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ASTM D5747/D5747M-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids

Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide a list of standard procedures for test programs investigating the chemical resistance of a geomembrane with a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical. This practice should be used in the absence of other specifications required for the particular situation being addressed.  
5.2 Chemical resistance, as used in this practice, is not a quantifiable term. This practice is intended to provide a basis of standardization for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geomembrane. It should be recognized that chemical resistance is a user judgment evaluation and that this practice does not offer procedures for interpreting the results obtained from test procedures contained in this practice. As a practice, this does not produce a test result.
Note 1: This practice is for the chemical resistance assessment of geomembranes and is written in parallel to similar standard practices for geotextiles, geonets, geogrids, geopipes, and geosynthetic clay liners. Each standard is to be considered individually for the geosynthetic under investigation and collectively for all geosynthetics exposed to the potentially harsh chemical environment under consideration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.  
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.  
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
28-Feb-2021
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.02 - Endurance Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D4833/D4833M-07(2020) - Standard Test Method for Index Puncture Resistance of Geomembranes and Related Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM D5397-20 - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Stress Crack Resistance of Polyolefin Geomembranes Using Notched Constant Tensile Load Test
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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ASTM D5747/D5747M-21 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to LiquidsASTM D5747/D5747M-21 - Standard Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of Geomembranes to Liquids
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5747/D5747M − 21
Standard Practice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
1
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5747/D5747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes,
D412 Test Methods forVulcanized Rubber andThermoplas-
prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid
tic Elastomers—Tension
wastes.
D413 TestMethodsforRubberProperty—AdhesiontoFlex-
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-
ible Substrate
crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul-
geomembranes.
canized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
Practice D5322 or D5496, or both.The scope of this practice is
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
limited to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and
Sheeting
exposed geomembrane samples.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
scope of this practice. D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
Plastic Film and Sheeting
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Gradient Technique
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
D2124 Test Method forAnalysis of Components in Poly(Vi-
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
nyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectropho-
used independently of the other, and values from the two
3
tometric Technique (Withdrawn 2020)
systems shall not be combined.
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the ness
D3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- zation of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
3
(DSC) (Withdrawn 2004)
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and En-
thalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D4437/D4437M Practice for Nondestructive Testing (NDT)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosyn- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
thetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published March 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D5747/D5747M – 20. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D5747_D5747M-21. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5747/D5747M − 21
D4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory temperature range characteristic of the plastic, and that in the
Seams Used in Joining Manufactured Flexible Sheet softened
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5747/D5747M − 20 D5747/D5747M − 21
Standard Practice for
Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resistance of
1
Geomembranes to Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5747/D5747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the testing of geomembranes for chemical resistance with liquid wastes, prepared chemical
solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.
1.2 This practice covers procedures for testing semi-crystalline, amorphous, elastomeric, and fabric-reinforced geomembranes.
1.3 This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice D5322 or D5496, or both. The scope of this practice is limited
to testing and reporting procedures for unexposed and exposed geomembrane samples.
1.4 Evaluation and interpretation of test data are beyond the scope of this practice.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension
D413 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Adhesion to Flexible Substrate
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.02 on Endurance Properties.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2020March 1, 2021. Published January 2020March 2021. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20132020 as
D5747/D5747M – 08 (2013).D5747/D5747M – 20. DOI: 10.1520/D5747_D5747M-20.10.1520/D5747_D5747M-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5747/D5747M − 21
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D2124 Test Method for Analysis of Components in Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectrophotometric
3
Technique (Withdrawn 2020)
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
D3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3
(Withdrawn 2004)
D3418 Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential
Scanning Calorimetry
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D4437/D4437M Practice for Nondestructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible
Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4545 Practice for Determining the Integrity of Factory Seams Used in J
...

