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ASTM B63-90(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials

Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination, to a precision of 2%, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for other purposes.
Note 1--For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see Test Method B193.
1.2  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.10 - Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM B63-90(1995)e1 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM B63-07 - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2007
Referred By
ASTM B603-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Drawn or Rolled Iron-Chromium-Aluminum Alloys for Electrical Heating Elements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B753-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Thermostat Component Alloys
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B267-07(2018) - Standard Specification for Wire for Use In Wire-Wound Resistors
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B388-06(2018) - Standard Specification for Thermostat Metal Sheet and Strip
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B344-20 - Standard Specification for Drawn or Rolled Nickel-Chromium and Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys for Electrical Heating Elements
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM B476-21 - Standard Specification for General Requirements for Wrought Precious Metal Electrical Contact Materials
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Referred By
ASTM F219-96(2018) - Standard Test Methods of Testing Fine Round and Flat Wire for Electron Devices and Lamps (Withdrawn 2023)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM B63-90(2001) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact MaterialsASTM B63-90(2001) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
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ASTM B63-90(2001) - Standard Test Method for Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and Contact Materials
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:B63–90(Reapproved2001)
Standard Test Method for
Resistivity of Metallically Conducting Resistance and
1
Contact Materials
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationB 63;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope length will have a required resistance. It serves as one basis for
the selection of materials for specific applications and its
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedetermination,toaprecision
measurement is a necessary acceptance test for resistance
of 2 %, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in
materials.
resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as
4.2 In the case of materials for electrical contacts, the
products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for
measurement of resistivity can serve as a test for uniformity of
other purposes.
materials of nominally the same composition and structure.
NOTE 1—For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see
Test Method B 193.
5. Apparatus
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 Means for applying current and voltage terminals to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimen are specified in Section 9. An optional suitable
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specimen holder for nonductile materials is shown in Fig. 1.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 A suitable bridge, potentiometer, digital ohmmeter, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
equivalent, with necessary accessories for making resistance
measurements with a limit of error of less than 0.5 %.
2. Referenced Documents
5.3 Means for measuring the dimensions of the specimen,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
adequate to determine its length and its mean area of cross
B 193 Test Method for Resistivity of Electrical Conductor
section, each within 0.5 %.
2
Materials
6. Test Specimen
3. Terminology
6.1 Ductile Materials—The test specimen for ductile ma-
3.1 Definitions:
terials, including those used for contacts, shall be in the form
3.1.1 resistivity—that property of a material which deter-
of a wire or a strip. In order to determine the resistivity with a
mines its resistance to the flow of an electric current, expressed
precision of 2 %, it is necessary that the resistance, cross-
as:
sectional area, and length shall be measured with a limit of
error within 0.5 %. To ensure this limit of error each test
r5 RA/L (1)
specimen shall conform to the following:
where R is the resistance in ohms of a specimen of the
6.1.1 It shall have a length of at least 30 cm (1 ft),
material of uniform cross section A and of a length L.In
6.1.2 It shall have a resistance of at least 0.001 V,
reporting values of resistivity under this test A shall be
6.1.3 If the cross section is to be determined by direct
expressed in square centimetres and L in centimetres.
measurement, the diameter of a wire specimen or the thickness
of a strip specimen shall not be less than the limits defined by
4. Significance and Use
the 0.5 % criteria of 6.1, and this dimension throughout the
4.1 In the case of materials for resistors and heating ele-
length of the specimen shall not vary by more than 3 %, and
ments, a knowledge of resistivity is important in determining
6.1.4 It shall show no surface cracks or other defects
whether wire or strip of a specified area of cross section and
observable with normal vision, and shall be free from surface
oxide.
1
6.2 Nonductile Materials—Thetestspecimenfornonductile
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B02 on
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
materials shall be made in accordance with Fig. 2 if the
B02.10 on Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials.
material is readily machinable. For materials which are not
Current edition approved May 23, 2001. Published July 1990. Originally
readily machinable, such as those containing graphite, a flat
published as B 63 – 26 T. Last previous edition B 63 – 81.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.03. strip may be used as a test specimen. In order to determine the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B63–90 (2001)
Description Dimensions, in. (mm) Material Number
Item
Required
1
1 Base block ⁄2 by 3 by 4 (12.7 by 76.2 by 101.6) micarta 1
3
2 Clamp block ⁄4 by 1 by 1 (19.0 by 25.4 by 25.4) copper 2
10 3
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the case of materials for resistors and heating elements, a knowledge of resistivity is important in determining whether wire or strip of a specified area of cross section and length will have a required resistance. It serves as one basis for the selection of materials for specific applications and its measurement is a necessary acceptance test for resistance materials.  
