ASTM D4140-07(2018)

Standard Guide for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of Driers, Drying Oils, Naval Stores, and Solvents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The nonvolatile content of raw materials may be used to determine the total nonvolatile content (solids) of paint and related coatings. Such information may be useful to coatings producers and users for the determination of the total solids available for film formation and for the estimation of the volatile organic content.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of the proper ASTM test method for determining the volatile and nonvolatile content of driers, drying oils, naval stores, and solvents.  
Note 1: Test methods for determining the composition of the volatile fraction are not covered by this guide.  
1.2 The test methods included are as follows:    
Standard  
Section  
ASTM Designation  
Driers  
5.1  
D1644  
Drying oils  
5.2  
D555
D1960  
Naval stores  
5.3  
D233
D889
D1131  
Solvents  
5.4  
D1353  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2018
• ICS: 87.060.99 - Other paint ingredients
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.21 - Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D4140-07(2013) - Standard Guide for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of Driers, Drying Oils, Naval Stores, and Solvents
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2018
• Refers: ASTM D16-24 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D16-16 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2016
• Refers: ASTM D16-14 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2014
• Refers: ASTM D233-13 - Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Turpentine
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2013
• Refers: ASTM D889-13 - Standard Test Method for Volatile Oil in Rosin
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Refers: ASTM D233-12 - Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Turpentine
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Refers: ASTM D16-12 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2012
• Refers: ASTM D1644-01(2012) - Standard Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Refers: ASTM D804-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2012
• Refers: ASTM D16-11a - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM D16-11 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2011
• Refers: ASTM D16-10 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2010
• Refers: ASTM D1353-09 - Standard Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2009
• Refers: ASTM D889-99(2009) - Standard Test Method for Volatile Oil in Rosin
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2009

Overview

ASTM D4140-07(2018), titled "Standard Guide for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of Driers, Drying Oils, Naval Stores, and Solvents," is an international standard developed by ASTM International. This guide assists users in selecting appropriate ASTM test methods for analyzing volatile and nonvolatile content in essential raw materials such as driers, drying oils, naval stores, and solvents. Precise determination of these contents is critical for the paint, coatings, and chemical industries, as it informs the calculation of total nonvolatile content (solids) in formulations and helps estimate volatile organic content (VOC).

Key Topics

• Scope of the Guide

  • Provides direction for selecting applicable ASTM test methods for various material categories
  • Applies to driers, drying oils, naval stores (including rosin and turpentine), and solvents
  • Does not cover the specific composition of volatile fractions

• Referenced Test Methods

  • Driers: ASTM D1644 - Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
  • Drying Oils: ASTM D555 (withdrawn) and D1960 - Loss on Heating of Drying Oils
  • Naval Stores: ASTM D233 - Turpentine, D889 - Volatile Oil in Rosin, D1131 (withdrawn) - Rosin Oils
  • Solvents: ASTM D1353 - Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents

• Critical Definitions

  • Drier: An additive to accelerate the drying of oils, paints, or varnishes
  • Drying Oil: An oil that absorbs oxygen, leading to film formation
  • Naval Stores: Chemically reactive oils, resins, tars, or pitches derived mainly from pine species

• Significance in Industry

  • Helps assess available solids for film formation in paint and coatings
  • Key for VOC estimation and regulatory compliance

Applications

This ASTM standard brings practical value to a diverse range of professionals in the chemical and coatings industries. Typical applications include:

• Paint and Coatings Production

  • Enables manufacturers to optimize formulations for desired film thickness and performance by knowing actual solids content
  • Supports regulatory reporting and environmental compliance by facilitating accurate VOC calculations

• Raw Material Quality Control

  • Assists suppliers and buyers in verifying the volatile and nonvolatile composition of driers, oils, and solvents to ensure consistency and reliability

• Product Development

  • Provides formulators with the reliable data needed to fine-tune drying rates, durability, and appearance in various coating and finishing products

• Testing Laboratories

  • Offers laboratories a structured guide to select precise test methods (e.g., ASTM D1644 for driers, ASTM D1353 for solvents) based on sample type

Related Standards

• ASTM D1644: Standard Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
• ASTM D1960: Standard Test Method for Loss on Heating of Drying Oils
• ASTM D233: Standard Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Turpentine
• ASTM D889: Standard Test Method for Volatile Oil in Rosin
• ASTM D1353: Standard Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Solvents
• Terminology Standards: ASTM D16 (paint and related coatings), ASTM D804 (pine chemicals)

By recommending appropriate test procedures, ASTM D4140-07(2018) underpins quality control, compliance, and product excellence across coatings, adhesives, and chemical industries, making it a critical reference for determining volatile and nonvolatile content in key raw materials.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4140 − 07 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Guide for Determining
Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of Driers, Drying Oils,
Naval Stores, and Solvents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D889 Test Method for Volatile Oil in Rosin
D1131 Test Methods of Testing Rosin Oils (Withdrawn
1.1 This guide is intended to aid in the selection of the
2003)
proper ASTM test method for determining the volatile and
D1353 Test Method for Nonvolatile Matter in Volatile Sol-
nonvolatile content of driers, drying oils, naval stores, and
vents for Use in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related
solvents.
Products
NOTE 1—Test methods for determining the composition of the volatile
D1644 Test Methods for Nonvolatile Content of Varnishes
fraction are not covered by this guide.
D1960 Test Method for Loss on Heating of Drying Oils
1.2 The test methods included are as follows:
(Withdrawn 2003)
Standard Section ASTM Designation
3. Terminology
Driers 5.1 D1644
Drying oils 5.2 D555
3.1 Definitions:
D1960
3.1.1 drier, n—an additive that accelerates the drying of an
Naval stores 5.3 D233
oil, paint, printing ink, or varnish (from Terminology D16).
D889
D1131
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Driers are usually metallic composi-
Solvents 5.4 D1353
tions and are available in both solid and liquid forms.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.2 drying oil, n—an oil that possesses to a marked degree
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
the property of readily taking up oxygen from wood chiefly of
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
the pine species (Genus Pinus) (from Terminology D16).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.3 naval stores, n—chemically reactive oils, resins, tars,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
andpitchesderivedfromtheoleoresincontainedin,exudedby,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine species (Genus
Pinus) (from Terminology D804).
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Significance and Use
D16 TerminologyforPaint,RelatedCoatings,Materials,and
4.1 The nonvolatile content of raw materials may be used to
Applications
determine the total nonvolatile content (solids) of paint and
D233 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Turpentine
related coatings. Such information may be useful to coatings
D555 Guide for Testing Drying Oils (Withdrawn 2007)
producers and users for the determination of the total solids
D804 Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including
available for film formation and for the estimation of the
Tall Oil and Related Products
volatile organic content.
5. Procedure
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
5.1 Driers—Most liquid driers for use in paints and var-
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
nishes are sold as solutions, so usually contain significant
Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originally
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4140 – 07 (2013).
amounts of solvent. Use Method A in Test Methods D1644 to
DOI: 10.1520/D4140-07R18.
determ
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