iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM G48-11

(Test Method)

: Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution

: Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods describe laboratory tests for comparing the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to the initiation of pitting and crevice corrosion. The results may be used for ranking alloys in order of increasing resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion initiation under the specific conditions of these methods. Methods A and B are designed to cause the breakdown of Type 304 at room temperature.
The use of ferric chloride solutions is justified because it is related to, but not the same as, that within a pit or crevice site on a ferrous alloy in chloride bearing environments  (1, 2). The presence of an inert crevice former of consistent dimension on a surface is regarded as sufficient specification of crevice geometry to assess relative crevice corrosion susceptibility.
The relative performance of alloys in ferric chloride solution tests has been correlated to performance in certain real environments, such as natural seawater at ambient temperature (3) and strongly oxidizing, low pH, chloride containing environments (4), but several exceptions have been reported (4-7).
Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F can be used to rank the relative resistance of stainless steels and nickel base alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride-containing environments. No statement can be made about resistance of alloys in environments that do not contain chlorides.
Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F were designed to accelerate the time to initiate localized corrosion relative to most natural environments. Consequently, the degree of corrosion damage that occurs during testing will generally be greater than that in natural environments in any similar time period.
No statement regarding localized corrosion propagation can be made based on the results of Methods A, B, C, D, E or F.
Surface preparation can significantly influence results. Therefore, grinding and pickling of the specimen will mean that the results may not be representative of the conditions of t...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to pitting and crevice corrosion (see Terminology G15) when exposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Six procedures are described and identified as Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F.
1.1.1 Method A—Ferric chloride pitting test.
1.1.2 Method B—Ferric chloride crevice test.
1.1.3 Method C—Critical pitting temperature test for nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.
1.1.4 Method D—Critical crevice temperature test for nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.
1.1.5 Method E—Critical pitting temperature test for stainless steels.
1.1.6 Method F—Critical crevice temperature test for stainless steels.
1.2 Method A is designed to determine the relative pitting resistance of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-bearing alloys, whereas Method B can be used for determining both the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of these alloys. Methods C, D, E and F allow for a ranking of alloys by minimum (critical) temperature to cause initiation of pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion, respectively, of stainless steels, nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys in a standard ferric chloride solution.
1.3 These tests may be used to determine the effects of alloying additives, heat treatment, and surface finishes on pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units are given in parentheses for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2011
ICS
77.060 - Corrosion of metals
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.05 - Laboratory Corrosion Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G48-03(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM G157-98(2018) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Corrosion Properties of Wrought Iron- and Nickel-Based Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Chemical Process Industries
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM G31-21 - Standard Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM A1049/A1049M-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings, Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex), for Pressure Vessels and Related Components
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM A988/A988M-23 - Standard Specification for Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM A923-23 - Standard Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic Phase in Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM B853-16(2021)e1 - Standard Specification for Powder Metallurgy (PM) Boron Stainless Steel Structural Components
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM G217-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Corrosion Monitoring in Laboratories and Plants with Coupled Multielectrode Array Sensor Method
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM A403/A403M-22b - Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM G192-08(2020)e1 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Crevice Repassivation Potential of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Using a Potentiodynamic-Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic Technique
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM B444-23 - Standard Specification for Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Niobium Alloys<brk/> and Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum-Silicon Alloy Pipe and Tube
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM A995/A995M-20 - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM A1084-15a(2022) - Standard Test Method for Detecting Detrimental Phases in Lean Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless Steels
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM B895-16(2020)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating the Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel Powder Metallurgy (PM) Parts/Specimens by Immersion in a Sodium Chloride Solution
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011
Referred By
ASTM B834-22 - Standard Specification for Pressure Consolidated Powder Nickel Alloy Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts
Effective Date
01-Sep-2011

Buy Standard

ASTM G48-11 - : Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride SolutionASTM G48-11 - : Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM G48-11 - : Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
English language
11 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM G48-11 - : Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride SolutionREDLINE ASTM G48-11 - : Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM G48-11 - : Standard Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride Solution
English language
11 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G48 − 11
StandardTest Methods for
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless
Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride
1
Solution
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG48;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determina-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to
pitting and crevice corrosion (see Terminology G15) when
2. Referenced Documents
exposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Six procedures
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
are described and identified as Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F.
