ASTM D16-24

Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications

SCOPE
1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used in standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications), and of definitions suitable for use in these standards.
Note 1: When any definition in this standards is quoted or published out of the context of this standard, editorially insert the following delimiting statement “for paints and related coatings, materials, and applications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of an existing delimiting statement). This will limit the filed of application of the term and definition to that approved by this committee.  
1.2 In this terminology standard, definitions used in other ASTM standards are indicated by following the definition with the designation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01 subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by those used by other organizations are indicated by the acronym of the organization. Primary terms are given in bold, while narrower and unapproved terms are given in italics.  
1.3 There are several specialized terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D804, D1695, D6440, D6488, and D7188. Few definitions from those standards are included in Terminology D16. Therefore, in searches for definitions of paints and coatings terms, these standards should be included where appropriate.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Dec-2023
• ICS: 01.040.87 - Paint and colour industries (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 87.040 - Paints and varnishes
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.16 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D16-23 - Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D4958-24 - Standard Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2794-93(2024) - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
• Effective Date: 15-Jan-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2794-93(2019) - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D4958-10(2016) - Standard Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Referred By: ASTM D968-22 - Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D6762-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Hiding Power of Paint by Visual Evaluation of Spray Applied Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D8090-17 - Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution and Shape Analysis of Paints and Pigments Using Dynamic Imaging Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D5146-10(2019) - Standard Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D4060-19 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by the Taber Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D7188-05(2019) - Standard Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D6803-19 - Standard Practice for Testing and Sampling of Volatile Organic Compounds (Including Carbonyl Compounds) Emitted from Architectural Coatings Using Small-Scale Environmental Chambers
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D8370-22 - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Electrochemical Impedance on Coatings and Linings
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM F3078-15(2023) - Standard Test Method for Identification and Quantification of Lead in Paint and Similar Coating Materials using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (EDXRF)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024
• Referred By: ASTM D5064-16a(2021) - Standard Practice for Conducting a Patch Test to Assess Coating Compatibility
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2024

Overview

ASTM D16-24: Standard Terminology for Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications provides a comprehensive lexicon of technical terms and definitions used across the paint and coatings industry. Developed by ASTM Committee D01, this standard ensures consistency and clarity in the language used in ASTM standards related to paints, coatings, and associated materials and processes. By establishing clear definitions for core industry terms, ASTM D16-24 helps users interpret and apply other ASTM paint and coating standards with accuracy and confidence.

Key Topics

• Technical terminology: Defines a wide range of terms from basic substances (like resins and pigments) to application methods and performance characteristics.
• Scope of application: Its definitions are suitable for use within the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 and are intended for paints, related coatings, and materials.
• Cross-references: Indicates when definitions originate from, or are also covered by, other ASTM standards or external organizations (e.g., EPA).
• Term formatting: Primary terms are provided in bold for ease of identification; unapproved or narrower terms are italicized.
• Editorial guidance: When definitions are cited outside the context of this standard, they must be labeled as pertaining to “paints and related coatings, materials, and applications” to prevent misapplication.
• Committee and subcommittee roles: Describes oversight by ASTM Committee D01, with contributions from various subcommittees on specialized topics.

Applications

The ASTM D16-24 terminology standard is a critical reference for a diverse array of professionals and industries:

• Product development and R&D: Chemists, materials scientists, and engineers rely on standardized terminology for developing and testing new paints, resins, and coatings.
• Manufacturing and formulation: Ensures alignment in communication across departments and supply chains, especially when interpreting regulatory guidelines or quality standards.
• Quality control and testing: Facilitates consistent use of terms in laboratory settings and technical documentation, promoting reliable comparison of test results (such as abrasion resistance, hiding power, or gloss).
• Regulatory compliance: Assists manufacturers and distributors in adhering to labeling, health, and safety regulations by providing clear, universally accepted definitions.
• Specification writing and procurement: Buyers, architects, and specifiers use these definitions to draft precise contracts and ensure that products meet required standards.
• Education and training: Standardized terminology aids in curriculum development for coating technology, paint formulation, and surface finishing courses.

Related Standards

Several related ASTM standards and external documents complement and extend the use of ASTM D16-24:

• ASTM D804: Terminology relating to pine chemicals and related products.
• ASTM D1695: Terminology for cellulose and cellulose derivatives.
• ASTM D6440: Terminology relating to hydrocarbon resins.
• ASTM D6488: Terminology for print problems.
• ASTM D7188: Terminology for printing inks and materials.
• ASTM D968, D1475, D1653, D1729, D3363: Referenced in specific term definitions for clarity and further detail.
• EPA 450/3-83-013R: Glossary for air pollution control in industrial coating operations.
• ISO and WTO Principles: Developed in accordance with internationally recognized standardization principles, supporting global trade and regulatory alignment.

By referencing and applying ASTM D16-24, stakeholders ensure precise communication, enhance operational efficiency, and maintain industry-wide best practices in paint, coatings, and related applications. For current updates and the complete list of referenced documents, users are encouraged to consult the latest official ASTM publications.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D16 − 24
Standard Terminology for
Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D804 Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including
Tall Oil and Related Products
1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used in stan-
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic
dards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (on
Coatings by Falling Abrasive
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications), and
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks,
of definitions suitable for use in these standards.
NOTE 1—When any definition in this standards is quoted or published and Related Products
out of the context of this standard, editorially insert the following
D1653 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Or-
delimiting statement “for paints and related coatings, materials, and
ganic Coating Films
applications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of an
D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
existing delimiting statement). This will limit the filed of application of
the term and definition to that approved by this committee.
