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ASTM B63-90(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials

Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, to a precision of 2%, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for other purposes.
Note 1--For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see Test Method B193.
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.10 - Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B63-90(1995)e1 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM B63-07 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM B603-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Drawn or Rolled Iron-Chromium-Aluminum Alloys for Electrical Heating Elements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B753-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Thermostat Component Alloys
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B267-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Wire for Use In Wire-Wound Resistors
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B388-06(2018) - Standard Specification for Thermostat Metal Sheet and Strip
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B344-20 - Standard Specification for Drawn or Rolled Nickel-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys for Electrical Heating Elements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B476-21 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Precious Metal Electrical Contact Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM F219-96(2018) - Standard Test Methods of Testing Fine Round and Flat Wire for Electron Devices and Lamps (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM B63-90(2001) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact MaterialsASTM B63-90(2001) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
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ASTM B63-90(2001) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:B63–90(Reapproved2001)
Standard Test Method for
Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and
Contact Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationB 63;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope length will have a required resistance. It serves as one basis for
the selection of materials for specific applications and its
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedetermination,toaprecision
measurement is a necessary acceptance test for resistance
of 2 %, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in
materials.
resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as
4.2 In the case of materials for electrical contacts, the
products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for
measurement of resistivity can serve as a test for uniformity of
other purposes.
materials of nominally the same composition and structure.
NOTE 1—For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see
Test Method B 193.
5. Apparatus
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Means for applying current and voltage terminals to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimen are specified in Section 9. An optional suitable
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimen holder for nonductile materials is shown in Fig. 1.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 A suitable bridge, potentiometer, digital ohmmeter, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
equivalent, with necessary accessories for making resistance
measurements with a limit of error of less than 0.5 %.
2. Referenced Documents
5.3 Means for measuring the dimensions of the specimen,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
adequate to determine its length and its mean area of cross
B 193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor
section, each within 0.5 %.
Materials
6. Test Specimen
3. Terminology
6.1 Ductile Materials—The test specimen for ductile ma-
3.1 Definitions:
terials, including those used for contacts, shall be in the form
3.1.1 resistivity—that property of a material which deter-
of a wire or a strip. In order to determine the resistivity with a
mines its resistance to the flow of an electric current, expressed
precision of 2 %, it is necessary that the resistance, cross-
as:
sectional area, and length shall be measured with a limit of
error within 0.5 %. To ensure this limit of error each test
r5 RA/L (1)
specimen shall conform to the following:
where R is the resistance in ohms of a specimen of the
6.1.1 It shall have a length of at least 30 cm (1 ft),
material of uniform cross section A and of a length L.In
6.1.2 It shall have a resistance of at least 0.001 V,
reporting values of resistivity under this test A shall be
6.1.3 If the cross section is to be determined by direct
expressed in square centimetres and L in centimetres.
measurement, the diameter of a wire specimen or the thickness
of a strip specimen shall not be less than the limits defined by
4. Significance and Use
the 0.5 % criteria of 6.1, and this dimension throughout the
4.1 In the case of materials for resistors and heating ele-
length of the specimen shall not vary by more than 3 %, and
ments, a knowledge of resistivity is important in determining
6.1.4 It shall show no surface cracks or other defects
whether wire or strip of a specified area of cross section and
observable with normal vision, and shall be free from surface
oxide.
6.2 Nonductile Materials—Thetestspecimenfornonductile
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
materials shall be made in accordance with Fig. 2 if the
B02.10 on Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials.
material is readily machinable. For materials which are not
Current edition approved May 23, 2001. Published July 1990. Originally
readily machinable, such as those containing graphite, a flat
published as B 63 – 26 T. Last previous edition B 63 – 81.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.03. strip may be used as a test specimen. In order to determine the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
B63–90 (2001)
Description Dimensions, in. (mm) Material Number
Item
Required
1 Base block ⁄2 by 3 by 4 (12.7 by 76.2 by 101.6) micarta 1
2 Clamp block ⁄4 by 1 by 1 (19.0 by 25.4 by 25.4) copper 2
10 3
3 Current lead clamp screw, knurled head ⁄32 by ⁄16 brass 2
4 Specimen clamp screw, knurled head ⁄4in.by40by1in. brass 2
1 15 7
5 Pivot bracket ⁄2 by ⁄16 by 1 ⁄16 (12.7 by 23.8 by 36.5) steel 2
6 Pivot . steel 2
1 3
7 Pivot block ⁄2 by 2 ⁄32 by 3 (12.7 by 53.2 by 76.2) micarta 1
8 Potential knife-edge . steel 2 sets
9 Specimen being tested . . .
NOTE 1—Contact surfaces must be clean and free of visible oxide.
FIG. 1 Specimen Holder for Nonductile Materials
resistivity with a precision of 2 %, each specimen shall
conform to the following:
6.2.1 The diameter of a specimen (Fig. 2), or the thickness
andwidthofastripspecimen,shallbeuniformwithin1 %,and
6.2.2 It shall show no surface cracks or other defects
observable with normal vision, and shall be free from surface
oxide.
7. Length Measurements
7.1 The length may be measured by any scale which will
NOTE—Metric equivalents are as follows.
give an accuracy of 0.5 % in the length measured. In case
potential leads are used, the length shall be taken between the
in. mm in. mm
potential contacts. In the direction of the length of specimen,
0.010 0.25 0.438 11.12
0.012 0.30 2.000 50.80
the dimension of each potential contact, including soldering
0.187 4.75 2.375 60.32
surface or clamp contact area, shall not be more than 0.5 % of
0.188 4.78 3.250 82.55
the distance between the potential contacts. In the case of the
0.237 6.01
specimen holder for nonductile materials shown in Fig. 1, the
FIG. 2 Resistivity Test Specimen for Machinable Nonductile
distance between the potential contacts may be found by
Materials
measuring from the outside flat of one potential knife edge to
B63–90 (2001)
the outside flat of the other. A micrometer shall be used for 9. Leads
measuring this length.
9.1 Specimens with a resistance of less than 10 V shall be
provided with both current and potential leads. The minimum
8.
...

