ASTM F2082/F2082M-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of Transformation Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys by Bend and Free Recovery
Standard Test Method for Determination of Transformation Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys by Bend and Free Recovery
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid, economical method for determination of transformation temperatures.
5.2 Measurement of the specimen motion closely parallels many shape memory applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.
5.3 This test method uses a wire, tube, strip specimen, or a wire, tube, or strip specimen extracted from a component; thus, it provides an assessment of a nickel titanium product in its semifinished or finished form.
5.4 This test method may be used on annealed samples to determine the transformation temperatures and ensure the alloy formulation, since chemical analysis is not precise enough to adequately determine the nickel-to-titanium ratio of shape memory alloys.
5.5 In general, the transformation temperatures measured by this method will not be the same as those measured by the DSC method defined in Test Method F2004. Therefore, the results of DSC and BFR cannot be compared directly.
5.5.1 The BFR method measures the transformation temperatures by tracking shape recovery of stress-induced martensite deformed below the R′s temperature or the As temperature. In contrast, the DSC method measures the start, peak, and finish temperatures of the thermal transformation of martensite to R-phase or to austenite. See Refs (1-4).
5.6 The test method is applicable to shape memory alloys with Af temperatures in the range of approximately –25 to 90 °C.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for quantitatively determining the martensite-to-austenite or the martensite to R-phase transformation temperature of annealed, aged, shape-set, or tempered nickel-titanium alloy specimens by deforming the specimen in bending and measuring the deformation recovered during heating through the thermal transformation (BFR method). See 3.1.1.
Note 1: For aged, shape-set, or tempered specimens the transformation may be from martensite to austenite or from martensite to R-phase. See Reference (1)2 for details.
1.2 The test specimen may be wire, tube, or strip or a specimen extracted from a semifinished or finished component.
1.2.1 For specimens not in the form of a wire, tube, or strip that are extracted from semifinished or finished components, a wire, tube, or strip shaped test specimen shall be made from the component such that the deformation mode in the test specimen is pure bending.
1.2.2 Other specimen geometries or displacements resulting in a more complex strain state, such as bending with torsion or buckling, are beyond the scope of this standard.
1.3 Ruggedness tests have demonstrated that sample Af must be limited to obtain good test results. See 5.6 for details. Ruggedness tests have demonstrated that deformation strain, deformation temperature, and equilibration time at the deformation temperature must be controlled to obtain good test results. See 9.1, 9.2, and 9.4 for details.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2082/F2082M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Transformation Temperature of Nickel-
1
Titanium Shape Memory Alloys by Bend and Free Recovery
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2082/F2082M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for quantita-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tively determining the martensite-to-austenite or the martensite
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
to R-phase transformation temperature of annealed, aged,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
shape-set, or tempered nickel-titanium alloy specimens by
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
deforming the specimen in bending and measuring the defor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
mation recovered during heating through the thermal transfor-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
mation (BFR method). See 3.1.1.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 1—For aged, shape-set, or tempered specimens the transforma-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
tion may be from martensite to austenite or from martensite to R-phase.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
See Reference (1) for details.
1.2 The test specimen may be wire, tube, or strip or a
2. Referenced Documents
specimen extracted from a semifinished or finished component.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.1 For specimens not in the form of a wire, tube, or strip
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
that are extracted from semifinished or finished components, a
ASTM Test Methods
wire, tube, or strip shaped test specimen shall be made from the
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
component such that the deformation mode in the test speci-
Comparison Techniques
men is pure bending.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2.2 Other specimen geometries or displacements resulting
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
in a more complex strain state, such as bending with torsion or
F2004 Test Method for Transformation Temperature of
buckling, are beyond the scope of this standard.
Nickel-Titanium Alloys by Thermal Analysis
1.3 Ruggedness tests have demonstrated that sample A
f
F2005 Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory
must be limited to obtain good test results. See 5.6 for details.
Alloys
Ruggedness tests have demonstrated that deformation strain,
deformation temperature, and equilibration time at the defor-
3. Terminology
mation temperature must be controlled to obtain good test
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
results. See 9.1, 9.2, and 9.4 for details.
3.1.1 Definitions—Specific technical terms used in this test
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
method are found in Terminology F2005.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.2 free recovery, n—unconstrained motion of a shape
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
memory alloy specimen upon heating and transformation to
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
austenite or R-phase after deformation at a temperature below
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
the temperature for the start of the formation of martensite, M .
s
with this standard.
3.1.3 A —austenite finish temperature of a finished wire,
f-95
tube, or component measured by bend and free recovery using
the 95 percent recoverable deformation methodology.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on Medical
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2023. Published October 2023. Originally
3
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2082/F2082M – 16. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/F2082_F2082M-23. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2082/F2082M − 16 F2082/F2082M − 23
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Transformation Temperature of Nickel-
1
Titanium Shape Memory Alloys by Bend and Free Recovery
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2082/F2082M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for quantitatively determining the martensite-to-austenite transformation temperatures
of either fully annealed or heat-treated nickel titanium alloys by or the martensite to R-phase transformation temperature of
annealed, aged, shape-set, or tempered nickel-titanium alloy specimens by deforming the specimen in bending and measuring the
deformation recovered during heating through the thermal transformation. transformation (BFR method). See 3.1.1.
NOTE 1—For aged, shape-set, or tempered specimens the transformation may be from martensite to austenite or from martensite to R-phase. See Reference
2
(1) for details.
1.2 The test specimen may be wire, tube, or strip or a specimen extracted from a semifinished or finished component.
1.2.1 For specimens not in the form of a wire, tube, or strip that are extracted from semifinished or finished components, a wire,
tube, or strip shaped test specimen shall be made from the component such that the deformation mode in the test specimen is pure
bending.
1.2.2 Other specimen geometries or displacements resulting in a more complex strain state, such as bending with torsion or
buckling, are beyond the scope of this standard.
1.3 Ruggedness tests have demonstrated that sample A must be limited to obtain good test results. See 5.6 for details. Ruggedness
f
tests have demonstrated that deformation strain, deformation temperature, and equilibration time at the deformation temperature
must be controlled to obtain good test results. See 9.1, 9.2, and 9.4 for details.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformancenonconformance with this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016Oct. 15, 2023. Published May 2016October 2023. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 as
F2082 – 15.F2082/F2082M – 16. DOI: 10.1520/F2082_F2082M-16.10.1520/F2082_F2082M-23.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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F2082/F2082M − 23
2. Referenced Documents
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F2004 Test Method for Transformation Temperature of Nickel-Titanium Alloys by Thermal Analysis
F2005 Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 Definitions—Specific technical terms used in this test method are found in Terminology F2005.
3.1.2 free recovery—recovery, n—unconstrained motion of a shape memory alloy specimen upon heating and transformation to
austenite or R
...
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