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
1.2 In this terminology standard, definitions used in other
D1736 Test Method for Efflorescence of Interior Wall Paints
ASTM standards are indicated by following the definition with
the designation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01 (Withdrawn 1997)
subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by those D1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film Failures
used by other organizations are indicated by the acronym of the
Characteristic of Exterior Latex Paints (Withdrawn 2003)
organization. Primary terms are given in bold, while narrower
D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to
and unapproved terms are given in italics.
the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
1.3 There are several specialized terminology standards
D3450 Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior
under the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D804,
Architectural Coatings
D1695, D6440, D6488, and D7188. Few definitions from those
standards are included in Terminology D16. Therefore, in D4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down
searches for definitions of paints and coatings terms, these
Method
standards should be included where appropriate.
D4209 Practice for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- Content of Cellulosics, Emulsions, Resin Solutions,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Shellac, and Varnishes
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D4366 Test Methods for Hardness of Organic Coatings by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Pendulum Damping Tests
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Latex Paints
D5146 Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coat-
2. Referenced Documents
ings
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5178 Test Method for Mar Resistance of Organic Coatings
D6440 Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon Resins
D6488 Terminology Relating to Print Problems
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of D7188 Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Pro-
Subcommittee D01.16 on Terminology.
cesses
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2024. Published January 2024. Originally
E284 Terminology of Appearance
approved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D16 – 23. DOI:
10.1520/D0016-24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D16 − 24
DISCUSSION—The deposition rate of the latex is controlled by the rate
2.2 EPA Documents:
of surface solubilization. The process does not require any pretreat-
450/3-83-013R Glossary for Air Pollution Control of Indus-
ments such as phosphating, needs no external energy input, and gives
trial Coating Operations
rise to deposition wherever the solution wets the substrate. Irregularly
Method 24, 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A Determination of
shaped parts can be uniformly coated.
Volatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density, Volume
baking finish, n—a paint or varnish that requires baking at
Solids, and Weight Solids of Surface Coatings
temperatures above 150 °F (65 °C) for the development of
3. Terminology
desired properties.
3.1 For definitions of terms having to do with appearance,
baking temperature, n—a temperature above 150 °F (65 °C).
see Terminology E284.
batch, n—the total quantity of a material produced in a single
3.2 Definitions:
final mixing operation after all production processes are
abrasion resistance, n—(for coatings) the ability of a coating
complete, or just prior to filling.
to resist being worn away and to maintain its original
appearance and structure when subjected to rubbing,
bituminous varnish—under varnish, see bituminous varnish.
scraping, or wear. D968, D01.23
bleeding, n—the diffusion of coloring matter through a coating
from the substrate; also, the discoloration arising from such
acid number, n—(for coatings) the number of milligrams of
diffusion. In the case of printing ink, the spreading or
potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the free
running of a pigment color by the action of a solvent such as
acids in 1 g of an oil, resin, varnish, or other substance;
water or alcohol.
generally reported on the nonvolatile content.
blister, n—a dome-shaped defect caused by the formation of a
acid value—see acid number.
gas or liquid under a coating film which results in a localized
acrylic resin—under resin, synthetic, see acrylic resin.
loss of adhesion and lifting of the coating, that is, film, from
additive, n—a substance added in small quantities to another
the substrate.
substance, usually to improve specific properties (for
example, a drier, mildewcide, etc.).
blistering, v—the process of forming a blister.
adhesion promoter, n—a material built into a binder or added
blistering resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist
to a paint to increase the number and/or strength of interac-
blistering.
tions to the substrate or the previously applied coating, with
the specific aim of improving adhesion. D01.23
blocking, n—for coatings other than powder coatings, the
sticking of a coated surface to an adjacent surface when the
alkyd resin—under resin, synthetic, see alkyd resin.
two surfaces have been in contact for an extended period of
architectural coating, n—organic coating intended for on-site
time. D01.42
application to interior or exterior surfaces of residential,
commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings, in contrast
brush-drag, n—resistance encountered when applying a coat-
to industrial coatings. D5146, D01.42
ing by brush, directly related to the high-shear viscosity of
DISCUSSION—They are protective and decorative finishes applied at
the coating. D4958, D01.42
ambient temperatures. Often called Trade Sales Coatings.
bulking value, n—solid volume of a unit weight of material,
associative thickener, n—water-soluble polymers containing
usually expressed as gallons per pound. For practical pur-
hydrophobic groups that are capable of nonspecific hydro-
poses this is 0.120 divided by the specific gravity.
phobic association similar to surfactants that elevate viscos-
ity presumably by association between thickener particles or caulking compound, n—a soft, plastic material, consisting of
thickener and dispersed particles that may be present in the pigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and
aqueous system such as latex particles rather than through other structures where normal structural movement may
high molecular weight or chain stiffness of the thickener occur.
molecules themselves. DISCUSSION—Caulking compound retains its plasticity for an ex-
tended period after application. It is available in forms suitable for
autodeposition, n—a single-step immersion metal finishing
application by gun and knife and in extruded preformed shapes.
process in which an organic coating is applied by means of
cellulose lacquer—see lacquer.
unique surface chemical reactions carried out in an aqueous
chalking resistance, n—the ability of a pigmented coating to
latex dispersion, also referred to as chemiphoresis. Compo-
resist the formation of a friable powder on its surface caused
nents within the bath give rise to chemical reactions that
by the disintegration of the binding medium by degradative
slightly solubilize the metallic surface and lead to
weather factors.
destabilization, deposition, and coalescence of the dispersed
latex particles at that surface.
checking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist slight
breaks in the film that do not penetrate to the previously
applied coating or to the substrate. The breaks should be
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William
called cracks if penetration extends to the previously applied
Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov. coating or to the substrate. See cracking resistance.
