ASTM E1934-99a(2005)e1
(Guide)Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
Standard Guide for Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with Infrared Thermography
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide can be used by an end user to specify infrared examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment and an infrared thermographer to perform them.
This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end user and the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermography.
The purpose of an infrared examination is to identify and document exceptions in the end user’electrical or mechanical systems, or both.
4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usually created by an increase in resistance caused by loose or deteriorated connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbalances or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed components. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed components.
4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usually created by friction caused by improper lubrication, misalignment, worn components or mechanical loading anomalies. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed components.
4.3.3 Exceptions in insulation systems are usually caused by missing or deteriorated materials, improper installation or insufficient amounts of material.
Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, the integrity of the equipment or recommendations for corrective actions require knowledge and skills beyond those of infrared thermography.
Infrared examinations provide data about equipment at the time of examination only.
Infrared examinations are not remedial.
An infrared examination of electrical and mechanical equipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests and proper maintenance are necessary to ensure their reliable performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user and the infrared thermographer when examining electrical and mechanical systems.
1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required to document qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment
1.3 This guide may involve use of equipment and materials in the presence of heated, moving or all of these or electrically energized equipment.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation:E1934–99a (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Guide for
Examining Electrical and Mechanical Equipment with
Infrared Thermography
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Footnote 2 was editorially changed to include the publication supplier’s new address in March 2005.
1. Scope 3.1.3 infrared examination—the use of an infrared imaging
systemtoprovidethermaldataaboutastructure,system,object
1.1 This guide lists the responsibilities of the end user and
or process.
the infrared thermographer when examining electrical and
3.1.4 inventory list—a list of the equipment by the infrared
mechanical systems.
thermographer.
1.2 This guide outlines the specific content required to
3.1.5 qualified assistant—a person provided and authorized
document qualitative and quantitative infrared examinations of
by the end user to perform the tasks required by the infrared
electrical and mechanical equipment
thermographer.He/sheshallbeknowledgeableoftheoperation
1.3 This guide may involve use of equipment and materials
and history of the equipment to be examined and of all safety
in the presence of heated, moving or all of these or electrically
practices and rules of the end user.
energized equipment.
3.1.6 qualitative infrared inspection—an infrared examina-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tion that provides images of exceptions but not temperature
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
data.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.7 quantitative infrared inspection—an infrared exami-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
nationthatprovidesbothimagesofexceptionsandtemperature
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
data.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 See also Terminology E1316.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Significance and Use
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
4.1 Thisguidecanbeusedbyanendusertospecifyinfrared
3. Terminology
examinations of electrical and mechanical equipment and an
infrared thermographer to perform them.
3.1 Definitions:
4.2 This guide lists the joint responsibilities of the end user
3.1.1 end user—the person responsible for using the infor-
and the infrared thermographer when using infrared thermog-
mation provided by an infrared examination.
raphy.
3.1.2 exception—an abnormally warm or cool connector,
4.3 The purpose of an infrared examination is to identify
conductor or component.
and document exceptions in the end user’s electrical or
mechanical systems, or both.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
4.3.1 In electrical equipment, warm exceptions are usually
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.10 on Emerging
created by an increase in resistance caused by loose or
NDT Methods.
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally deteriorated connections, short circuits, overloads, load imbal-
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E1934 - 99a. DOI:
ances or faulty, mismatched or improperly installed compo-
10.1520/E1934-99AR05E01.
nents. Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed compo-
This guide is adapted from the Guideline for Infrared Inspection and Mechani-
nents.
cal Systems developed by Infraspection Institute, 425 Ellis Street, Burlington, NJ
08016.
4.3.2 In mechanical equipment, warm exceptions are usu-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ally created by friction caused by improper lubrication, mis-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
alignment,worncomponentsormechanicalloadinganomalies.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Cool exceptions are usually caused by failed components.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1934–99a (2005)
4.3.3 Exceptionsininsulationsystemsareusuallycausedby 6.4.2 Opening or removing, or both, all necessary cabinet
missing or deteriorated materials, improper installation or and enclosure covers immediately before examination to pro-
insufficient amounts of material. vide the infrared thermographer with direct views of the
4.4 Providing opinions about the causes of exceptions, the equipment.
integrity of the equipment or recommendations for corrective 6.4.3 Ensuring that the equipment to be examined is under
actions require knowledge and skills beyond those of infrared adequate load, creating satisfactory loads when necessary, and
thermography. allowing sufficient time for recently energized equipment to
4.5 Infrared examinations provide data about equipment at produce stable thermal patterns.
the time of examination only. 6.5 When examining the equipment, the thermographer will
4.6 Infrared examinations are not remedial. comply with all safety rules, regulations and practices of the
4.7 An infrared examination of electrical and mechanical end user.
equipment does not assure its proper operation. Other tests and 6.6 The infrared thermographer shall perform examinations
proper maintenance are necessary to ensure their reliable when the environmental and physical conditions, such as solar
performance. gain, wind, surface and atmospheric moisture and heat transfer
are favorable to gathering accurate data.
5. Personnel Responsibilities
6.7 The infrared thermographer shall document any excep-
5.1 The infrared thermographer shall:
tions found by recording the data required in 7.2 through 7.2.9
5.1.1 Have sufficient knowledge of the components, con- or 7.3 through 7.3.6, or all of these.
struction and theory of electrical or mechanical equipment, or
NOTE 1—Special care must be exercised when examining surfaces
both, to understand the observed patterns of radiation,
having low emissivities (<0.5). In these circumstances exceptions may be
5.1.2 Be knowledgeable of, and comply with, the safety
more difficult to detect.Also, such surfaces produce reflections that can be
practices and rules of the end user, and
misleading.Theinfraredthermographershouldbeawareofthesepotential
5.1.3 Use an infrared imaging system with imaging or error sources and use techniques to minimize them, such as moving the
position of the imager and blocking the surfaces from reflected sources.
radiometric capabilities, or both, sufficient to meet the exami-
nation requirements.
6.7.1 When requested by the infrared thermographer, the
5.2 Unless he/she is a licensed electrician, professional
qualified assistant shall measure the loads of electrical equip-
engineer or has other equivalent qualifications, the infr
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