A262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular
1.1.1 Method A—Ferric chloride pitting test.
Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
1.1.2 Method B—Ferric chloride crevice test.
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
1.1.3 Method C—Criticalpittingtemperaturetestfornickel-
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
base and chromium-bearing alloys.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1.4 Method D—Critical crevice temperature test for
E1338Guide for Identification of Metals and Alloys in
nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.
Computerized Material Property Databases
1.1.5 Method E—Critical pitting temperature test for stain-
G1Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
less steels.
sion Test Specimens
1.1.6 Method F—Critical crevice temperature test for stain-
G15TerminologyRelatingtoCorrosionandCorrosionTest-
less steels.
3
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
1.2 Method A is designed to determine the relative pitting
G46Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-
resistance of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-
rosion
bearing alloys, whereas Method B can be used for determining
G107Guide for Formats for Collection and Compilation of
boththepittingandcrevicecorrosionresistanceofthesealloys.
Corrosion Data for Metals for Computerized Database
Methods C, D, E and F allow for a ranking of alloys by
Input
minimum (critical) temperature to cause initiation of pitting
3. Terminology
corrosion and crevice corrosion, respectively, of stainless
steels, nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys in a standard
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ferric chloride solution.
3.1.1 critical crevice temperature, n—the minimum tem-
perature (°C) to produce crevice attack at least 0.025-mm
1.3 These tests may be used to determine the effects of
(0.001-in.) deep on the bold surface of the specimen beneath
alloying additives, heat treatment, and surface finishes on
the crevice washer, edge attack ignored.
pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
3.1.2 critical pitting temperature, n— the minimum tem-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
perature (°C) to produce pitting attack at least 0.025-mm
standard. Other units are given in parentheses for information
(0.001-in.) deep on the bold surface of the specimen, edge
only.
attack ignored.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 The terminology used herein, if not specifically defined
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
otherwise, shall be in accordance with Terminology G15.
1 2
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Corrosion of Metals and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Laboratory Corrosion Tests. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as G48–03(2009). DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/G0048-11. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G48−11
Definitions provided herein and not given inTerminology G15 tubes.Condensersarerequiredforelevatedtemperaturetesting
are limited only to this standard. when solution evaporation may occur. Glass cradles or hooks
also may be required.
4. Significance and Use
5.1.1 Flask Requirements, 1000-mL wide mouth. Tall form
4.1 These test methods describe laboratory tests for com-
or Erlenmeyer flasks can
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:G48–03 (Reapproved 2009) Designation: G48 – 11
Standard Test Methods for
Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance of Stainless
Steels and Related Alloys by Use of Ferric Chloride
1
Solution
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG48;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the determination of the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to pitting
and crevice corrosion (see Terminology G15) when exposed to oxidizing chloride environments. Six procedures are described and
identified as Methods A, B, C, D, E, and F.
1.1.1 Method A—Ferric chloride pitting test.
1.1.2 Method B—Ferric chloride crevice test.
1.1.3 Method C—Critical pitting temperature test for nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.
1.1.4 Method D—Critical crevice temperature test for nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys.
1.1.5 Method E—Critical pitting temperature test for stainless steels.
1.1.6 Method F—Critical crevice temperature test for stainless steels.
1.2 Method A is designed to determine the relative pitting resistance of stainless steels and nickel-base, chromium-bearing
alloys, whereas Method B can be used for determining both the pitting and crevice corrosion resistance of these alloys. Methods
C, D, E and F allow for a ranking of alloys by minimum (critical) temperature to cause initiation of pitting corrosion and crevice
corrosion, respectively, of stainless steels, nickel-base and chromium-bearing alloys in a standard ferric chloride solution.
1.3 These tests may be used to determine the effects of alloying additives, heat treatment, and surface finishes on pitting and
crevice corrosion resistance.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units are given in parentheses for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1338 Guide for Identification of Metals and Alloys in Computerized Material Property Databases
G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens
G15 Terminology Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion
G107 Guide for Formats for Collection and Compilation of Corrosion Data for Metals for Computerized Database Input
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 critical crevice temperature, n—the minimum temperature (°C) to produce crevice attack at least 0.025-mm (0.001-in.)
deep on the bold surface of the specimen beneath the crevice washer, edge attack ignored.
3.1.2 critical pitting temperature, n— the minimum temperature (°C) to produce pitting attack at least 0.025-mm (0.001-in.)
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory
Corrosion Tests.