D16 − 24
3 3
DISCUSSION—(1) g/mL = kg/L = g/cm ; g/L = kg/m . (2) Density
chipping resistance, n—the ability of a coating or layers of
(lb/gal) = Density (g/mL) × 8.345405 . (3) The temperature should be
coatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces, resulting
25 °C for best conformance with Test Method D1475. For liquids and
from impact by hard objects or from wear during service.
solids, which are the usual concerns of Committee D01, the pressure
need not be specified. (4) Density of water at 25 °C = 0.997044 g/mL
coating, n—(1) a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that
= 8.32 lb/gal.
is converted by evaporation, cross-linking, or cooling to a
solid or semisolid protective, decorative, or functional ad-
dirt—(for coatings) see soil.
herent layer after application; (2) the solid or semisolid layer
dirt resistance, n—(for coatings) the ability of a coating to
resulting from application of the composition above.
resist soiling by foreign material, other than microorganisms,
DISCUSSION—Liquefiable can involve melting or suspending. Coat-
deposited on or embedded in the dried coating.
ings include, but are not limited to, paints, varnishes, sealers, and stains.
distinctness-of-image gloss, n—the sharpness with which
color of an object, n—the aspect of the appearance of an object
image outlines are reflected by the surface of an object.
dependent upon the spectral composition of the incident
light, the spectral reflectance or transmittance of the object,
dope, n—a composition, usually a cellulosic lacquer, for
and the spectral response of the observer.
application on textiles and leathers.
hue, n—the attribute of color perception by means of which
drier, n—an additive that accelerates the drying of an oil, paint,
a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple,
printing ink, or varnish.
or intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, considered in
DISCUSSION—Driers are usually metallic compositions and are avail-
a close ring, red and purple being an adjacent pair. (White, gray
able in both solid and liquid forms.
and black colors possess no hue). E284
DISCUSSION—The short end of the spectrum is violet, with purple by
drying oil, n—an oil that possesses to a marked degree the
definition being a nonspectral combination of red and violet. The
property of readily taking up oxygen from the air and
practice of replacing violet by purple in the roster of object colors is
changing to a relatively hard, tough, elastic substance when
apparently a practical accommodation to color-order requirements, as
exposed in a thin film to the air.
described in the Munsell system. See Practice D1729.
lightness, n—(1) the attribute by which a perceived color is
du Noüy ring—platinum wire ring.
judged to be equivalent to a member of a series of grays
durability, n—a relative term indicating degree of perma-
ranging from black to white; (2) the attribute of color percep-
nency. It may be applied to individual protective, decorative,
tion by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect
or functional properties, for example, “the durability of
more or less light. E284
gloss,” but if used in a general way, for example, “the
saturation—attribute of a visual sensation that permits a
excellent durability of a paint,” implies the ability of the
judgment to be made of the proportion of pure chromatic color
described coating to retain, to the indicated degree, all the
in the total sensation. E284
properties required for the continued service of the coating.
contrast ratio, n—ratio of the reflectance of a dry paint film
edge-tracking, n—a residual, discernible pattern in a roller-
over a black substrate of 5 % or less reflectance, to the
applied coating, characterized by trails from either or both
reflectance of the same paint, equivalently applied and dried,
ends of the roller.
over a substrate of 80 % reflectance.
efflorescence, n—a condition that occurs when soluble salts in
coverage, coverage rate, covering power—ambiguous terms
a dry coating or the substrate migrate to the surface due to
that are used in some instances to refer to hiding power and
the movement of water through the film; characterized by a
in others to mean spreading rate. The precise terms hiding
(commonly) white, nonuniform powder or crystalline
power and spreading rate are preferred.
incrustation, not removable with neutral water but usually
cracking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist breaks
removed with dilute mineral acid. D1736, D1848, D01.42
of the film where the breaks extend through to the surface
DISCUSSION—The previously water-soluble salts become insoluble at
painted and the previously applied coating or the substrate is the surface of the film due to reaction with carbon dioxide of the air.
visible. The use of a minimum magnification of 10 diameters
emulsion paint—under paint, see emulsion paint.
is recommended in cases where it is difficult to differentiate
enamel, n—a paint that is characterized by an ability to form
between cracking and checking. See checking resistance.
an especially smooth film.
crawling, n—defect in which the wet film recedes from
epoxy resins—under resin, synthetic, see epoxy resins.
localized areas of the substrate (usually caused by insuffi-
cient wetting) leaving those areas uncoated. D1848, D01.42
erosion resistance, n—the ability of a coating to withstand
being worn away by chalking or by the abrasive action of
curtaining—see sag or sagging.
water or windborne particles of grit. The degree of resistance
density, n—the mass per unit volume of a substrate at a
is measured by the amount of the coating retained. See
specified temperature and pressure; usually expressed in
abrasion resistance.
3 3
g/mL, kg,L, g/cm , g/L, kg/m or lb/gal. See specific
gravity. D01.23, D01.24 ester gum—under resin, synthetic, see ester gum.
D16 − 24
extended pigments, n—organic pigments diluted with an gouge hardness, n—the hardest pencil lead that will leave the
extender (for example, alumina trihydrate, blanc fixe, or coating/film uncut for a stroke length of at least 3 mm
calcium carbonate). ( ⁄8 in.) (0.125 in.) – see pencil hardness. D3363
facade paint, n—a decorative and protective coating for
grain, n—an inch-pound unit of weight, equal to 0.002285
exterior masonry surfaces–usually for buildings and walls.
avoirdupois oz (0.0648 g). CED
DISCUSSION—This is a term more commonly used in Europe.
grinding japan—see japan, grinding.
filiform corrosion resistance, n—the ability of a coating to
grit, n—coarse foreign particles in paint materials and
resist that type of corrosion of metal substrates characterized
coatings, often of irregular shape, that are hard, abrasive, and
by a definite thread-like structure and directional growth that
resistant to disintegration.
occurs under coatings.
hiding power, n—the ability of a paint, or paint material as
filler, n—a pigmented composition for filling pores or irregu-
used, to hide or obscure (see opacity) a surface to which it
larities in a surface preparatory to application of other
has been uniformly applied.
finishes.
