ASTM D4595/D4595M-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the wide-width force-elongation properties of geotextiles provides design parameters for reinforcement type applications, for example, design of reinforced roadways/pavements, reinforced embankments over soft subgrades, reinforced soil retaining walls, and reinforcement of slopes. When strength is not necessarily a design consideration, an alternative test method may be used for acceptance testing. Test Method D4595/D4595M for the determination of the wide-width tensile properties of geotextiles may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles, but caution is advised since information about between-laboratory precision is incomplete (Note 3). Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D4595/D4595M for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.
5.2 Most geotextiles can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given geotextile depending upon its structure. Special clamping adaptions may be necessary with strong...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width specimen tensile method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven geotextiles, nonwoven geotextiles, layered fabrics, and knit fabrics that are used for geotextile applications.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width method are included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Developme...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4595/D4595M − 24
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595/D4595M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
properties of geotextiles using a wide-width specimen tensile
method. This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that
2. Referenced Documents
include woven geotextiles, nonwoven geotextiles, layered
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fabrics, and knit fabrics that are used for geotextile applica-
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
tions.
Textiles
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
D579/D579M Practice for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Tex-
for the calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant
tiles
modulus, and breaking toughness.
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
3
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width method are
D4873/D4873M Guide for Identification, Storage, and Han-
included.
dling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other
D8102 Practice for Manufacturing Quality Control of Geo-
methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of
textiles
the specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications
have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the 3. Terminology
gage length area. The greater width of the specimen specified
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those −1 −2
3.1.1 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for
fabrics and provides a closer relationship to expected geotextile
geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of
behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
material.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
breaking point (see also work-to-break). Breaking toughness is
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
calculated from work-to-break, gage length, and width of a
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
specimen.
with the standard.
3.1.2 corresponding force, F , n—the force associated with
c
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
a specific elongation on the force-per-unit-width strain curve.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(Syn. load at specified elongation, LASE.)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 For terminology of other terms used in this test method,
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
refer to Terminology D4439.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Summary of Test Method
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 A relatively wide specimen is gripped across its entire
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
width in the clamps of a constant rate of extension (CRE) type
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechani- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
cal Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as D4595/D4595M – 23. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/D4595_D4595M-24. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4595/D4595M − 23 D4595/D4595M − 24
Standard Test Method for
1
Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by the Wide-Width Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4595/D4595M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile properties of geotextiles using a wide-width strip specimen tensile method.
This test method is applicable to most geotextiles that include woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics,geotextiles, nonwoven geotextiles,
layered fabrics, knit fabrics, and felts and knit fabrics that are used for geotextile application.applications.
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of tensile strength and elongation of geotextiles and includes directions for the
calculation of initial modulus, offset modulus, secant modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.3 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both conditioned and wet geotextiles by the wide-width strip method are
included.
1.4 The basic distinction between this test method and other methods for measuring strip tensile properties is the width of the
specimen. Some fabrics used in geotextile applications have a tendency to contract (neck down) under a force in the gage length
area. The greater width of the specimen specified in this test method minimizes the contraction effect of those fabrics and provides
a closer relationship to expected geotextile behavior in the field and a standard comparison.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D579/D579M Practice for Greige Woven Glass Fabrics
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.01 on Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved April 15, 2023Jan. 15, 2024. Published May 2023February 2024. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20172023 as
D4595D4595/D4595M – 23. – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D4595_D4595M-23.DOI: 10.1520/D4595_D4595M-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4595/D4595M − 24
D1776/D1776M Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
3
D2905 Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D4873/D4873M Guide for Identification, Storage, and Handling of Geosynthetic Rolls and Samples
D8102 Practice for Manufacturing Quality Control of Geotextiles
3. Terminology
3.1 atmosphere for testing geotextiles, n—air maintained at a relative humidity of 65 6 5 % and a temperature of 21 6 2 °C [70
6 4 °F].
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
−1 −2
3.1.1 breaking toughness, T, (FL ), Jm , n—for geotextiles, the actual work-to-break per unit surface area of material.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Breaking toughness is proportional to the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the breaking point (see also
work-to-break). Breaking t
...
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