Current edition approved MaySept. 1, 2009.2011. Published May 2009.September 2011. Originally approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
G48–03(2009). DOI: 10.1520/G0048-03R09.10.1520/G0048-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G48–11
deep on the bold surface of the specimen, edge attack ignored.
3.2 Theterminologyusedherein,ifnotspecificallydefinedotherwise,shallbeinaccordancewithTerminologyG15.Definitions
provided herein and not given in Terminology G15 are limited only to this standard.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 These test metho
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM G49-85(2023)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Direct Tension Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Axially loaded tension specimens provide one of the most versatile methods of performing a stress-corrosion test because of the flexibility permitted in the choice of type and size of test specimen, stressing procedures, and range of stress levels.  
4.2 The uniaxial stress system is simple; hence, this test method is often used for studies of stress-corrosion mechanisms. This type of test is amenable to the simultaneous exposure of unstressed specimens (no applied load) with stressed specimens and subsequent tension testing to distinguish between the effects of true stress corrosion and mechanical overload (2). Additional considerations in regard to the significance of the test results and their interpretation are given in Sections 6 and 10.  
4.3 Wide variations in test results may be obtained for a given material and specimen orientation with different specimen sizes and stressing procedures. This consideration is significant especially in the standardization of a test procedure for interlaboratory comparisons or quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using ASTM standard tension test specimens for investigating susceptibility to stress-corrosion cracking. Axially loaded specimens may be stressed quantitatively with equipment for application of either a constant load, constant strain, or with a continuously increasing strain.  
1.2 Tension test specimens are adaptable for testing a wide variety of product forms as well as parts joined by welding, riveting, or various other methods.  
1.3 The exposure of specimens in a corrosive environment is treated only briefly because other standards are being prepared to deal with this aspect. Meanwhile, the investigator is referred to Practices G35, G36, G37, and G44, and to ASTM Special Technical Publication 425 (1).2  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G35-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Susceptibility of Stainless Steels and Related Nickel-Chromium-Iron Alloys to Stress-Corrosion Cracking in Polythionic Acids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Polythionic acids are chemically described as H2SxO6, where x is usually 3, 4, or 5 (1)3 though can be more than 50 (2). These acid environments provide a way of evaluating the resistance of stainless steels and related alloys to intergranular stress corrosion cracking. Failure is accelerated by the presence of increasing amounts of intergranular precipitate. Results for the polythionic acid test have not been correlated exactly with those of intergranular corrosion tests (Test Methods G28). Also, this test may not be relevant to stress corrosion cracking in chlorides or caustic environments.  
4.2 The polythionic acid environment may produce areas of shallow intergranular attack in addition to the more localized and deeper cracking mode of attack. Examination of failed specimens is necessary to confirm that failure occurred by cracking rather than mechanical failure of reduced sections.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing and conducting the polythionic acid test at room temperature, 22 °C to 25 °C (72 °F to 77 °F), to determine the relative susceptibility of stainless steels or other related materials (nickel-chromium-iron alloys) to intergranular stress corrosion cracking.  
1.2 This practice can be used to evaluate stainless steels or other materials in the “as received” condition or after being subjected to high-temperature service, 482 °C to 815 °C (900 °F to 1500 °F), for prolonged periods of time.  
1.3 This practice can be applied to wrought products, castings, and weld metal of stainless steels or other related materials to be used in environments containing sulfur or sulfides. Other materials capable of being sensitized can also be tested in accordance with this test.  
1.4 This practice may be used with a variety of stress corrosion test specimens, surface finishes, and methods of applying stress.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G87-02(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting Moist SO2 Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Moist air containing sulfur dioxide quickly produces easily visible corrosion on many metals in a form resembling that occurring in industrial environments. It is therefore a test medium well suited to detect pores or other sources of weakness in protective coatings and deficiencies in corrosion resistance associated with unsuitable alloy composition or treatments.  
3.2 The results obtained in the test should not be regarded as a general guide to the corrosion resistance of the tested materials in all environments where these materials may be used. Performance of different materials in the test should only be taken as a general guide to the relative corrosion resistance of these materials in moist SO2 service.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the apparatus and procedure to be used in conducting qualitative assessment tests in accordance with the requirements of material or product specifications by means of specimen exposure to condensed moisture containing sulfur dioxide.  
1.2 The exposure conditions may be varied to suit particular requirements and this practice includes provisions for use of different concentrations of sulfur dioxide and for tests either running continuously or in cycles of alternate exposure to the sulfur dioxide containing atmosphere and to the ambient atmosphere.  
