ASTM D5272-08
(Practice)Standard Practice for Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics
Standard Practice for Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
When discarded as litter, articles made using photodegradable plastics are subject to attack by daylight (particularly solar-ultraviolet radiation), oxygen, heat, and water. The 5° exposure angle used in this practice represents typical conditions for degradation experienced by litter.
This practice requires characterization of the duration of exposure in terms of solar-ultraviolet radiation. Solar-ultraviolet radiation varies considerably as a function of location and time of year. This can cause dramatic differences in the time required to produce a specified level of degradation in a polymer. Daro has shown that when the same lot of polyethylene containing an iron-salt prodegradant is exposed at various times of the year in a single location, the time required to produce an average of two chain scissions per molecule varied by over 130 %. Daro, and Zerlaut and Anderson have shown that this variability can be significantly reduced when total solar or solar-ultraviolet radiation, or both, is used to characterize the exposure increments.
In addition to variations in level of daylight and solar-ultraviolet radiation, there are significant differences in temperature, and moisture stresses between different locations, and between different years, or periods within a single year, at a single location. Because of this variability, results from this test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which photodegradable plastics degrade. Results from this test can be used to compare relative rates of degradation for materials exposed at the same time in the same location. Results from multiple exposures of a common lot of material (during different seasons over several years) at different sites can be used to compare the relative rates at which a particular photodegradable plastic will degrade in each location.
Note 2—An inherent limitation in solar-radiation measurements is that they do not reflect the effects of variations in temperature and moisture exposure,...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines test conditions applicable when Practices D 1435 and G 7 are employed for the outdoor exposure testing of photodegradable plastics.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this standard.
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Designation: D5272 − 08
StandardPractice for
1
Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice defines test conditions applicable when 3.1 The terminology given in Terminology E772 and Ter-
Practices D1435 and G7 are employed for the outdoor expo- minology D883 is applicable to this practice.
sure testing of photodegradable plastics.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 When discarded as litter, articles made using photode-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- gradable plastics are subject to attack by daylight (particularly
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
solar-ultraviolet radiation), oxygen, heat, and water. The 5°
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. exposure angle used in this practice represents typical condi-
tions for degradation experienced by litter.
NOTE 1—There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this standard.
4.2 Thispracticerequirescharacterizationofthedurationof
2. Referenced Documents exposure in terms of solar-ultraviolet radiation. Solar-
2 ultraviolet radiation varies considerably as a function of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
location and time of year. This can cause dramatic differences
D882Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
inthetimerequiredtoproduceaspecifiedlevelofdegradation
Sheeting
4
in a polymer. Daro has shown that when the same lot of
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
polyethylenecontaininganiron-saltprodegradantisexposedat
D1435Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
various times of the year in a single location, the time required
D3593Test Method for Molecular WeightAverages/ Distri-
to produce an average of two chain scissions per molecule
bution of Certain Polymers by Liquid Size-Exclusion
5
varied by over 130%. Daro, and Zerlaut and Anderson have
Chromatography (Gel Permeation Chromatography GPC)
3 shown that this variability can be significantly reduced when
Using Universal Calibration (Withdrawn 1993)
total solar or solar-ultraviolet radiation, or both, is used to
D3826Practice for Determining Degradation End Point in
characterize the exposure increments.
DegradablePolyethyleneandPolypropyleneUsingaTen-
sile Test 4.3 In addition to variations in level of daylight and solar-
E772Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion ultraviolet radiation, there are significant differences in
G7Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Test- temperature, and moisture stresses between different locations,
ing of Nonmetallic Materials and between different years, or periods within a single year, at
G169Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to a single location. Because of this variability, results from this
Weathering Tests test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which
G183Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliom- photodegradableplasticsdegrade.Resultsfromthistestcanbe
eters and UV Radiometers used to compare relative rates of degradation for materials
exposed at the same time in the same location. Results from
multiple exposures of a common lot of material (during
different seasons over several years) at different sites can be
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand
used to compare the relative rates at which a particular
isthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD20.96onEnvironmentallyDegradable
Plastics and Biobased Products.
photodegradable plastic will degrade in each location.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5272-92(1999).
DOI: 10.1520/D5272-08.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Daro,A.,etal,“DegradationofPolymerBlendsIV,NaturalWeatheringofLow
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM DensityandLinearLowDensityPolyethylene,”EuropeanPolymerJournal,Vol26,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on No. 1, 1990, pp. 47–52.
5
the ASTM website. Zerlaut, G. L., and Anderson, T. A., “Ultraviolet Radiation as a Timing
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on TechniqueforOutdoorWeatheringofMaterials,”SocietyofAutomotiveEngineers,
www.astm.org. SAE Technical Paper Number 850348 , 1985 .
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D5272–92 (Reapproved 1999) Designation: D 5272 – 08
Standard Practice for
1
Outdoor Exposure Testing of Photodegradable Plastics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5272; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice defines test conditions applicable when Practices D1435 and G7 and G7 are employed for the outdoor
exposure testing of photodegradable plastics.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—There is no ISO standard that is equivalent to this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D882 Test MethodsMethod for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
2
D1435Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
2
D1898Practice for Sampling of Plastics Practice for Outdoor Weathering of Plastics
D3593 Test Method for Molecular Weight Averages and Molecular Weight Distribution of Certain Polymers by Liquid
3
Size-Exclusion Chromatography (Gel Permeation Chromatography GPC) Using Universal Calibration
D3826 Practice for Determining Degradation End Point in Degradable Polyolefins Polyethylene and Polypropylene Using a
Tensile Test
E772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
G7 Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials
G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to Weathering Tests
G183 Practice for Field Use of Pyranometers, Pyrheliometers and UV Radiometers
3. Terminology
3.1 The terminology given in Terminology E772 and Terminology D883 is applicable to this practice.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 When discarded as litter, articles made using photodegradable plastics are subject to attack by daylight (particularly
solar-ultraviolet radiation), oxygen, heat, and water. The 5° exposure angle used in this practice represents typical conditions for
degradation experienced by litter.
4.2 This practice requires characterization of the duration of exposure in terms of solar-ultraviolet radiation. Solar-ultraviolet
radiation varies considerably as a function of location and time of year. This can cause dramatic differences in the time required
4
to produce a specified level of degradation in a polymer. Daro has shown that when the same lot of polyethylene containing an
iron-salt prodegradant is exposed at various times of the year in a single location, the time required to produce an average of two
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D-20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmentally Degradable
Plastics.
Current edition approved July 15, 1992. Published September 1992.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.96 on Environmentally Degradable
Plastics and Biobased Products.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D5272-92(1999).
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
, Vol 08.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
4
Daro, A., et al, “Degradation of Polymer Blends IV, Natural Weathering of Low Density and Linear Low Density Polyethylene,” European Polymer Journal, Vol 26,
No. 1, 1990, pp. 47–52.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D5272–08
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chain scissions per molecule varied by over 130%. Daro, and Zerlaut and Anderson have shown that this variability can be
significantly reduced when total solar or solar-ultraviolet radiation, or both, is used to characterize the exposure increments.
4.3 In addition to variations in level of daylight and solar-ultraviolet radiation, there are significant differences in temperature,
and moisture stresses between
...
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