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ASTM D7157-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes a sensitive method for estimating the intrinsic stability of an oil. The intrinsic stability is expressed as S-value. An oil with a low S-value is likely to undergo flocculation of asphaltenes when stressed (for example, extended heated storage) or blended with a range of other oils. Two oils each with a high S-value are likely to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state and not lead to asphaltene flocculation when blended together.  
5.2 This test method can be used by petroleum refiners to control and optimize the refinery processes and by blenders and marketers to assess the intrinsic stability of blended asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automatic instrument using an optical device.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of Specifications D396 Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880 Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products contain 0.5 % by mass or greater concentration of asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).  
1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value), intrinsic stability of the oily medium (So) and the solvency requirements of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2022
ICS
75.040 - Crude petroleum
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.14 - Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D7157-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)ASTM D7157-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
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ASTM D7157-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
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REDLINE ASTM D7157-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)REDLINE ASTM D7157-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
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REDLINE ASTM D7157-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (<emph type="ital">n</emph >-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7157 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing
Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane
1
Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automatic
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
instrument using an optical device.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from
Petroleum Products
thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
Specifications D396 Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880
Fuels, and Lubricants
Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
products contain 0.5 % by mass or greater concentration of
Petroleum Products
asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).
D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in
Residual Fuels
1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms
D6560 Test Method for Determination ofAsphaltenes (Hep-
of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value), intrinsic
tane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
stabilityoftheoilymedium(So)andthesolvencyrequirements
ucts
of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).
D6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petro-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
leum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Laboratories
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 For definitions of some terms used in this test method,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
refer to Terminology D4175.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2 asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petro-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
leum technology, represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
specified aromatic solvent but separates upon addition of an
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, the aromatic sol-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
vent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is n-heptane.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 3.1.3 compatibility, n—of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils,
the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend
together within certain concentration ranges without evidence
of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
2
mittee D02.14 on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D7157 – 18. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7157-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7157 − 22
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude aromaticsolventtothearomaticplusparaffinicsolventmixture
oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or having the same peptizing power as the oil.
precipitation of asphaltenes. Some oils may be compatible
3.2.5 solvent aromaticity, n—of a binary mixture of a
within certain concentration ranges in specific mixtures, but
paraffınic and an aromatic solvent, the solvency power of the
incompatible outside those ranges.
binary mixture.
3.2.5.1 Discussion—For the purpos
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7157 − 18 D7157 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing
Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane
1
Phase Separation; Optical Detection)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by an automatic
instrument using an optical device.
1.2 This test method is applicable to residual products from thermal and hydrocracking processes, to products typical of
Specifications D396 Grades No. 5L, 5H, and 6, and D2880 Grades No. 3-GT and 4-GT, and to crude oils, providing these products
contain 0.5 % by mass or greater concentration of asphaltenes (see Test Method D6560).
1.3 This test method quantifies asphaltene stability in terms of state of peptization of the asphaltenes (S-value), intrinsic stability
of the oily medium (So) and the solvency requirements of the peptized asphaltenes (Sa).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual Fuels
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14
on Stability, Cleanliness and Compatibility of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018July 1, 2022. Published February 2019August 2022. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
D7157 – 12 (2018).D7157 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/D7157-18.10.1520/D7157-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7157 − 22
D6560 Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Heptane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6792 Practice for Quality Management Systems in Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of some terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.1.2 asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petroleum technology, represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a specified
aromatic solvent but separates upon addition of an excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
In this test method, the aromatic solvent is toluene and the paraffinic solvent is n-heptane.n-heptane.
3.1.3 compatibility, n—of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils, the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend together within
certain concentration ranges without evidence of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or precipitation of asphaltenes. Some
oils may be compatible within certa
...

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ASTM D8252-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Vanadium and Nickel in Crude and Residual Oil by X-ray Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a rapid and precise elemental measurement with simple sample preparation. Typical analysis times are approximately 4 min to 5 min per sample with a preparation time of approximately 1 min to 3 min per sample.  
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1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of total vanadium and nickel in crude and residual oil in the concentration ranges shown in Table 1 using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
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ASTM D7157-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Intrinsic Stability of Asphaltene-Containing Residues, Heavy Fuel Oils, and Crude Oils (n-Heptane Phase Separation; Optical Detection)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method describes a sensitive method for estimating the intrinsic stability of an oil. The intrinsic stability is expressed as S-value. An oil with a low S-value is likely to undergo flocculation of asphaltenes when stressed (for example, extended heated storage) or blended with a range of other oils. Two oils each with a high S-value are likely to maintain asphaltenes in a peptized state and not lead to asphaltene flocculation when blended together.  
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1.1 This test method covers procedures for quantifying the intrinsic stability of the asphaltenes in an oil by automatic instruments using optical detection.  
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ASTM
ASTM D5863-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of Nickel, Vanadium, Iron, and Sodium in Crude Oils and Residual Fuels by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When fuels are combusted, metals present in the fuels can form low melting compounds that are corrosive to metal parts. Metals present at trace levels in petroleum can deactivate catalysts during processing. These test methods provide a means of quantitatively determining the concentrations of vanadium, nickel, iron, and sodium. Thus, these test methods can be used to aid in determining the quality and value of the crude oil and residual oil.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of nickel, vanadium, iron, and sodium in crude oils and residual fuels by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Two different test methods are presented.  
1.2 Procedure A, Sections 8–14—Flame AAS is used to analyze a sample that is decomposed with acid for the determination of total Ni, V, and Fe.  
1.3 Procedure B, Sections 15–20—Flame AAS is used to analyze a sample diluted with an organic solvent for the determination of Ni, V, and Na. This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration to determine dissolved metals and does not purport to quantitatively determine nor detect insoluble particulates. Hence, this test method may underestimate the metal content, especially sodium, present as inorganic sodium salts.  