1.3 The variant of the test to be used, the exposure period required, the type of test specimen, and the criteria of failure are not prescribed by this practice. Such details are provided in appropriate material and product purchase specifications.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For a specific warning statement, see 4.3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G102-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calculation of Corrosion Rates and Related Information from Electrochemical Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements often provide results in terms of electrical current. Although the conversion of these current values into mass loss rates or penetration rates is based on Faraday’s Law, the calculations can be complicated for alloys and metals with elements having multiple valence values. This practice is intended to provide guidance in calculating mass loss and penetration rates for such alloys. Some typical values of equivalent weights for a variety of metals and alloys are provided.  
3.2 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements may provide results in terms of electrical resistance. The conversion of these results to either mass loss or penetration rates requires additional electrochemical information. Some approaches for estimating this information are given.  
3.3 Use of this practice will aid in producing more consistent corrosion rate data from electrochemical results. This will make results from different studies more comparable and minimize calculation errors that may occur in transforming electrochemical results to corrosion rate values.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the providing of guidance in converting the results of electrochemical measurements to rates of uniform corrosion. Calculation methods for converting corrosion current density values to either mass loss rates or average penetration rates are given for most engineering alloys. In addition, some guidelines for converting polarization resistance values to corrosion rates are provided.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard because of their usage.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G123-00(2022)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Alloys with Different Nickel Content in Boiling Acidified Sodium Chloride Solution

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to compare alloys and may be used as one method of screening materials prior to service. In general, this test method is more useful for stainless steels than the boiling magnesium chloride test of Practice G36. The boiling magnesium chloride test cracks materials with the nickel levels found in relatively resistant austenitic and duplex stainless steels, thus making comparisons and evaluations for many service environments difficult.  
5.2 This test method is intended to simulate cracking in water, especially cooling waters that contain chloride. It is not intended to simulate cracking that occurs at high temperatures (greater than 200 °C or 390 °F) with chloride or hydroxide.
Note 1: The degree of cracking resistance found in full-immersion tests may not be indicative of that for some service conditions comprising exposure to the water-line or in the vapor phase where chlorides may concentrate.  
5.3 Correlation with service experience should be obtained when possible. Different chloride environments may rank materials in a different order.  
5.4 In interlaboratory testing, this test method cracked annealed UNS S30400 and S31600 but not more resistant materials, such as annealed duplex stainless steels or higher nickel alloys, for example, UNS N08020 (for example 20Cb-33 stainless). These more resistant materials are expected to crack when exposed to Practice G36 as U-bends. Materials which withstand this sodium chloride test for a longer period than UNS S30400 or S31600 may be candidates for more severe service applications.  
5.5 The repeatability and reproducibility data from Section 12 and Appendix X1 must be considered prior to use. Interlaboratory variation in results may be expected as occurs with many corrosion tests. Acceptance criteria are not part of this test method and if needed are to be negotiated by the user and the producer.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for conducting stress-corrosion cracking tests in an acidified boiling sodium chloride solution. This test method is performed in 25 % (by mass) sodium chloride acidified to pH 1.5 with phosphoric acid. This test method is concerned primarily with the test solution and glassware, although a specific style of U-bend test specimen is suggested.  
1.2 This test method is designed to provide better correlation with chemical process industry experience for stainless steels than the more severe boiling magnesium chloride test of Practice G36. Some stainless steels which have provided satisfactory service in many environments readily crack in Practice G36, but have not cracked during interlaboratory testing (see Section 12) using this sodium chloride test method.  
1.3 This boiling sodium chloride test method was used in an interlaboratory test program to evaluate wrought stainless steels, including duplex (ferrite-austenite) stainless and an alloy with up to about 33 % nickel. It may also be employed to evaluate these types of materials in the cast or welded conditions.  
1.4 This test method detects major effects of composition, heat treatment, microstructure, and stress on the susceptibility of materials to chloride stress-corrosion cracking. Small differences between samples such as heat-to-heat variations of the same grade are not likely to be detected.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recogni...

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G30-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The U-bend specimen may be used for any metal alloy sufficiently ductile to be formed into the U-shape without mechanically cracking. The specimen is most easily made from strip or sheet but can be machined from plate, bar, castings, or weldments; wire specimens may be used also.  