DISCUSSION—When expressed numerically, it is generally in terms of
finish, n—(1) final coat in a paint system; at the termination of
the number of square feet over which a gallon of paint, or pound of
cure or drying; (2) sometimes refers to the entire coating
pigment, as used, can be uniformly spread to produce a specified
system: the texture, color, and smoothness of a surface, and
contrast ratio (see contrast ratio). The term covering power has no
specific relationship to hiding power, and actually has no precise
other properties affecting appearance.
meaning.
fire-retardant, adj—a descriptive term which implies that the
described product, under accepted methods of test, will
hue—under color of an object, see hue.
significantly: (a) reduce the rate of flame spread on the
hydroxyl number, n—the number of milligrams of potassium
surface of a material to which it has been applied, or (b)
hydroxide (KOH) equivalent to the hydroxyl content of 1 g
resist ignition when exposed to high temperatures, or (c)
of sample.
insulate a substrate to which it has been applied and prolong
impact tester, n—a device for dropping a cylindrical weight
the time required to reach its ignition, melting, or structural-
from a variable height onto a coated metal test panel; the
weakening temperature.
greater the height required to produce cracks in the coating,
fire-retardant coating, n—a coating that will do one or more
the greater its impact resistance. D2794, D01.23
of the following: (1) reduce the flame spread on the substrate
over which the coating is applied, sometimes at the sacrifice industrial talc, n—a mineral product varying in composition
of the coating (see intumescent coating); (2) resist ignition from that approaching the theoretical formula of talc,
of the substrate when exposed to high temperature; or (3) Mg Si O (OH) , to mixtures of talc and other naturally
3 4 10 2
insulate the substrate to which the coating is applied and associated minerals, some of which may be fibrous.
thereby prolong the time required to reach its ignition,
intumescent coating, n—a fire-retardant coating (which see)
melting or structural-weakening temperature.
that when heated forms a foam produced by nonflammable
flaking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist the
gases, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. This results in
actual detachment of film fragments either from the previ-
a thick, highly insulating layer of carbon (about fifty times as
ously applied coating or the substrate. Flaking is generally
thick as the original coating) that serves to protect the coated
preceded by cracking, checking, or blistering and is the
substrate from fire.
result of loss of adhesion. Also known as scaling resistance.
japan, n—a varnish yielding a hard, glossy, dark-colored film.
flatting agent, n—a material added to paints, varnishes, and
Japans are usually dried by baking at relatively high tem-
other coating materials to reduce the gloss of the dried film.
peratures.
forced drying temperature, n—a temperature between room
japan, n—a vehicle for japan colors; frequently contains
temperature and 150 °F (65 °C).
shellac.
fossil resin, n—under resin, natural, see fossil resin.
japan color, n—a paste containing pigment and a grinding
gallon, U. S., n—a volume equal to 231 in. For paint, varnish,
japan vehicle used for lettering and decoration.
lacquer, and related products this is measured at 77 °F
(25 °C).
japan drier, n—a resinate-base liquid drier.
glaze, n—a very thin coating of a paint product usually a
lacquer, n—a coating composition that is based on synthetic
semi-transparent coating tinted with Van Dyke brown, burnt
thermoplastic film-forming material dissolved in organic
sienna, or a similar pigment, applied on a previously painted
solvent that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical
surface to produce a decorative effect.
lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellu-
glazing compound, n—a dough-like material consisting of
lose derivatives, vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
pigment and vehicle, used for sealing window glass in
frames. It differs from putty in that it retains its plasticity for lake, n—a special type of pigment consisting essentially of an
an extended period. organic soluble coloring matter combined more or less
D16 − 24
definitely with an inorganic base or carrier. It is character- MFFT, n—abbreviation of minimum film forming tempera-
ized generally by a bright color and a more or less pro- ture.
nounced translucency when made into an oil paint.
mildew (fungus) resistance, n—the ability of a coating to
Under this term are included two (and perhaps three) types
resist fungus growth that can cause discoloration and ulti-
of pigment: (a) the older original type composed of hydrate
mate decomposition of a coating’s binding medium.
of alumina dyed with a solution of the natural organic color,
(b) the more modern and far more extensive type made by
mildewstat, n—a chemical agent that inhibits the growth of
precipitating from solution various coal-tar colors by means
mildew.
of a metallic salt, tannin, or other suitable reagent, upon a
mohair paint roller cover, n—a cover in which the paint
base or carrier either previously prepared or coincidently
applicating material is woven of short-pile velour that
formed, and (c) a number combining both types in varying
contains wool or angora goat hair.
degree might be regarded as a third class.
mottling, v—the presence in the surface of a film, of irregularly
lap, n—(for coatings) the region where one area of a coated
shaped, randomly distributed areas that vary in color, gloss,
surface merges into an adjacent freshly-coated area during
or sheen, causing the film to be non-uniform in appearance,
application of a single coat to the entire surface.
also known as blotching. D1848, D01.42
DISCUSSION—The objective of the painter is to avoid showing the lap.
mud-cracking, n—an irregular broken network of cracks in
latex paint—under paint, see latex paint.
the film, which occurs due to volatile loss while drying or
leveling, n—(1) the process whereby a film of liquid coating
curing. D1848, D01.42
flows out after application so as to minimize any surface
natural resin—see resin, natural.
irregularities such as brush marks, orange peel, peaks, or
natural spreading rate, n—the spreading rate that occurs
craters, that have been produced by the mechanical process
when a coating is applied in a manner natural to the
of application; (2) a measure or rating of the leveling ability
operator’s technique, perceptions, and expectations, as they
of a coating. D4062, D01.42
relate to coating tools, substrate, and characteristics of the
lightness—under color of an object, see lightness.
coating itself.