1.4 The concentration ranges covered by these test methods are determined by the sensitivity of the instruments, the amount of sample taken for analysis, and the dilution volume. A specific statement is given in Note 1.  
1.5 For each element, each test method has its own unique precision. The user can select the appropriate test method based on the precision required for the specific analysis.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard, unless specifically stated. Other units that appear in this standard are included for information purposes only or because they are in embedded pictures that cannot be edited.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 8.1, 9.2, 9.5, 11.2, 11.4, and 16.1.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8003-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Light Hydrocarbons and Cut Point Intervals in Live Crude Oils and Condensates by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines methane (nC1) to hexane (nC6), cut point carbon fraction intervals to nC24 and recovery (nC24+) of live crude oils and condensates without depressurizing, thereby avoiding the loss of highly volatile components and maintaining sample integrity. This test method provides a highly resolved light end profile which can aid in determining and improving appropriate safety measures and product custody transport procedures. Decisions in regards to marketing, scheduling, and processing of crude oils may rely on light end compositional results.  
5.2 Equation of state calculations can be applied to variables provided by this method to allow for additional sample characterization.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of light hydrocarbons and cut point intervals by gas chromatography in live crude oils and condensates with VPCR4 (see Note 1) up to 500 kPa at 37.8 °C.
Note 1: As described in Test Method D6377.  
1.2 Methane (C1) to hexane (nC6) and benzene are speciated and quantitated. Samples containing mass fractions of up to 0.5 % methane, 2.0 % ethane, 10 % propane, or 15 % isobutane may be analyzed. A mass fraction with a lower limit of 0.001 % exists for these compounds.  
1.3 This test method may be used for the determination of cut point carbon fraction intervals (see 3.2.1) of live crude oils and condensates from initial boiling point (IBP) to 391 °C (nC24). The nC24 plus fraction is reported.  
1.4 Dead oils or condensates sampled in accordance with 12.1 may also be analyzed.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as tubing size.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4310-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Sludging and Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Mineral Oils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.  
5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, during field service. However, no correlation with field service has been established.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers and is used to evaluate the tendency of inhibited mineral oil based steam turbine lubricants and mineral oil based anti-wear hydraulic oils to corrode copper catalyst metal and to form sludge during oxidation in the presence of oxygen, water, and copper and iron metals at an elevated temperature. The test method is also used for testing circulating oils having a specific gravity less than that of water and containing rust and oxidation inhibitors.  
Note 1: During round robin testing copper and iron in the oil, water and sludge phases were measured. However, the values for the total iron were found to be so low (that is, below 0.8 mg), that statistical analysis was inappropriate. The results of the cooperative test program are available (see Section 16).  
1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D943 where the oxidation stability of the same kinds of oils is determined by following the acid number of oil. The number of test hours required for the oil to reach an acid number of 2.0 mg KOH/g is the oxidation lifetime.  
1.3 Procedure A of this test method requires the determination and report of the weight of the sludge and the total amount of copper in the oil, water, and sludge phases. Procedure B requires the sludge determination only. The acid number determination is optional for both procedures.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7 and X1.1.5.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4929-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Organic Chloride Content in Crude Oil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Organic chlorides do not occur naturally in crude oil. When present, they result from contamination in some manner, such as disposal of chlorinated solvent used in many dewaxing pipeline or other equipment operations.  
5.1.1 Uncontaminated crude oil will contain no detectable organic chloride, and most refineries can handle very small amounts without deleterious effects.
5.1.1.1 Most trade contracts specify that no organic chloride is present in the crude oil.  
5.1.2 Several pipelines have set specification limits at  
5.1.2.1 To ensure Eq 3).  
5.1.3 Organic chloride present in the crude oil (for example, methylene chloride, perchloroethylene, etc.) is usually distilled into the naphtha fraction. Some compounds break down during fractionation and produce hydrochloric acid, which has a corrosive effect. Some compounds survive fractionation and are destroyed during hydro-treating (desulfurization of the naphtha).  
5.2 Other halides can also be used for dewaxing crude oil; in such cases, any organic halides will have similar impact on the refining operations as the organic chlorides.  
5.3 Organic chloride species are potentially damaging to refinery processes. Hydrochloric acid can be produced in hydrotreating or reforming reactors and the acid accumulates in condensing regions of the refinery. Unexpected concentrations of organic chlorides cannot be effectively neutralized and damage can result. Organic chlorides are not known to be naturally present in crude oils and usually result from cleaning operations at producing sites, pipelines, or tanks. It is important for the oil industry to have common methods available for the determination of organic chlorides in crude oil, particularly when transfer of custody is involved.
SCOPE
1.1 The procedures in this test method cover the determination of organic chloride (above 1 μg/g organically-bound chlorine) in crude oils, using either distillation and sodium biphenyl reduction, distillation and microcoulometry, or distillation and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry.  
1.2 The procedures in this test method involve the distillation of crude oil test specimens to obtain a naphtha fraction prior to chloride determination. The chloride content of the naphtha fraction of the whole crude oil can thereby be obtained. See Section 6 regarding potential interferences.  
1.3 Procedure A covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by sodium biphenyl reduction followed by potentiometric titration.  
1.4 Procedure B covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by oxidative combustion followed by microcoulometric titration.  
1.5 Procedure C covers the determination of organic chloride in the washed naphtha fraction of crude oil by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6.1 The preferred concentration units are micrograms of chloride per gram of sample, though milligrams of chloride per kilogram of sample is commonly used for Procedure C.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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