMO Resolution A.517(13) and
as such, has had a large number of tests conducted on it.
E1529 − 22
13. Conditioning
13.1 Protect the test specimen during and after fabrication to ensure the quality of its condition at the time of test. The specimen
shall not be tested until after its strength has at least attained its design strength.
13.2 If the test specimen contains moisture, solvents, plasticizers, curing compounds, or similar agents, condition the specimen
prior to the test with the objective of providing a condition within the specimen which is representative of the intended end-use
environment of the assembly. When accelerated drying techniques are used to achieve this objective, avoid drying procedures that
will alter the structural or fire endurance characteristics of the test specimen from those produced as a result of air drying under
ambient atmospheric conditions. Record the temperature and humidity of the test specimen at the time of the fire test. (See 13.4.)
13.3 For some assemblies, it is difficult or impossible to achieve the objective of 13.2 even after an excessively lengthy period
of time. In the event that specimens, air dried in a heated building, fail to meet this objective after a 12-month conditioning period
or in the event that the nature of the assembly is such that it is evident that drying of the specimen interior is prevented due to
hermetic sealing, the requirements of 13.2 are waived. In such cases, test the specimen after its strength has at least attained its
design strength. Record the temperature and humidity of the test specimen at the time of the fire test. (See 13.4.)
13.4 If the specimen contains moisture or solvents, measure the actual content of such agents within 72 h prior to the test. Obtain
this information by weight determinations, moisture meters, or any other appropriate techniques deemed suitable by the testing
laboratory. If the condition of the tested specimen is capable of significantly changing within 72 h preceding the test, the actual
content of moisture, solvents, and similar agents shall be made within 24 h prior to the test.
14. Accelerated Weathering and Aging Tests
14.1 Test procedures are specified in 14.2 – 14.9 that represent a recommended minimum test program for evaluating the
weatherability for fire protection materials and assemblies using accelerated weathering and aging tests. These tests are applicable
for fire protection materials for structural steel. Determination of the applicability of these test methods to other materials and
assemblies is left to those interested parties involved. Further, because it is recognized that accelerated aging/weathering testing
is an art and not a science, requirements for preconditioning tests prior to aging/weather exposure (for example, tensile stressing
of brittle materials), and additional exposure environments for some fire protection materials for structural steel or other materials
and assemblies, are left to the parties involved that have a particular concern about a particular material or an assembly in a
particular environmental exposure.
NOTE 3—By defining a specific test program for protection materials for structural steel, it is not to be construed that the fire protection properties of these
materials are especially vulnerable to weathering effects. Rather, it is a reflection of the state of the art that such a test program exists for these materials.
14.2 For evaluation of a protective material, apply the material to 2-ft long, 6 by 6 in. steel tubes with a ⁄16-in. wall thickness.
Provide each end of each steel tube with steel caps covered with the protection material being investigated.
14.3 Locate four Type K thermocouples having a time constant not greater than 2 s on each steel tube. The thermocouples shall
measure the temperature at the center of each face of the steel tube.
14.4 The protective material thickness shall be sufficient to provide an endurance time of approximately 70 6 29 min in
accordance with 16.2.5.
14.5 Prepare a minimum of seven samples. Expose at least six samples to the environments and use at least one sample as a control
for comparison purposes. Expose a sample to only one environment before it is subjected to the fire endurance test.
14.6 The accelerated weathering or aging environments shall consist of:
14.6.1 Accelerated Aging—A circulating air oven maintained at 160 °F 6 5°F 5 °F (71 °C 6 3°C) 3 °C) and the air circulated
at a rate to change the air volume in the oven each 8 h. The exposure time shall be at least 6480 h (270 days).
14.6.2 Accelerated Weathering Exposure—A weatherometer in accordance with Practice D822. The exposure time shall be at least
720 h (30 days).
E1529 − 22
14.6.2.1 Samples are mounted on a rotating drum within the weatherometer. Operation of the weatherometer requires samples to
be balanced and the sample weight not exceed the limits of the equipment.
14.6.3 Wet/Freeze/Thaw Exposure—Twelve cycles of simulated rainfall at 0.7 in. (17.8 mm) per hour for 72 h, followed by an
immediate (while the specimen is still wet from the simulated rainfall) exposure to −40 6 5°F (−40 6 3°C) to −40 °F 6 5 °F (−40
°C 6 3 °C) for 24 h, and then an immediate (while the specimen is still cold from the freeze exposure) exposure to +140 6 5°F
(+60 6 3°C) +140 °F 6 5 °F (+60 °C 6 3 °C) for 72 h.
14.6.4 High Humidity Exposure—A chamber maintained at 100 % relative humidity ( +0, −3 %) and 95 °F 6 5°F 5 °F (35 °C 6
3°C). 3 °C). The exposure time shall be at least 4320 h (180 days).
14.6.5 Heavy Industrial Atmospheric Exposure—A chamber maintained at 95 °F 6 5°F 5 °F (35 °C 6 3°C). 3 °C). There shall
be a pan filled to a depth of 1 in. (25.4 mm) with water in the bottom of the test chamber. Maintain the gaseous mixture in the
test chamber from 97 to 98 % air, 1 to 1.5 % sulphur dioxide, 1 to 1.5 % carbon dioxide (by volume). The exposure time shall be
at least 720 h.