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4.1 In the case of materials for resistors and heating elements, a knowledge of resistivity is important in determining whether wire or strip of a specified area of cross section and length will have a required resistance. It serves as one basis for the selection of materials for specific applications and its measurement is a necessary acceptance test for resistance materials.  
4.2 In the case of materials for electrical contacts, the measurement of resistivity can serve as a test for uniformity of materials of nominally the same composition and structure.
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This guide presents the simulation procedure which would provide advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of irradiated metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in someway from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Simulation techniques considered for introducing helium shall include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended. The two other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials namely, the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, and the isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors, are not covered in this guide. Dual ion beam techniques for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here.
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4.1 Helium is introduced into metals as a consequence of nuclear reactions, such as (n, α), or by the injection of helium into metals from the plasma in fusion reactors. The characterization of the effect of helium on the properties of metals using direct irradiation methods may be impractical because of the time required to perform the irradiation or the lack of a radiation facility, as in the case of the fusion reactor. Simulation techniques can accelerate the research by identifying and isolating major effects caused by the presence of helium. The word ‘simulation’ is used here in a broad sense to imply an approximation of the relevant irradiation environment. There are many complex interactions between the helium produced during irradiation and other irradiation effects, so care must be exercised to ensure that the effects being studied are a suitable approximation of the real effect. By way of illustration, details of helium introduction, especially the implantation temperature, may determine the subsequent distribution of the helium (that is, dispersed atomistically, in small clusters in bubbles, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in some way from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Techniques considered for introducing helium may include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended.  
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These test methods cover the detection of detrimental intermetallic phase in duplex austenitic/ferritic stainless steel to the extent that toughness and corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Test method A-sodium hydroxide etch test, test method B-Charpy impact test, and test method C-ferric chloride corrosion test shall be made for classification of structures of duplex stainless steels.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Similar test methods for other duplex stainless steels are described in Test Method A1084, but the procedures described in this standard differ significantly from Test Methods A, B, and C in A1084.  
1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750 °F (320 to 955 °C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.  
1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.  
1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.  
1.5 These test methods include the following:  
1.5.1 Test Method A—Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3 – 7).  
1.5.2 Test Method B—Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8 – 13).  
1.5.3 Test Method C—Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14 – 20).  
1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.  
1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.  
1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internat...

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ASTM
ASTM E1181-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Duplex grain size may occur in some metals and alloys as a result of their thermomechanical processing history. For comparison of mechanical properties with metallurgical features, or for specification purposes, it may be important to be able to characterize grain size in such materials. Assigning an average grain size value to a duplex grain size specimen does not adequately characterize the appearance of that specimen, and may even misrepresent its appearance. For example, averaging two distinctly different grain sizes may result in reporting a size that does not actually exist anywhere in the specimen.  
5.2 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products containing randomly intermingled grains of two or more significantly different sizes (henceforth referred to as random duplex grain size). Examples of random duplex grain sizes include: isolated coarse grains in a matrix of much finer grains, extremely wide distributions of grain sizes, and bimodal distributions of grain size.  
5.3 These test methods may also be applied to specimens or products containing grains of two or more significantly different sizes, but distributed in topologically varying patterns (henceforth referred to as topological duplex grain sizes). Examples of topological duplex grain sizes include: systematic variation of grain size across the section of a product, necklace structures, banded structures, and germinative grain growth in selected areas of critical strain.  
5.4 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products regardless of their state of recrystallization.  
5.5 Because these test methods describe deviations from a single, log-normal distribution of grain sizes, and characterize patterns of variation in grain size, the total specimen cross-section must be evaluated.  
5.6 These test methods are limited to duplex grain sizes as identifiable within a single polished and etched metallurgical specimen. If duplex grain size is suspected in a product too ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for deciding whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes, then into specific types within those classes, and provide systems for grain size characterization of each type.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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