5.2 Since the U-bend usually contains large amounts of elastic and plastic strain, it provides one of the most severe tests available for smooth (as opposed to notched or precracked) stress-corrosion test specimens. The stress conditions are not usually known and a wide range of stresses exist in a single stressed specimen. The specimen is therefore unsuitable for studying the effects of different applied stresses on stress-corrosion cracking or for studying variables that have only a minor effect on cracking. The advantage of the U-bend specimen is that it is simple and economical to make and use. It is most useful for detecting large differences between the stress-corrosion cracking resistance of (a) different metals in the same environment, (b) one metal in different metallurgical conditions in the same environment, or (c) one metal in several environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for making and using U-bend specimens for the evaluation of stress-corrosion cracking in metals. The U-bend specimen is generally a rectangular strip that is bent 180° around a predetermined radius and maintained in this constant strain condition during the stress-corrosion test. Bends slightly less than or greater than 180° are sometimes used. Typical U-bend configurations showing several different methods of maintaining the applied stress are shown in Fig. 1.  
FIG. 1 Typical Stressed U-bends  
1.2 U-bend specimens usually contain both elastic and plastic strain. In some cases (for example, very thin sheet or small diameter wire) it is possible to form a U-bend and produce only elastic strain. However, bent-beam (Practice G39 or direct tension (Practice G49)) specimens are normally used to study stress-corrosion cracking of strip or sheet under elastic strain only.  
1.3 This practice is concerned only with the test specimen and not the environmental aspects of stress-corrosion testing, which are discussed elsewhere (1)2 and in Practices G35, G36, G37, G41, G44, G103 and Test Method G123.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G111-21a(Guide)
Standard Guide for Corrosion Tests in High Temperature or High Pressure Environment, or Both

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Autoclave tests are commonly used to evaluate the corrosion performance of metallic and non-metallic materials under simulated HP and HTHP service conditions. Examples of service environments in which HP and HTHP corrosion tests have been used include chemical processing, petroleum production and refining, food processing, pressurized cooling water, electric power systems, and aerospace propulsion.  
5.2 For the applications of corrosion testing listed in 5.1, the service environment involves handling corrosive and potentially hazardous media under conditions of high pressure or high temperature, or both. The temperature and pressure, among other parameters, usually drive the composition and properties of the aqueous phase and, hence, the severity of the corrosion process. Consequently, the laboratory evaluation of corrosion severity cannot be performed in conventional low pressure glassware without making potentially invalid assumptions as to the potential effects of high temperature and pressure on corrosion severity.  
5.3 Therefore, there is a substantial need to provide standardized methods by which corrosion testing can be performed under HP and HTHP. In many cases, however, the standards used for exposure of specimens in conventional low-pressure glassware experiments cannot be followed due to the limitations of access, volume, and visibility arising from the construction of high-pressure test cells. This guide refers to existing corrosion standards and practices, as applicable, and then goes further in areas in which specific guidelines for performing HP and HTHP corrosion testing are needed.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures, specimens, and equipment for conducting laboratory corrosion tests on metallic materials under conditions of high pressure (HP) or the combination of high temperature and high pressure (HTHP). See 3.2 for definitions of high pressure and temperature.  
1.2 The procedures and methods in this guide are applicable for conducting mass loss corrosion, localized corrosion, and electrochemical tests as well as for use in environmentally induced cracking tests that need to be conducted under HP or HTHP conditions.  
1.3 The primary purpose for this guide is to promote consistency of corrosion test results. Furthermore, this guide will aid in the comparison of corrosion data between laboratories or testing organizations that utilize different equipment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G46-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is important to be able to determine the extent of pitting, either in a service application in which it is necessary to predict the remaining life in a metal structure, or in laboratory test programs that are used to select the most pitting-resistant materials for service. The purpose of the study is crucial in determining the appropriate examination and evaluation steps.  
4.2 Some typical purposes of laboratory tests include, but are not limited to, evaluating performance of alloys, determining whether an alloy is resistant to the environment, evaluating how environmental conditions including corrosion inhibitor affect or prevent pitting, and evaluating whether a lot of metal is sufficiently resistant for its use in a particular application or environment.  
4.3 Some typical purposes of field studies include, but are not limited to, determining if pits are likely to grow and cause leak or release of process fluid, and assisting a determination of whether to replace or repair damage from pits (remaining life assessment).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the selection of procedures that can be used in the examination and evaluation of pitted metals. These procedures include both nondestructive and destructive approaches.  