DISCUSSION—Such a spreading rate can vary widely with the same
maleic resin—under resin, synthetic, see maleic resin.
paint applied under similar conditions by different operators, but a
liquid, n—(flammability regulations) a substance that has a
series of paints applied by different operators under the same conditions
definite volume but no definite form, except such given by
will tend to have approximately the same rank order.
−3 3
its container. It has a viscosity of 1 × 10 to 1 × 10 St
−7 −1 2 −1
nondrying oil, n—an oil that does not of itself possess to a
(1 × 10 to 1 × 10 m s ) at 104 °F (40 °C) or an
perceptible degree the power to take up oxygen from the air
equivalent viscosity at agreed upon temperature. (This does
and lose its liquid characteristics.
not include powders and granular materials.) Liquids are
divided into two classes:
nonvolatile content, n—the portion of a coating that does not
Class A, low viscosity—a liquid having a viscosity of evaporate during drying or curing under specified
−3 −7 −4 2 −1
conditions, comprising the binder and, if present, the pig-
1 × 10 to 25.00 St (1 × 10 to 25.00 × 10 m s ) at 104 °F
(40 °C) or an equivalent viscosity at an agreed upon tempera- ment. (The percent volatile content is obtained by subtract-
ture. ing the nonvolatile content from 100.)
Class B, high viscosity—a liquid having a viscosity of 25.01
nonvolatile vehicle, n—the liquid portion of a paint excepting
3 −4 −1 2 −1
to 1 × 10 St (25.01 × 10 to 1 × 10 m s ) at 104 °F (40 °C)
its volatile thinner and water.
or an equivalent viscosity at an agreed upon temperature.
OEM coatings, n—original equipment manufacturers
mar resistance, n—(1) ability of a coating to resist visual coatings, which include automotive, marine, furniture,
appliance, as well as many other miscellaneous consumer
damage caused by light abrasion, impact, or pressure. (2)
resistance of the surface of the coating to permanent defor- and industrial applications.
mation resulting from the application of a dynamic mechani-
oil color, n—an oil paint containing a high concentration of
cal force. D5178, CED, D01.23
colored pigment, commonly used for tinting paint.
mass color, n—the color, when viewed by reflected light, of a
oil paint—under paint, see oil paint.
pigment-vehicle mixture of such thickness as to obscure
oil varnis
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D16 − 23 D16 − 24
Standard Terminology for
Paint, Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D16; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This standard consists of technical terms used in standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 (on Paint and
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications), and of definitions suitable for use in these standards.
NOTE 1—When any definition in this standards is quoted or published out of the context of this standard, editorially insert the following delimiting
statement “for paints and related coatings, materials, and applications” after the dash following the term (in the absence of an existing delimiting
statement). This will limit the filed of application of the term and definition to that approved by this committee.
1.2 In this terminology standard, definitions used in other ASTM standards are indicated by following the definition with the
designation of that standard. In some cases, a relevant D01 subcommittee is also listed. Definitions influenced by those used by
other organizations are indicated by the acronym of the organization. Primary terms are given in bold, while narrower and
unapproved terms are given in italics.
1.3 There are several specialized terminology standards under the jurisdiction of Committee D01, as follows: D804, D1695,
D6440, D6488, and D7188. Few definitions from those standards are included in Terminology D16. Therefore, in searches for
definitions of paints and coatings terms, these standards should be included where appropriate.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D804 Terminology Relating to Pine Chemicals, Including Tall Oil and Related Products
D968 Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, and Related Products
D1653 Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Organic Coating Films
D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D1736 Test Method for Efflorescence of Interior Wall Paints (Withdrawn 1997)
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.16 on Terminology.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2023Jan. 1, 2024. Published September 2023January 2024. Originally approved in 1911. Last previous edition approved in 20192023
as D16 – 19.D16 – 23. DOI: 10.1520/D0016-23.10.1520/D0016-24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D16 − 24
D1848 Classification for Reporting Paint Film Failures Characteristic of Exterior Latex Paints (Withdrawn 2003)
D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
D3450 Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior Architectural Coatings
D4062 Test Method for Leveling of Paints by Draw-Down Method
D4209 Practice for Determining Volatile and Nonvolatile Content of Cellulosics, Emulsions, Resin Solutions, Shellac, and
Varnishes
D4366 Test Methods for Hardness of Organic Coatings by Pendulum Damping Tests
D4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of Latex Paints
D5146 Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coatings
D5178 Test Method for Mar Resistance of Organic Coatings
D6440 Terminology Relating to Hydrocarbon Resins
D6488 Terminology Relating to Print Problems
D7188 Terminology for Printing Inks, Materials, and Processes
E284 Terminology of Appearance
2.2 EPA Documents:
450/3-83-013R Glossary for Air Pollution Control of Industrial Coating Operations
Method 24, 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix A Determination of Volatile Matter Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and
Weight Solids of Surface Coatings
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms having to do with appearance, see Terminology E284.
