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ASTM D3951-98(2004)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing unitization and marking for supplies and equipment. It includes the minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection and provides for multiple handling, shipment by any mode, and storage periods for a minimum of 1 year in enclosed facilities without damage to the product. It also provides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammunition, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-1998
ICS
55.020 - Packaging and distribution of goods in general
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.18 - Miscellaneous Packaging
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3951-98 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Replaced By
ASTM D3951-10 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
15-Aug-2010
Referred By
ASTM B108/B108M-19 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Permanent Mold Castings
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6787/D6787M-02(2023) - Standard Specification for Repositionable Note Pad
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM B37-18 - Standard Specification for Aluminum for Use in Iron and Steel Manufacture
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020) - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D6251/D6251M-19 - Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM F1604-15(2020)e1 - Standard Specification for Freezers, Ice Cream, Soft Serve, Shake
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM D7932-17 - Standard Specification for Printed, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Labels for Use in Extreme Distribution Environments
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM B955/B955M-18 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Centrifugal Castings
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM B26/B26M-18e1 - Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Sand Castings
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM B867-95(2018) - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Palladium-Nickel for Engineering Use
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM B900-16(2022) - Standard Practice for Packaging of Copper and Copper Alloy Mill Products for U.S. Government Agencies
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM F1511-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Mechanical Seals for Shipboard Pump Applications
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998
Referred By
ASTM F3255-19 - Standard Specification for Rapid Pull Down Refrigerators (Blast Chillers), Freezers (Blast Freezers), Combination Refrigerator/Freezer (Blast Chiller/Freezers), and Quick Chillers for Commercial Use
Effective Date
10-Nov-1998

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ASTM D3951-98(2004) - Standard Practice for Commercial PackagingASTM D3951-98(2004) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
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ASTM D3951-98(2004) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3951–98(Reapproved2004)
Standard Practice for
1
Commercial Packaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3951; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope multiple handling, shipment by any mode, and storage periods
for a minimum of 1 year in enclosed facilities without damage
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for
to the product. It also provides for package quantities suitable
packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammuni-
for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking.
tion, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49
of the Code of Federal Regulations.
5. Requirements
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 General—The following requirements, unless specifi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cally changed by the contract or order, shall apply. Suppliers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
are encouraged to use advanced packaging technology.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1.1 Packaging—Preservation, packaging, packing, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
marking furnished by the suppliers shall meet or exceed the
2. Referenced Documents following minimum requirements:
2 5.1.1.1 Cleanliness— Items shall be free of dirt and other
2.1 ASTM Standards:
contaminants which would contribute to deterioration of the
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
item or which would require cleaning by the customer prior to
ments
use. Coatings and preservatives applied to the item for protec-
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
tion are not considered contaminants.
tainers and Systems
5.1.1.2 Preservation— Items susceptible to corrosion or
2.2 Code of Federal Regulations:
3 deterioration shall be provided protection such as preservative
Title 49 Transportation (Parts 100 to 199)
coatings, volatile corrosion inhibitors, or desiccated unit packs.
3. Terminology 5.1.1.3 Cushioning—Items requiring protection from physi-
cal and mechanical damage or which are fragile shall be
3.1 Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.
protected by wrapping, cushioning, pack compartmentization,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
cartonizing, or other means to mitigate shock and vibration to
3.2.1 safe delivery—in packaging, delivery of a shipment to
prevent damage during handling and shipment.
its destination with minimal damage to the package and no
5.1.2 Unit Package:
damage to the contents.
5.1.2.1 Unit Package—Aunit package shall be so designed
4. Significance and Use
and constructed that it will contain the contents with no
damage to them, and with minimal damage to the unit pack
4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commer-
during shipment and storage in the shipping container, and will
cial preservation, packaging, packing unitization and marking
allow subsequent handling.
for supplies and equipment. It includes the minimum require-
5.1.2.2 Unit Package Quantity—Unless otherwise speci-
ments for physical and mechanical protection and provides for
fied, the unit package quantity shall be one each part, set, or
assembly. Excepted are small lightweight items, for example,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging
industrial hardware, which will be unit packaged in quantities
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD10.25onPalletizingandUnitizing
that are standard in the trade and suitable for retail sales. Bulk
of Loads.
Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published January 1999. Originally packaging is specifically excluded unless specified in the
published as D3951 – 80. Last previous edition D3951 – 95. DOI: 10.1520/D3951-
contract or order.
09.
5.1.3 Intermediate Package:
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.3.1 The use of intermediate packaging is encouraged
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
particularly when such use enhances handling and inventory-
the ASTM website.
ing.
3
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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D3951–98 (2004)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for special preparation conditioning of drop test samples being subjected to United Nations (UN) performance-oriented packaging certification as required by United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (49 CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
1.2 This guide provides guidance on conditioning test samples for drop testing plastic Non-Bulk Packaging, Intermediate Bulk Container (IBC), and Large Packaging designs intended for liquid hazardous materials (dangerous goods) as required by 49 CFR §178.603(c)(1), §178.810(b)(4), and §178.965(c), respectively. This guide also provides the minimum information that should be documented when conducting special preparation conditioning.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers the requirements for the commercial preservation, packaging, packing (exterior container), unitization, and marking for supplies and equipment. It provides for multiple handling and shipment by any mode, and storage periods of a minimum of one year in enclosed facilities without degradation or damage to the product within the container. It also provides for package quantities suitable for redistribution without additional repackaging or marking. Planned storage that exceeds one year requires more than minimum requirements for physical and mechanical protection.  
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1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for packaging of supplies and equipment, exclusive of ammunition, explosives, or hazardous materials, as covered in Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.  
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ASTM D8135-17(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Substitute, Non-hazardous, Particulate Solid Filling Substances for Packagings Subjected to the United Nations Performance Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Regulations prescribing the test procedures for hazardous materials packaging allow for the substitution of non-hazardous fill materials for packaging performance tests with certain limitations prescribed and guidance offered (see 49 CFR 178.602(c)). This regulatory guidance has proven to be flexible enough, in common industry practice, to produce variations in the selection of fill materials for package performance tests sufficient to cause inconsistent and non-repeatable test results. This variation creates significant problems in product liability, packaging selection and regulatory enforcement in this highly regulated industry. Use of this guide should enhance uniformity in test procedures.  
5.2 Consistent and repeatable test results coupled with clear test fill product descriptions will enhance transportation safety by simplifying packaging selection. This will also increase the general level of confidence that package testing, manufacture, and use are being guided by sound, generally accepted engineering principles. It also aids in clarifying expectations between the packaging industry and the regulatory authorities.  
5.3 The guide will be used by packaging manufacturers and packaging test labs to create packaging test plans that meet customer needs and conform to the HMR. In addition, for the user of a packaging, certain information about the type and physical characteristics of the material used to test the packaging must be available in the test report and/or notification instruction to allow evaluation of whether a particular packaging was tested with a substitute material appropriate for the hazardous material to be shipped.
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ABSTRACT
This guide identifies the key information required to ensure that selected packaging will pass the United Nations (UN) packaging certification at the level that is appropriate for its intended use. This guide covers test procedures for transportation of hazardous material packagings for net masses except those used for infectious substances, radioactive materials, cylinders, and other receptacles for gases and does not replace domestic or international requlatory requirements for hazardous material packagings. The UN performance tests are based on the degree of hazard posed by the proposed materials to be packaged which are also assigned to a specific packing group. Only packaging designs that meet the UN performance standards are to be marked with a UN mark. Tests include drop test, leakproofness test, stack test, vibration test, pressure differential test, hydrostatic pressure test, and cobb water absorption test.
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4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.