14.6.6 Salt Spray or Salt Fog—If this type of exposure is required, perform the test in accordance with Test Method B117.
14.7 Note any changes in the physical integrity, adhesion, or general appearance of fire protection materials or assemblies tested
under the conditions of 14.6.
14.8 Subject seven samples to the fire exposure defined in Section 6. Determine the time to reach an average temperature of
1000°F (538°C) 1000 °F (538 °C) as measured by the thermocouples attached to a tube.
14.9 A fire protection material shall be judged to have not been affected by aging or weathering if the average endurance time to
1000°F 1000 °F for each sample exposed to the conditions of 14.6 is at least 75 % of the endurance time determined for the control
sample.
TEST METHOD A—COLUMN TESTS
15. Procedure
15.1 Loaded Specimens:
15.1.1 Test the column assembly in a vertical orientation. The length of the assembly subjected to the fire exposure shall be not
less than 9 ft (2.74 m). Apply the contemplated details of connections and their protection, if any, according to methods of field
practice. Subject the assembly to the specified fire exposure simultaneously on all sides.
15.1.2 Throughout the fire endurance test, apply a superimposed load to the column to simulate the maximum load condition
allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria unless limited design criteria are specified with a corresponding
reduced load. Calculate the applied load so as to be consistent with the degree of the end fixity inherent in the laboratory’s system
for transmitting the load to the column assembly. Make provisions for transmitting the load to the exposed portion of the column
without increasing the effective column length.
15.1.3 The column assembly shall sustain the superimposed applied load during the fire endurance test for a period equal to that
for which classification is desired.
15.2 Unloaded Steel Specimens:
15.2.1 The following test procedure does not require application of a superimposed load at any time. This procedure is used to
evaluate the fire endurance of steel columns where the applied fire protection materials are not intended to carry any of the
superimposed load acting on the column.
15.2.2 Use of this procedure for the testing of other than steel columns is allowed provided that appropriate endpoint or acceptance
criteria have been established and substantiated. Base such acceptance criteria upon the temperature of the column assembly and
E1529 − 22
other parameters that influence the load carrying capacity of the column (such as depth of char for timber columns). Unless
otherwise specified, base the acceptance criteria upon an axially loaded specimen using the allowable design load for the specific
column assembly as the applied load.
15.2.3 Test the column assembly in a vertical orientation. The length of the test specimen subjected to the fire exposure shall be
not less than 8 ft (2.44 m). Apply the contemplated details of connections and their protection, if any, according to methods of field
practice. Subject the column to the specified fire exposure simultaneously on all sides.
15.2.4 Restrain the applied protection against longitudinal temperature expansion greater than that of the steel column with rigid
steel plates or reinforced concrete attached to the ends of the steel column before the protection is applied. The size of the plates
or amount of concrete shall provide direct bearing for the entire transverse area of the protection. Provide the ends of the specimen,
including the means for restraint of the applied protection, with thermal insulation to limit direct heat transfer from the furnace.
15.2.5 Measure the temperature of the column assembly at four levels throughout the fire endurance test. The upper and lower
levels shall be located 2 ft (0.61 m) from the ends of the column and the intermediate levels shall be equally spaced. Position at
least three thermocouples at each level so as to measure the temperature of significant elements of the steel column. Use metal or
ceramic sheathed thermocouples if the nature of the protection material is such that other types of thermocouples will not function
properly (for example, short-out in a charring type protection material or one that releases significant amounts of water).
15.2.6 The average temperature at each of the four levels shall not exceed 1000°F (538°C), 1000 °F (538 °C), and the maximum
temperature recorded by any individual thermocouple shall not exceed 1200°F (649°C), 1200 °F (649 °C), for a period equal to
that for which classification is desired.
TEST METHOD B—BEAM TESTS
16. Procedure
16.1 Loaded Specimens:
16.1.1 Test the beam assembly in a horizontal orientation. The length of the assembly subjected to the fire exposure shall be not
less than 12 ft (3.7 m). Subject the assemblies to the specified fire exposure simultaneously on all sides (Note 4). The ends of the
beam shall be simply supported and the beam shall not be restrained against longitudinal thermal expansion.
NOTE 4—Because this test method is aimed at fires generally occurring at HPI and similar facilities where flooring is not a great concern on structural
beams, the fire test method for beam assemblies specifies that the beam be totally engulfed. This varies from Test Methods E119, in which the beam is
an integral part of a ceiling assembly, and therefore is subjected to fire from only three sides.
16.1.2 Throughout the fire endurance test, apply a superimposed load to the beam to simulate maximum load condition. This load
shall be the maximum load condition allowed under nationally recognized structural design criteria unless limited design criteria
are specified and a corresponding reduced load applied.
16.1.3 The beam shall sustain the superimposed load during the fire endurance test for a period equal to that for which
classification is desired.
16.1.4 The procedure for testing loaded specimens stipulates that the beam shall be simply supported and un-restrained. However,
this procedure allows for testing of other than simply supported or un-restrained, or both, end conditions for experimentation of
special approvals, provided that the support condition is documented in the test report, and if applicable, endpoint or acceptance
criteria have been established and substantiated.
16.2 Unloaded Steel Specimens:
16.2.1 The following test procedure does not require the application of a superimposed load at any time. This procedure is used
to evaluate the fire endurance of steel beams wher
...