3.2 Definitions:
abrasion resistance, n—(for coatings) the ability of a coating to resist being worn away and to maintain its original appearance
and structure when subjected to rubbing, scraping, or wear. D968, D01.23
acid number, n—(for coatings) the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to neutralize the free acids
in 1 g of an oil, resin, varnish, or other substance; generally reported on the nonvolatile content.
acid value—see acid number.
acrylic resin—under resin, synthetic, see acrylic resin.
additive, n—a substance added in small quantities to another substance, usually to improve specific properties (for example, a
drier, mildewcide, etc.).
adhesion promoter, n—a material built into a binder or added to a paint to form primary bonds to either increase the number
and/or strength of interactions to the substrate or the previously applied coating, with the specific aim of improving the dry or
wet adhesion, or both.adhesion. D01.23 D01.23
alkyd resin—under resin, synthetic, see alkyd resin.
architectural coating, n—organic coating intended for on-site application to interior or exterior surfaces of residential,
commercial, institutional, or industrial buildings, in contrast to industrial coatings. D5146, D01.42
DISCUSSION—
They are protective and decorative finishes applied at ambient temperatures. Often called Trade Sales Coatings.
associative thickener, n—water-soluble polymers containing hydrophobic groups that are capable of nonspecific hydrophobic
association similar to surfactants that elevate viscosity presumably by association between thickener particles or thickener and
dispersed particles that may be present in the aqueous system such as latex particles rather than through high molecular weight
or chain stiffness of the thickener molecules themselves.
Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
http://www.epa.gov.
D16 − 24
autodeposition, n—a single-step immersion metal finishing process in which an organic coating is applied by means of unique
surface chemical reactions carried out in an aqueous latex dispersion, also referred to as chemiphoresis. Components within the
bath give rise to chemical reactions that slightly solubilize the metallic surface and lead to destabilization, deposition, and
coalescence of the dispersed latex particles at that surface.
DISCUSSION—
The deposition rate of the latex is controlled by the rate of surface solubilization. The process does not require any pretreatments such as phosphating,
needs no external energy input, and gives rise to deposition wherever the solution wets the substrate. Irregularly shaped parts can be uniformly coated.
baking finish, n—a paint or varnish that requires baking at temperatures above 150 °F (65 °C) for the development of desired
properties.
baking temperature, n—a temperature above 150 °F (65 °C).
batch, n—the total quantity of a material produced in a single final mixing operation after all production processes are complete,
or just prior to filling.
bituminous varnish—under varnish, see bituminous varnish.
bleeding, n—the diffusion of coloring matter through a coating from the substrate; also, the discoloration arising from such
diffusion. In the case of printing ink, the spreading or running of a pigment color by the action of a solvent such as water or
alcohol.
blister, n—a dome-shaped defect caused by the formation of a gas or liquid under a coating film which results in a localized
loss of adhesion and lifting of the coating, that is, film, from the substrate.
blistering, v—the process of forming a blister.
blistering resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist blistering.
blocking, n—for coatings other than powder coatings, the sticking of a coated surface to an adjacent surface when the two
surfaces have been in contact for an extended period of time. D01.42
brush-drag, n—resistance encountered when applying a coating by brush, directly related to the high-shear viscosity of the
coating. D4958, D01.42
bulking value, n—solid volume of a unit weight of material, usually expressed as gallons per pound. For practical purposes this
is 0.120 divided by the specific gravity.
caulking compound, n—a soft, plastic material, consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and other
structures where normal structural movement may occur.
DISCUSSION—
Caulking compound retains its plasticity for an extended period after application. It is available in forms suitable for application by gun and knife and
in extruded preformed shapes.
cellulose lacquer—see lacquer.
chalking resistance, n—the ability of a pigmented coating to resist the formation of a friable powder on its surface caused by
the disintegration of the binding medium by degradative weather factors.
D16 − 24
checking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist slight breaks in the film that do not penetrate to the previously applied
coating or to the substrate. The breaks should be called cracks if penetration extends to the previously applied coating or to the
substrate. See cracking resistance.
chipping resistance, n—the ability of a coating or layers of coatings to resist removal, usually in small pieces, resulting from
impact by hard objects or from wear during service.
coating, n—(1) a liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that is converted by evaporation, cross-linking, or cooling to a solid
or semisolid protective, decorative, or functional adherent layer after application; (2) the solid or semisolid layer resulting from
application of the composition above.
DISCUSSION—
Liquefiable can involve melting or suspending. Coatings include, but are not limited to, paints, varnishes, sealers, and stains.
color of an object, n—the aspect of the appearance of an object dependent upon the spectral composition of the incident light,
the spectral reflectance or transmittance of the object, and the spectral response of the observer.
hue,n—the attribute of color perception by means of which a color is judged to be red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, or
intermediate between adjacent pairs of these, considered in a close ring, red and purple being an adjacent pair. (White, gray and
black colors possess no hue). E284
DISCUSSION—
The short end of the spectrum is violet, with purple by definition being a nonspectral combination of red and violet. The practice of replacing violet
by purple in the roster of object colors is apparently a practical accommodation to color-order requirements, as described in the Munsell system. See
Practice D1729.
lightness,n—(1) the attribute by which a perceived color is judged to be equivalent to a member of a series of grays ranging from
black to white; (2) the attribute of color perception by which a non-self-luminous body is judged to reflect more or less light. E284
saturation—attribute of a visual sensation that permits a judgment to be made of the proportion of pure chromatic color in the
total sensation. E284
contrast ratio, n—ratio of the reflectance of a dry paint film over a black substrate of 5 % or less reflectance, to the reflectance
of the same paint, equivalently applied and dried, over a substrate of 80 % reflectance.
coverage, coverage rate, covering power—ambiguous terms that are used in some instances to refer to hiding power and in
others to mean spreading rate. The precise terms hiding power and spreading rate are preferred.
cracking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist breaks of the film where the breaks extend through to the surface painted
and the previously applied coating or the substrate is visible. The use of a minimum magnification of 10 diameters is
recommended in cases where it is difficult to differentiate between cracking and checking. See checking resistance.
crawling, n—defect in which the wet film recedes from localized areas of the substrate (usually caused by insufficient wetting)
leaving those areas uncoated. D1848, D01.42
curtaining—see sag or sagging.
density, n—the mass per unit volume of a substrate at a specified temperature and pressure; usually expressed in g/mL, kg,L,
3 3
g/cm , g/L, kg/m or lb/gal. See specific gravity. D01.23, D01.24
DISCUSSION—
3 3
(1) g/mL = kg/L = g/cm ; g/L = kg/m . (2) Density (lb/gal) = Density (g/mL) × 8.345405 . (3) The temperature should be 25 °C for best conformance
with Test Method D1475. For liquids and solids, which are the usual concerns of Committee D01, the pressure need not be specified. (4) Density of
water at 25 °C = 0.997044 g/mL = 8.32 lb/gal.
dirt—(for coatings) see soil.
dirt resistance, n—(for coatings) the ability of a coating to resist soiling by foreign material, other than microorganisms,
deposited on or embedded in the dried coating.
