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ASTM E1347-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry

Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of color coordinates and color differences by using a tristimulus (filter) colorimeter, also known as a color-difference meter. This test method does not apply to the use of a spectrocolorimeter, which is a spectrophotometer that is normally capable of producing as output colorimetric data, but not the underlying spectral data from which color coordinates are calculated. Measurement by using a spectrocolorimeter is covered in Practice E1164 and methods on color measurement by spectrophotometry.
1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measurement of color coordinates and color differences by reflected light using either a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45/0 or 0/45 geometry. Provision is also made for measurement by transmitted light using a hemispherical optical measuring system.
1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimulus (filter) colorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color coordinates are required, the instrument be calibrated by use of a standard having similar spectral (color) and geometric characteristics to those of the specimen. The use of a product standard of suitable stability is highly desirable.
1.4 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorimeters to detect metamerism or paramerism, or to correctly measure metameric or parameric pairs of specimens, this test method specifies that, when color differences are required, the two specimens must have similar spectral (color) and geometric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may be calibrated for reflectance measurement by use of a white reflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, with no specimen or standard at the specimen position.
1.5 While this test method is generally suitable for all object-color specimens, it should not be used without observing certain restrictions on the geometries and calibration procedures appropriate for different types of specimens and uses, and on the spectral character (metamerism or paramerism) of specimens and standards.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-1997
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.02 - Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1347-03 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
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Effective Date
10-Jun-1997
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ASTM D5215-93(2021) - Standard Test Method for Instrumental Evaluation of Staining of Vinyl Flooring by Adhesives
Effective Date
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ASTM D3730-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing High-Performance Interior Architectural Wall Coatings
Effective Date
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Effective Date
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ASTM D4956-19 - Standard Specification for Retroreflective Sheeting for Traffic Control
Effective Date
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ASTM D6695-16 - Standard Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jun-1997
Referred By
ASTM D4587-23 - Standard Practice for Fluorescent UV-Condensation Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
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ASTM D5150-92(2017) - Standard Test Method for Hiding Power of Architectural Paints Applied by Roller
Effective Date
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ASTM D5531-17(2023) - Standard Guide for Preparation, Maintenance, and Distribution of Physical Product Standards for Color and Geometric Appearance of Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jun-1997
Referred By
ASTM D3361/D3361M-22 - Standard Practice for Unfiltered Open-Flame Carbon-Arc Exposures of Paint and Related Coatings
Effective Date
10-Jun-1997
Referred By
ASTM D6531-00(2019) - Standard Test Method for Relative Tinting Strength of Aqueous Ink Systems by Instrumental Measurement
Effective Date
10-Jun-1997
Referred By
ASTM E313-20 - Standard Practice for Calculating Yellowness and Whiteness Indices from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
Effective Date
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ASTM E1347-97 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) ColorimetryASTM E1347-97 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
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ASTM E1347-97 - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus (Filter) Colorimetry
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:E1347–97
Standard Test Method for
Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus
(Filter) Colorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1347; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope procedures appropriate for different types of specimens and
uses, and on the spectral character (metamerism or paramer-
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-
ism) of specimens and standards.
ment of color coordinates and color differences by using a
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tristimulus(filter)colorimeter,alsoknownasacolor-difference
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
meter. This test method does not apply to the use of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
spectrocolorimeter, which is a spectrophotometer that is nor-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
mally capable of producing as output colorimetric data, but not
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the underlying spectral data from which color coordinates are
calculated. Measurement by using a spectrocolorimeter is
2. Referenced Documents
covered in Practice E 1164 and methods on color measurement
2.1 ASTM Standards:
by spectrophotometry.
D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measure-
from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
ment of color coordinates and color differences by reflected
D 4086 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Metamerism
light using either a hemispherical optical measuring system,
E 167 Practice for Goniophotometry of Objects and Mate-
such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectional optical mea-
rials
suring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar
E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
45/0or0/45geometry.Provisionisalsomadeformeasurement
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of
by transmitted light using a hemispherical optical measuring
Materials
system.
E 284 Terminology Relating to Appearance
1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimulus
E 805 PracticeforIdentificationofInstrumentalMethodsof
(filter) colorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
coordinates are required, the instrument be standardized by use
E 991 Practice for Color Measurement of Fluorescent
of a standard having similar spectral (color) and geometric
Specimens
characteristics to those of the specimen. The use of a product
E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
standard of suitable stability is highly desirable.