1.2 The procedures covered in this guide include those that may be used in laboratory evaluations of corroded metal specimens and field examinations and inspections.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—In X1.2.1, mils per year (MPY) are regarded as standard for the target corrosion rate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    13 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G39-99(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation and Use of Bent-Beam Stress-Corrosion Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bent-beam specimen is designed for determining the stress-corrosion behavior of alloy sheets and plates in a variety of environments. The bent-beam specimens are designed for testing at stress levels below the elastic limit of the alloy. For testing in the plastic range, U-bend specimens should be employed (see Practice G30). Although it is possible to stress bent-beam specimens into the plastic range, the stress level cannot be calculated for plastically-stressed three- and four-point loaded specimens as well as the double-beam specimens. Therefore, the use of bent-beam specimens in the plastic range is not recommended for general use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for designing, preparing, and using bent-beam stress-corrosion specimens.  
1.2 Different specimen configurations are given for use with different product forms, such as sheet or plate. This practice is applicable to specimens of any metal that are stressed to levels less than the elastic limit of the material, and therefore, the applied stress can be accurately calculated or measured (see Note 1). Stress calculations by this practice are not applicable to plastically stressed specimens.  
Note 1: It is the nature of these practices that only the applied stress can be calculated. Since stress-corrosion cracking is a function of the total stress, for critical applications and proper interpretation of results, the residual stress (before applying external stress) or the total elastic stress (after applying external stress) should be determined by appropriate nondestructive methods, such as X-ray diffraction (1).2  
1.3 Test procedures are given for stress-corrosion testing by exposure to gaseous and liquid environments.  
1.4 The bent-beam test is best suited for flat product forms, such as sheet, strip, and plate. For plate material the bent-beam specimen is more difficult to use because more rugged specimen holders must be built to accommodate the specimens. A double-beam modification of a four-point loaded specimen to utilize heavier materials is described in 10.5.  
1.5 The exposure of specimens in a corrosive environment is treated only briefly since other practices deal with this aspect, for example, Practices D1141, G30, G36, G44, G50, and G85. The experimenter is referred to ASTM Special Technical Publication 425 (2).  
1.6 The bent-beam practice generally constitutes a constant strain (deflection) test. Once cracking has initiated, the state of stress at the tip of the crack as well as in uncracked areas has changed, and therefore, the known or calculated stress or strain values discussed in this practice apply only to the state of stress existing before initiation of cracks.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety hazard information see Section 7 and 12.1.)  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G186-05(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Whether Gas-Leak-Detector Fluid Solutions Can Cause Stress Corrosion Cracking of Brass Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brass components are routinely used in compressed gas service for valves, pressure regulators, connectors and many other components. Although soft brass is not susceptible to ammonia SCC, work-hardened brass is susceptible if its hardness exceeds about 54 HR 30T (55HRB) (Rockwell scale). Normal assembly of brass components should not induce sufficient work hardening to cause susceptibility to ammonia SCC. However, it is has been observed that over-tightening of the components will render them susceptible to SCC, and the problem becomes more severe in older components that have been tightened many times. In this test, the specimens are obtained in the hardened condition and are strained beyond the elastic limit to accelerate the tendency towards SCC.  
5.2 It is normal practice to use LDFs to check pressurized systems to assure that leaking is not occurring. LDFs are usually aqueous solutions containing surfactants that will form bubbles at the site of a leak. If the LDF contains ammonia or other agent that can cause SCC in brass, serious damage can occur to the system that will compromise its safety and integrity.  
5.3 It is important to test LDFs to assure that they do not cause SCC of brass and to assure that the use of these products does not compromise the integrity of the pressure containing system.  
5.4 It has been found that corrosion of brass is necessary before SCC can occur. The reason for this is that the corrosion process results in cupric and cuprous ions accumulating in the electrolyte. Therefore, adding copper metal and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) to the aqueous solution accelerates the SCC process if agents that cause SCC are present. However, adding these components to a solution that does not cause SCC will not make stressed brass crack.  
5.5 Repeated application of the solution to the specimen followed by a drying period causes the components in the solution to concentrate thereby further increasing the rate of cracking. This also simulates se...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test method for evaluating the tendency of gas leak detection fluids (LDFs) to cause stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of brass components in compressed gas service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off