D16 − 24
distinctness-of-image gloss, n—the sharpness with which image outlines are reflected by the surface of an object.
dope, n—a composition, usually a cellulosic lacquer, for application on textiles and leathers.
drier, n—an additive that accelerates the drying of an oil, paint, printing ink, or varnish.
DISCUSSION—
Driers are usually metallic compositions and are available in both solid and liquid forms.
drying oil, n—an oil that possesses to a marked degree the property of readily taking up oxygen from the air and changing to
a relatively hard, tough, elastic substance when exposed in a thin film to the air.
du Noüy ring—platinum wire ring.
durability, n—a relative term indicating degree of permanency. It may be applied to individual protective, decorative, or
functional properties, for example, “the durability of gloss,” but if used in a general way, for example, “the excellent durability
of a paint,” implies the ability of the described coating to retain, to the indicated degree, all the properties required for the
continued service of the coating.
edge-tracking, n—a residual, discernible pattern in a roller-applied coating, characterized by trails from either or both ends of
the roller.
efflorescence, n—a condition that occurs when soluble salts in a dry coating or the substrate migrate to the surface due to the
movement of water through the film; characterized by a (commonly) white, nonuniform powder or crystalline incrustation, not
removable with neutral water but usually removed with dilute mineral acid. D1736, D1848, D01.42
DISCUSSION—
The previously water-soluble salts become insoluble at the surface of the film due to reaction with carbon dioxide of the air.
emulsion paint—under paint, see emulsion paint.
enamel, n—a paint that is characterized by an ability to form an especially smooth film.
epoxy resins—under resin, synthetic, see epoxy resins.
erosion resistance, n—the ability of a coating to withstand being worn away by chalking or by the abrasive action of water or
windborne particles of grit. The degree of resistance is measured by the amount of the coating retained. See abrasion resistance.
ester gum—under resin, synthetic, see ester gum.
extended pigments, n—organic pigments diluted with an extender (for example, alumina trihydrate, blanc fixe, or calcium
carbonate).
facade paint, n—a decorative and protective coating for exterior masonry surfaces–usually for buildings and walls.
DISCUSSION—
This is a term more commonly used in Europe.
filiform corrosion resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist that type of corrosion of metal substrates characterized by a
definite thread-like structure and directional growth that occurs under coatings.
filler, n—a pigmented composition for filling pores or irregularities in a surface preparatory to application of other finishes.
D16 − 24
finish, n—(1) final coat in a paint system; at the termination of cure or drying; (2) sometimes refers to the entire coating system:
the texture, color, and smoothness of a surface, and other properties affecting appearance.
fire-retardant, adj—a descriptive term which implies that the described product, under accepted methods of test, will
significantly: (a) reduce the rate of flame spread on the surface of a material to which it has been applied, or (b) resist ignition
when exposed to high temperatures, or (c) insulate a substrate to which it has been applied and prolong the time required to reach
its ignition, melting, or structural-weakening temperature.
fire-retardant coating, n—a coating that will do one or more of the following: (1) reduce the flame spread on the substrate over
which the coating is applied, sometimes at the sacrifice of the coating (see intumescent coating); (2) resist ignition of the
substrate when exposed to high temperature; or (3) insulate the substrate to which the coating is applied and thereby prolong
the time required to reach its ignition, melting or structural-weakening temperature.
flaking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist the actual detachment of film fragments either from the previously applied
coating or the substrate. Flaking is generally preceded by cracking, checking, or blistering and is the result of loss of adhesion.
Also known as scaling resistance.
flatting agent, n—a material added to paints, varnishes, and other coating materials to reduce the gloss of the dried film.
forced drying temperature, n—a temperature between room temperature and 150 °F (65 °C).
fossil resin,n—under resin, natural, see fossil resin.
gallon, U. S., n—a volume equal to 231 in. For paint, varnish, lacquer, and related products this is measured at 77 °F (25 °C).
glaze, n—a very thin coating of a paint product usually a semi-transparent coating tinted with Van Dyke brown, burnt sienna,
or a similar pigment, applied on a previously painted surface to produce a decorative effect.
glazing compound, n—a dough-like material consisting of pigment and vehicle, used for sealing window glass in frames. It
differs from putty in that it retains its plasticity for an extended period.
gouge hardness, n—the hardest pencil lead that will leave the coating/film uncut for a stroke length of at least 3 mm ( ⁄8 in.)
(0.125 in.) – see pencil hardness. D3363
grain, n—an inch-pound unit of weight, equal to 0.002285 avoirdupois oz (0.0648 g). CED
grinding japan—see japan, grinding.
grit, n—coarse foreign particles in paint materials and coatings, often of irregular shape, that are hard, abrasive, and resistant
to disintegration.
hiding power, n—the ability of a paint, or paint material as used, to hide or obscure (see opacity) a surface to which it has been
uniformly applied.
DISCUSSION—
When expressed numerically, it is generally in terms of the number of square feet over which a gallon of paint, or pound of pigment, as used, can be
uniformly spread to produce a specified contrast ratio (see contrast ratio). The term covering power has no specific relationship to hiding power, and
actually has no precise meaning.
hue—under color of an object, see hue.