4.2 In the case of materials for electrical contacts, the measurement of resistivity can serve as a test for uniformity of materials of nominally the same composition and structure.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination, to a precision of 2 %, of the electrical resistivity of materials used in resistors, heating elements, and electrical contacts, as well as products of powder metallurgy processes which are used for other purposes.  
Note 1: For determining the resistivity of electrical conductors, see Test Method B193.  
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3.1.4 Macroetching is used extensively for quality control in the steel industry, to determine the tone of a heat in billets with respect to inclusions, segregation, and structure. Forge shops, in addition, use macroetching to reveal flow...
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For specific warning statements, see 6.2, 7.1, 8.1.3, 8.2.1, 8.8.3, 8.10.1.1, and 8.13.2. It is further recommended to review the guidance in Guide E2014.  
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5.1 This practice lists recommended methods and solutions for the etching of specimens for metallographic examination. Solutions are listed that highlight the phases and constituents present in most major alloy systems.
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1.1 This practice covers chemical solutions and procedures to be used in etching metals and alloys for microscopic examination. Safety precautions and miscellaneous information are also included.  
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Standard Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of Steel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.  
4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 11.1.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.  
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1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.  
1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.  
1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.  
1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.  
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This guide presents the simulation procedure which would provide advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of irradiated metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in someway from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Simulation techniques considered for introducing helium shall include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended. The two other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials namely, the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, and the isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors, are not covered in this guide. Dual ion beam techniques for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here.
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1.1 This guide provides advice for conducting experiments to investigate the effects of helium on the properties of metals where the technique for introducing the helium differs in some way from the actual mechanism of introduction of helium in service. Techniques considered for introducing helium may include charged particle implantation, exposure to α-emitting radioisotopes, and tritium decay techniques. Procedures for the analysis of helium content and helium distribution within the specimen are also recommended.  
1.2 Three other methods for introducing helium into irradiated materials are not covered in this guide. They are: (1) the enhancement of helium production in nickel-bearing alloys by spectral tailoring in mixed-spectrum fission reactors, (2) a related technique that uses a thin layer of NiAl on the specimen surface to inject helium, and (3) isotopic tailoring in both fast and mixed-spectrum fission reactors. These techniques are described in Refs (1-6).2 Dual ion beam techniques (7) for simultaneously implanting helium and generating displacement damage are also not included here. This latter method is discussed in Practice E521.  
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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels

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These test methods cover the detection of detrimental intermetallic phase in duplex austenitic/ferritic stainless steel to the extent that toughness and corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Test method A-sodium hydroxide etch test, test method B-Charpy impact test, and test method C-ferric chloride corrosion test shall be made for classification of structures of duplex stainless steels.
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1.1 The purpose of these test methods is to allow detection of the presence of intermetallic phases in certain duplex stainless steels as listed in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3 to the extent that toughness or corrosion resistance is affected significantly. These test methods will not necessarily detect losses of toughness or corrosion resistance attributable to other causes. Similar test methods for other duplex stainless steels are described in Test Method A1084, but the procedures described in this standard differ significantly from Test Methods A, B, and C in A1084.  
1.2 Duplex (austenitic-ferritic) stainless steels are susceptible to the formation of intermetallic compounds during exposures in the temperature range from approximately 600 to 1750 °F (320 to 955 °C). The speed of these precipitation reactions is a function of composition and thermal or thermomechanical history of each individual piece. The presence of these phases is detrimental to toughness and corrosion resistance.  
1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.  
1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.  
1.5 These test methods include the following:  
1.5.1 Test Method A—Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3 – 7).  
1.5.2 Test Method B—Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8 – 13).  
1.5.3 Test Method C—Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14 – 20).  
1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.  
1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.  
1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internat...