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5.1 With the increased use of geomembranes as a barrier material to restrict liquid migration from one location to another, a need has been created for standardized tests by which the continuity of the installed geomembrane, including the seams, can be evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need whenever the subgrade soil is nonconductive, or a geomembrane is installed on a nonconductive material.  
5.2 The use of a suitably conductive geotextile installed between a nonconductive soil or material and the geomembrane will permit electrical leak location survey to be conducted.  
5.3 The compatibility of a conductive geotextile and leak location equipment shall be assessed for each leak location technique considered (covered or exposed, when applicable). A realistic small-scale test shall have been conducted by the supplier of geotextile and/or leak detection equipment to demonstrate their mutual compatibility for a given leak detection technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice describes standard procedures for using a conductive geotextile with electrical methods to locate leaks in exposed geomembranes and geomembranes covered with water or earth materials containing moisture.  
1.2 This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextile used in leak location surveys on geomembranes. This guide includes all types of conductive geotextiles with sufficient conductivity for the particular electrical leak location method. A conductive geotextile is applicable to all types of geoelectric surveys when there is otherwise not a conductive layer under the geomembrane.  
1.3 This standard practice is intended to ensure that leak location surveys can always be performed with a reasonable level of certainty. This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextiles used in leak location surveys on geomembranes.  
1.4 Leak location surveys can be used on nonconductive geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, other containment facilities, and building applications such as in parking garages, decks, and green roofs. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of nonconductive materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other electrically insulating materials. Leak location surveys involving conductive or partially conductive geomembranes are not within the scope of this document.  
1.5 Warning—The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location could use high voltages, resulting in the potential for electrical shock or electrocution. This hazard might be increased because operations might be conducted in or near water. In particular, a high voltage could exist between the water or earth material and earth ground, or any grounded conductor. These procedures are potentially VERY DANGEROUS, and can result in personal injury or death. Because of the high voltage that could be involved, and the shock or electrocution hazard, do not come in electrical contact with any leak unless the excitation power supply is turned off. The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures must be taken to protect the leak location operators as well as other people at the site.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and...

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ASTM
ASTM D7737/D7737M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Individual Geogrid Junction Strength

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This index test method is to be used to determine the strength of an individual junction in a geogrid product. The test is performed in isolation, while in service the junction is typically confined. Thus the results from this test method are not anticipated to be related to design performance.  
5.2 The value of junction strength can be used for manufacturing quality control, development of new products, or a general understanding of the in-isolation behavior of a particular geogrid’s junction (for example, in relation to handling during shipment and placement of the geogrid).  
5.3 This test method is applicable to geogrid products with essentially symmetrical orthogonal or non-orthogonal ribs, yarns, or straps, that is, geogrids which are composed of ribs, yarns, or straps that are entangled through weaving or knitting, welded, bonded, or formed through drawing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the strength of an individual geogrid junction, also called a node. The test is configured such that a single rib is pulled from its junction with a rib(s) transverse to the test direction to obtain the maximum force, or strength of the junction. The procedure allows for the use of two different clamps with the appropriate clamp selected to minimize the influence of the clamping mechanism on the specific type of geogrid to be tested.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7864/D7864M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Aperture Stability Modulus of Geogrids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aperture stability modulus is a measure of the in-plane shear modulus, which is a function of other geogrid characteristics, most notably junction stability, flexural rib stiffness, and rib tensile modulus.  
5.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate the geogrid aperture stability at various traffic loads and base/subgrade conditions.
Note 1: Aperture stability modulus is referenced in the FHWA Geosynthetics Design and Construction Guidelines (2008) as an input parameter for the design of geogrid-reinforced unpaved roads using punched and drawn biaxial geogrids. Geogrids of different manufacturing process and material composition may use this property in calibration and validation of their material within the associated design.  
5.3 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geogrid. This test method should be used to characterize geogrid intended for use in applications in which aperture stability is considered relevant.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the Aperture Stability Modulus of a geogrid. (The terms “Secant Aperture Stability Modulus,” “Torsional Rigidity Modulus,” “In-plane Shear Modulus,” and “Torsional Stiffness Modulus” have been used in the literature to describe this same property.)  
1.2 This test method is intended to determine the in-plane stability of a geogrid by clamping a center node and measuring the stiffness over an area of the geogrid. This test method is applicable for various types of geogrid.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide characteristic properties for design. The test method was developed for pavement and subgrade improvement calibrated design methods requiring input of aperture stability modulus.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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