D16 − 24
hydroxyl number, n—the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) equivalent to the hydroxyl content of 1 g of
sample.
impact tester, n—a device for dropping a cylindrical weight from a variable height onto a coated metal test panel; the greater
the height required to produce cracks in the coating, the greater its impact resistance. D2794, D01.23
industrial talc, n—a mineral product varying in composition from that approaching the theoretical formula of talc, Mg Si O
3 4 10
(OH) , to mixtures of talc and other naturally associated minerals, some of which may be fibrous.
intumescent coating, n—a fire-retardant coating (which see) that when heated forms a foam produced by nonflammable gases,
such as carbon dioxide and ammonia. This results in a thick, highly insulating layer of carbon (about fifty times as thick as the
original coating) that serves to protect the coated substrate from fire.
japan, n—a varnish yielding a hard, glossy, dark-colored film. Japans are usually dried by baking at relatively high temperatures.
japan, n—a vehicle for japan colors; frequently contains shellac.
japan color, n—a paste containing pigment and a grinding japan vehicle used for lettering and decoration.
japan drier, n—a resinate-base liquid drier.
lacquer, n—a coating composition that is based on synthetic thermoplastic film-forming material dissolved in organic solvent
that dries primarily by solvent evaporation. Typical lacquers include those based on nitrocellulose, other cellulose derivatives,
vinyl resins, acrylic resins, etc.
lake, n—a special type of pigment consisting essentially of an organic soluble coloring matter combined more or less definitely
with an inorganic base or carrier. It is characterized generally by a bright color and a more or less pronounced translucency when
made into an oil paint.
Under this term are included two (and perhaps three) types of pigment: (a) the older original type composed of hydrate of
alumina dyed with a solution of the natural organic color, (b) the more modern and far more extensive type made by precipitating
from solution various coal-tar colors by means of a metallic salt, tannin, or other suitable reagent, upon a base or carrier either
previously prepared or coincidently formed, and (c) a number combining both types in varying degree might be regarded as a
third class.
lap, n—(for coatings) the region where one area of a coated surface merges into an adjacent freshly-coated area during
application of a single coat to the entire surface.
DISCUSSION—
The objective of the painter is to avoid showing the lap.
latex paint—under paint, see latex paint.
leveling, n—(1) the process whereby a film of liquid coating flows out after application so as to minimize any surface
irregularities such as brush marks, orange peel, peaks, or craters, that have been produced by the mechanical process of
application; (2) a measure or rating of the leveling ability of a coating. D4062, D01.42
lightness—under color of an object, see lightness.
maleic resin—under resin, synthetic, see maleic resin.
liquid, n—(flammability regulations) a substance that has a definite volume but no definite form, except such given by its
D16 − 24
−3 3 −7 −1 2 −1
container. It has a viscosity of 1 × 10 to 1 × 10 St (1 × 10 to 1 × 10 m s ) at 104 °F (40 °C) or an equivalent viscosity
at agreed upon temperature. (This does not include powders and granular materials.) Liquids are divided into two classes:
−3 −7 −4 2 −1
Class A, low viscosity—a liquid having a viscosity of 1 × 10 to 25.00 St (1 × 10 to 25.00 × 10 m s ) at 104 °F (40 °C)
or an equivalent viscosity at an agreed upon temperature.
3 −4 −1 2 −1
Class B, high viscosity—a liquid having a viscosity of 25.01 to 1 × 10 St (25.01 × 10 to 1 × 10 m s ) at 104 °F (40 °C)
or an equivalent viscosity at an agreed upon temperature.
mar resistance, n—(1) ability of a coating to resist visual damage caused by light abrasion, impact, or pressure. (2) resistance
of the surface of the coating to permanent deformation resulting from the application of a dynamic mechanical force. D5178,
CED, D01.23
mass color, n—the color, when viewed by reflected light, of a pigment-vehicle mixture of such thickness as to obscure
completely the background. Sometimes called over-tone or mass-tone.
mass-tone—see mass color.
melamine resin—under resin, synthetic, see melamine resin.
metal marking resistance, n—the ability of a coating to withstand streaking or marking when a metal object is rubbed against
or dragged across the surface of the coating.
MFFT, n—abbreviation of minimum film forming temperature.
mildew (fungus) resistance, n—the ability of a coating to resist fungus growth that can cause discoloration and ultimate
decomposition of a coating’s binding medium.
mildewstat, n—a chemical agent that inhibits the growth of mildew.
mohair paint roller cover, n—a cover in which the paint applicating material is woven of short-pile velour that contains wool
or angora goat hair.
mottling, v—the presence in the surface of a film, of irregularly shaped, randomly distributed areas that vary in color, gloss, or
sheen, causing the film to be non-uniform in appearance, also known as blotching. D1848, D01.42
mud-cracking, n—an irregular broken network of cracks in the film, which occurs due to volatile loss while drying or curing.
D1848, D01.42
natural resin—see resin, natural.
natural spreading rate, n—the spreading rate that occurs when a coating is applied in a manner natural to the operator’s
technique, perceptions, and expectations, as they relate to coating tools, substrate, and characteristics of the coating itself.
DISCUSSION—
Such a spreading rate can vary widely with the same paint applied under similar conditions by different operators, but a series of paints applied by
different operators under the same conditions will tend to have approximately the same rank order.
nondrying oil, n—an oil that does not of itself possess to a perceptible degree the power to take up oxygen from the air and
lose its liquid characteristics.
nonvolatile content, n—the portion of a coating that does not evaporate during drying or curing under specified conditions,
comprising the binder and, if present, the pigment. (The percent volatile content is obtained by subtracting the nonvolatile
content from 100.)
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