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ASTM E1181-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Characterizing Duplex Grain Sizes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Duplex grain size may occur in some metals and alloys as a result of their thermomechanical processing history. For comparison of mechanical properties with metallurgical features, or for specification purposes, it may be important to be able to characterize grain size in such materials. Assigning an average grain size value to a duplex grain size specimen does not adequately characterize the appearance of that specimen, and may even misrepresent its appearance. For example, averaging two distinctly different grain sizes may result in reporting a size that does not actually exist anywhere in the specimen.  
5.2 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products containing randomly intermingled grains of two or more significantly different sizes (henceforth referred to as random duplex grain size). Examples of random duplex grain sizes include: isolated coarse grains in a matrix of much finer grains, extremely wide distributions of grain sizes, and bimodal distributions of grain size.  
5.3 These test methods may also be applied to specimens or products containing grains of two or more significantly different sizes, but distributed in topologically varying patterns (henceforth referred to as topological duplex grain sizes). Examples of topological duplex grain sizes include: systematic variation of grain size across the section of a product, necklace structures, banded structures, and germinative grain growth in selected areas of critical strain.  
5.4 These test methods may be applied to specimens or products regardless of their state of recrystallization.  
5.5 Because these test methods describe deviations from a single, log-normal distribution of grain sizes, and characterize patterns of variation in grain size, the total specimen cross-section must be evaluated.  
5.6 These test methods are limited to duplex grain sizes as identifiable within a single polished and etched metallurgical specimen. If duplex grain size is suspected in a product too ...
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1.1 These test methods provide simple guidelines for deciding whether a duplex grain size exists. The test methods separate duplex grain sizes into one of two distinct classes, then into specific types within those classes, and provide systems for grain size characterization of each type.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1245-03(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Inclusion or Second-Phase Constituent Content of Metals by Automatic Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents of metals using basic stereological procedures performed by automatic image analyzers.  
5.2 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals. Because of the sporadic, unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions, other methods involving complete inspection, for example, ultrasonics, must be used to locate their presence. The exact nature of the exogenous material can then be determined by sectioning into the suspect region followed by serial, step-wise grinding to expose the exogenous matter for identification and individual measurement. Direct size measurement rather than application of stereological methods is employed.  
5.3 Because the characteristics of the indigenous inclusion population vary within a given lot of material due to the influence of compositional fluctuations, solidification conditions and processing, the lot must be sampled statistically to assess its inclusion content. The largest lot sampled is the heat lot but smaller lots, for example, the product of an ingot, within the heat may be sampled as a separate lot. The sampling of a given lot must be adequate for the lot size and characteristics.  
5.4 The practice is suitable for assessment of the indigenous inclusions in any steel (or other metal) product regardless of its size or shape as long as enough different fields can be measured to obtain reasonable statistical confidence in the data. Because the specifics of the manufacture of the product do influence the morphological characteristics of the inclusions, the report should state the relevant manufacturing details, that is, data regarding the deformation history of the product.  
5.5 To compare the inclusion measurement results from different lots of the same or similar types of steels, or other metals, a standard sampling scheme should be adopted such as described in Test Method...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for obtaining stereological measurements that describe basic characteristics of the morphology of indigenous inclusions in steels and other metals using automatic image analysis. The practice can be applied to provide such data for any discrete second phase.  
Note 1: Stereological measurement methods are used in this practice to assess the average characteristics of inclusions or other second-phase particles on a longitudinal plane-of-polish. This information, by itself, does not produce a three-dimensional description of these constituents in space as deformation processes cause rotation and alignment of these constituents in a preferred manner. Development of such information requires measurements on three orthogonal planes and is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E228-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are required for design purposes and are used, for example, to determine dimensional behavior of structures subject to temperature changes, or thermal stresses that can occur and cause failure of a solid artifact composed of different materials when it is subjected to a temperature excursion.  
5.2 This test method is a reliable method of determining the linear thermal expansion of solid materials.  
5.3 For accurate determinations of thermal expansion, it is absolutely necessary that the dilatometer be calibrated by using a reference material that has a known and reproducible thermal expansion. The appendix contains information relating to reference materials in current general use.  
5.4 The measurement of thermal expansion involves two parameters: change of length and change of temperature, both of them equally important. Neglecting proper and accurate temperature measurement will inevitably result in increased uncertainties in the final data.  
5.5 The test method can be used for research, development, specification acceptance, quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
Note 1: Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 °C to 900 °C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900 °C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.  
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.  
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 μm/(m·°C) for a 1000 °C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Or...

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  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off