Object-Color Evaluation
1.4 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorim-
eters to detect metamerism or paramerism, or to correctly
3. Terminology
measure metameric or parameric pairs of specimens, this test
3.1 Definitions:
method specifies that, when color differences are required, the
3.1.1 The definitions in Guide E 179, Terminology E 284,
two specimens must have similar spectral (color) and geomet-
and Practice E 1164 are applicable to this test method.
ric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may be stan-
dardized for reflectance measurement by use of a white
4. Summary of Test Method
reflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, with
4.1 This test method provides procedures for measuring
no specimen or standard at the specimen position.
object-color specimens with a tristimulus (filter) colorimeter
1.5 While this test method is generally suitable for all
(hereafter referred to as a colorimeter) by use of the following
object-color specimens, it should not be used without observ-
geometric conditions and standardization procedures:
ing certain restrictions on the geometries and standardization
4.1.1 Color differences by reflected light of nonmetameric,
nonparameric pairs of opaque or translucent specimens by use
ofeitherhemisphericalgeometry,withanintegratingsphere,or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-12 on
bidirectional geometry, such as annular, circumferential, or
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.02 on Spectro-
photometry and Colorimetry.
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published September 1997. Originally
published as E 1347 – 90. Last previous edition E 1347 – 90. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E1347–97
uniplanar 45/0 or 0/45 geometry. The colorimeter may be tolerances, accuracy of the absolute values of the product
standardized by use of a white reflectance standard. standard color coordinates may become more important (see
4.1.2 Color differences by transmitted light of non- 4.2.1).
metameric, nonparameric pairs of transparent or translucent 4.2.3 Therestrictionstononmetameric,nonparamericspeci-
specimens by use of hemispherical geometry. The colorimeter mens apply to the considerations of this section and through-
maybestandardizedbyuseofawhitestandardatthereflection out.
port of the integrating sphere and with no specimen in place. 4.3 Procedures for selecting specimens suitable for preci-
When translucent specimens are measured, they should be sion measurement are included in this test method.
placedflushagainstthetransmissionportofthesphere,andthe 4.4 Most modern colorimeters can compute the color coor-
white standard should, for maximum accuracy, have the same dinates of the specimen during the measurement. When this is
reflectance and chemical composition as that of the lining of the case, the user of this test method must designate the color
the sphere. system to be used in the computation (see Method D 2244).
4.1.3 Color coordinates by reflected light of opaque or
5. Significance and Use
translucent specimens by use of either bidirectional or hemi-
spherical geometry. The colorimeter may be standardized by 5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining
use of a standard having spectral (color) and geometric
the color differences and color coordinates of object colors are
characteristics similar to those of the specimens. Such stan- by instrumental measurement using colorimeters or spectro-
dards, often called hitching-post standards, are hereafter re-
photometers with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical
ferred to as local standards. measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for
4.1.4 Color coordinates by transmitted light of transparent
such measurement by use of a tristimulus (filter) colorimeter
or translucent specimens by use of hemispherical geometry. witheitherabidirectionalorahemisphericalopticalmeasuring
The colorimeter may be standardized by use of a local
system.
standard. 5.2 This test method is suitable for measurement of color
4.1.5 When the specimens are retroreflective or fluorescent,
differences of nonmetameric, nonparameric pairs of object-
only bidirectional geometry is to be used. color specimens, or color coordinates of most such specimens.
4.1.6 When the specimens exhibit directionality, and a
A further limitation to the use of colorimeters having hemi-
colorimeter with uniplanar bidirectional geometry is used, spherical geometry is the existence of a chromatic integrating-
information on directionality may be obtained by measuring
sphere error that prevents accurate measurement of color
the specimens at more than one rotation angle, typically at two coordinates when the colorimeter is standardized by use of a
angles 90° apart. When such information is not required, these
white standard.
measurements may be averaged, or a colorimeter with annular 5.3 For the measurement of retroreflective or fluorescent
or circumferential bidirectional geometry may be used.
specimens by this test method, the use of bidirectional geom-
4.2 This test method includes two different procedures for etry is preferred for maximum accuracy (see Guide E 179,
standardizing the colorimeter, one utilizing a white standard of Practice E 805, and Practice E 991).
reflectance factor, the other a local standard.