Note 1: Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-11).2  
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4.1 Many materials from which containers and packages are made, especially cellulosic materials, undergo changes in physical properties as the temperature and the relative humidity (RH) to which they are exposed are varied. Therefore, the package should be placed and kept in a specified atmosphere for a length of time such that subsequent measurements of physical properties will be meaningful and reproducible.  
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1.1 This practice provides for standard and special conditioning and testing atmospheres that may be used to simulate particular field conditions that a container, package, or packaging component may encounter during its life or testing cycle.  
1.2 This practice describes procedures for conditioning these containers, packages, or packaging components so that they approach or reach equilibrium with the atmosphere to which they may be exposed. This standard is commonly used for conditioning when conducting transit simulation tests.  
1.3 Practice D685 should be used as the relevant conditioning standard when quantification of box compression strength at standard atmosphere conditions is required.  
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ASTM D5445-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Pictorial Markings for Handling of Goods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Packages are often marked with handling instructions in the language of the country of origin. While this may safeguard the consignment to some extent, it is of little value for goods consigned to, or through, countries using different languages, and of no value at all if people unloading the packages are illiterate. Pictorial symbols offer the most likely means of conveying the consignor’s intention and their adoption will, therefore, undoubtedly reduce loss and damage through incorrect handling. The use of pictorial symbols does not provide any guarantee of satisfactory handling; proper protective packaging is therefore of primary importance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a set of symbols to be used for marking of packages or containers to indicate special handling and storage requirements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4003-98(2019)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact Test for Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide a measure of a shipping container's ability to protect a product from failure due to horizontal impacts. These measures are based on controlled levels of shock input and may be used for arriving at the optimum design of a container or system to protect a product against a specified level of shipping environment hazard.  
4.2 These test methods provide a measure of a packaged product's ability to withstand the various levels of shipping environment hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.  
4.3 Test Method A is intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment. Refer to Methods D5277 for simulating the standard draft gear portion of that environment.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are intended to determine the ability of a package or product to withstand laboratory simulated horizontal impact forces.  
1.2 The horizontal impacts used in these test methods are programmed shock inputs that represent the hazards as they occur in the shipping and handling environments. The environmental hazards may include rail switching impacts, lift truck marshalling impacts, and so forth. The following test methods apply:  
1.2.1 Method A, Rail Car Switching Impact—This test method simulates the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail car switching, with the use of a rigid bulkhead on the leading edge of the test carriage, to simulate the end wall of a railcar and shock programming devices to produce representative shock pulses. With the use of backloading, this test method may also be used to simulate compressive forces experienced by lading loads during rail car switching. It is suitable for tests of individual containers or systems as they are shipped in rail cars. It may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of pallet patterns to determine the effect of interaction between containers during rail switching operation impacts.  
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1.3 The test levels may be varied to represent the mode on shipping and handling used for the item under test.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6344-04(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the ability of packaging to resist the force of concentrated impacts from outside sources, such as those encountered in various modes of transportation and handling. These impacts may be inflicted by adjacent freight jostling against the package in a carrier vehicle, by accidental bumps against other freight when loaded or unloaded from vehicles, by packages bumping against one another during sorting on conveyors or chutes, or many other circumstances.  
4.2 This test method is intended to determine the ability of packaging to protect contents from such impacts, and to evaluate if there is sufficient clearance or support or both between the package wall and its contents.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures and equipment for testing complete filled transport packages for resistance against concentrated low-level impacts typical of those encountered in the distribution environment. The test is most appropriate for packages such as thin fluted/lighter grade corrugated boxes or stretch-wrapped packaging.  
1.2 The test result is a pass/fail determination, based on acceptance criteria previously established, and a record of the energy dissipated by the complete filled transport package during a low level concentrated impact.
Note 1: This test method discusses the conduct of the test from a prescribed height that either meets or does not meet specific acceptance criteria. It may be possible to conduct this type of testing using modified procedures that provide a numerical response. These might include an incremental test where the drop height (or mass) is increased until a specific failure occurs or an up-and-down or staircase procedure used to find the average height to failure.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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