5.4 A requirement for the use of a tristimulus (filter)
4.2.1 When absolute values of color coordinates are to be colorimeter to obtain accurate color coordinates is that the
determined, the use of a white standard is recommended only
combination of source, filter, and detector characteristics du-
with colorimeters in which there is good conformance of the plicate accurately the combined characteristics of a CIE
colorimeter readings to CIE tristimulus values, as determined
standard illuminant and observer. When this requirement is not
by measurement of suitable verification standards (see Practice met, this test method requires the use of local standards for
E 1164, 9.5). With instruments not meeting this requirement,
improving accuracy in the measurement of color coordinates
the use of local standards is recommended, but only when the (see also 4.2). For the measurement of small color differences
signallevelfromtheuseofeachcolorimeterfilterisadequately
between nonmetameric, nonparameric specimens, accuracy in
high. absolutecolorcoordinatesislessimportantandstandardization
of the colorimeter by use of a white standard is satisfactory.
NOTE 1—Of necessity, the above requirements are in part subjective, as
However, accurate color-difference measurement requires that
the methods for verifying conformance to the requirements may not be
specimen pairs be neither metameric nor parameric, that is, the
available to the average user. Each user must decide whether the
standardization procedure selected results in a loss of accuracy in the members have similar spectral and geometric characteristics.
measurements that is negl
...

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Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
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ASTM
ASTM D2244-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The original CIE color scales based on tristimulus values X, Y, Z and chromaticity coordinates x, y are not uniform visually. Each subsequent color scale based on CIE values has had weighting factors applied to provide some degree of uniformity so that color differences in various regions of color space will be more nearly comparable. On the other hand, color differences obtained for the same specimens evaluated in different color-scale systems are not likely to be identical. To avoid confusion, color differences among specimens or the associated tolerances should be compared only when they are obtained for the same color-scale system. There is no simple factor that can be used to convert accurately color differences or color tolerances in one system to difference or tolerance units in another system for all colors of specimens.  
5.2 Color differences calculated in ΔE00 units (6) are highly recommended for use with color-differences in the range of 0.0 to 5.0 ΔE*ab units. This color-difference equation is appropriate for and widely used in industrial and commercial applications including, but not limited to, automobiles, coatings, cosmetics, inks, packaging, paints, plastics, printing, security, and textiles.  
5.3 Users of color tolerance equations have found that, in each system, summation of three, vector color-difference components into a single scalar value is very useful for determining whether a specimen color is within a specified tolerance from a standard. However, for control of color in production, it may be necessary to know not only the magnitude of the departure from standard but also the direction of this departure. It is possible to include information on the direction of a small color difference by listing the three instrumentally determined components of the color difference.  
5.4 Selection of color tolerances based on instrumental values should be carefully correlated with a visual appraisal of the acceptability of differences in hue, lig...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation, from instrumentally measured color coordinates based on daylight illumination, of color tolerances and small color differences between opaque specimens such as painted panels, plastic plaques, or textile swatches. Where it is suspected that the specimens may be metameric, that is, possess different spectral curves though visually alike in color, Practice D4086 should be used to verify instrumental results. The tolerances and differences determined by these procedures are expressed in terms of approximately uniform visual color perception in CIE 1976 CIELAB opponent-color space (1),2 CMC tolerance units (2), CIE94 tolerance units (3), the DIN99o color difference formula given in DIN 6176  (4), or the CIEDE2000 color difference units (5).  
1.2 For product specification, the purchaser and the seller shall agree upon the permissible color tolerance between test specimen and reference and the procedure for calculating the color tolerance. Each material and condition of use may require specific color tolerances because other appearance factors, (for example, specimen proximity, gloss, and texture), may affect the correlation between the magnitude of a measured color difference and its commercial acceptability.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2867-14(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Estimating Uncertainty of Test Results Derived from Spectrophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many competent measurement laboratories comply with accepted quality system requirements such as ISO 9001, QS 9000, or ISO 17025. When using standard test methods, the measurement results should agree with those from other similar laboratories within the combined uncertainty limits of the laboratories’ measurement systems. It is for this reason that quality system requirements demand that a statement of the uncertainty of the test results accompany every test result.  
5.2 Preparation of uncertainty estimates is a requirement for laboratory certification under ISO 17025. This practice describes the procedures by which such uncertainty estimates may be calculated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a protocol to be utilized by measurement laboratories for estimating and reporting the uncertainty of a measurement result when the result is derived from a measurand that has been obtained by spectrophotometry.  
1.2 This practice is specifically limited to the reporting of uncertainty of color measurement results that are reported as color-differences in ΔE format, even though the measurement itself may be reported in other units such as percent reflectance or transmittance.  
1.3 The procedures defined here are not intended to be applicable to national standardizing laboratories or transfer laboratories.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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