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ASTM E1571-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope

Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice outlines a procedure to standardize an instrument and to use the instrument to examine ferromagnetic wire rope products in which the electromagnetic, magnetic flux, magnetic flux leakage, or any combination of these methods is used. If properly applied, the electromagnetic and the magnetic flux methods are capable of detecting the presence, location, and magnitude of metal loss from wear and corrosion, and the magnetic flux leakage method is capable of detecting the presence and location of flaws such as broken wires and corrosion pits.
The instrument’response to the rope’fabrication, installation, and in-service-induced flaws can be significantly different from the instrument’response to artificial flaws such as wire gaps or added wires. For this reason, it is preferable to detect and mark (using set-up standards that represent) real in-service-induced flaws whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the wire rope.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of instruments that use the electromagnetic, the magnetic flux, and the magnetic flux leakage examination method to detect flaws and changes in metallic cross-sectional areas in ferromagnetic wire rope products.
1.1.1 This practice includes rope diameters up to 2.5 in. (63.5 mm). Larger diameters may be included, subject to agreement by the users of this practice.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
77.040.20 - Non-destructive testing of metals
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.07 - Electromagnetic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1571-01 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E1571-11 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope
Effective Date
01-Dec-2011
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM E1571-06 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire RopeASTM E1571-06 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope
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ASTM E1571-06 - Standard Practice for Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire Rope
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1571–06
Standard Practice for
Electromagnetic Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Wire
1
Rope
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1571; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 dual-function instrument—a wire rope NDT instru-
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization
ment designed to detect and display changes of metallic
of instruments that use the electromagnetic, the magnetic flux,
cross-sectional area on one channel and local flaws on another
and the magnetic flux leakage examination method to detect
channel of a dual-channel strip chart recorder or another
flaws and changes in metallic cross-sectional areas in ferro-
appropriate device.
magnetic wire rope products.
3.2.2 local flaw (LF)—a discontinuity in a rope, such as a
1.1.1 This practice includes rope diameters up to 2.5 in.
broken or damaged wire, a corrosion pit on a wire, a groove
(63.5 mm). Larger diameters may be included, subject to
worn into a wire, or any other physical condition that degrades
agreement by the users of this practice.
the integrity of the rope in a localized manner.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3 loss of metallic cross-sectional area (LMA)—a rela-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tive measure of the amount of material (mass) missing from a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
location along the wire rope and is measured by comparing a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
point with a reference point on the rope that represents
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
maximum metallic cross-sectional area, as measured with an
2. Referenced Documents instrument.
2
3.2.4 single-function instrument—a wire rope NDT instru-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ment designed to detect and display either changes in metallic
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
cross-sectional area or local flaws, but not both, on a strip chart
tive Testing
recorder or another appropriate device.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2.2 Other Documents:
4. Summary of Practice
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification and
3
4.1 The principle of operation of a wire rope nondestructive
Certification in Nondestructive Testing Personnel
examination instrument is as follows:
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
3
4.1.1 AC Electromagnetic Instrument—An electromagnetic
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
wire rope examination instrument works on the transformer
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
4
principle with primary and secondary coils wound around the
Personnel (Quality Assurance Committee)
rope (Fig. 1). The rope acts as the transformer core. The
3. Terminology
primary (exciter) coil is energized with a low frequency
alternating current (ac), typically in the 10 to 30 Hz range. The
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E1316 for general termi-
secondary (search) coil measures the magnetic characteristics
nology applicable to this practice.
of the rope. Any significant change in the magnetic character-
istics in the core (wire rope) will be reflected as voltage
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
changes (amplitude and phase) in the secondary coil. Electro-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on
Electromagnetic Method. magnetic instruments operate at relatively low magnetic field
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
strengths; therefore, it is necessary to completely demagnetize
published as E1571 – 93. Last previous edition E1571 – 01. DOI: 10.1520/E1571-
the rope before the start of an examination. This type of
06.
2
instrument is designed to detect changes in metallic cross-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
sectional area.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4.1.2 Direct Current and Permanent Magnet (Magnetic
the ASTM website.
3 Flux) Instruments—Direct current (dc) and permanent magnet
AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
instruments (Figs. 2 and 3) supply a constant flux that
28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
magnetizesalengthofropeasitpassesthroug
...

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4.1 The requirements in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images to produce satisfactory and consistent results. This practice is not intended for controlling the acceptability of the casting. The radioscopic method may be used for detecting volumetric discontinuities and density variations that are within the sensitivity range of this practice. The dynamic aspects of radioscopy are useful for maximizing defect response.
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1.3 Due to the many complex geometries and part configurations inherent with castings, it is necessary to recognize the potential limitations associated with obtaining complete radioscopic coverage. Consideration shall be given to areas where geometry or part configuration does not allow for complete radioscopic coverage.  
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ASTM E1815-18(2023)(Test Method)
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4.1 This test method provides a relative means for classification of film systems used for industrial radiography. The film system consists of the film and associated processing system (the type of processing and processing chemistry). Section 9 describes specific parameters used for this test method. In general, the classification for hard X-rays, as described in Section 9, can be transferred to other radiation energies and metallic screen types, as well as screens without films. The usage of film system parameters outside the energy ranges specified may result in changes to a film/system performance classification.  
4.1.1 The film performance is described by contrast and noise parameters. The contrast is represented by gradient and the noise by granularity.  
4.1.2 A film system is assigned a particular class if it meets the minimum performance parameters: for Gradient G at  D – D0 = 2.0 and D – D0 = 4.0, and gradient/noise ratio at D – D0 = 2.0, and the maximum performance parameter: granularity σD at  D = 2.0.  
4.2 This test method describes how the parameters shall be measured and demonstrates how a classification table can be constructed.  
4.3 Manufacturers of industrial radiographic film systems and developer chemistry will be the users of this test method. The result is a classification table as shown by the example given in Table 2. Another table also includes speed data for user information. Users of industrial radiographic film systems may also perform the tests and measurements outlined in this test method, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is followed strictly. (A) Family of films ranging in speed and image quality.  
4.4 The publication of classes for industrial radiography film systems will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system classes, which are capable of providing known image qualities. See 8.2.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the performance of film systems used for industrial radiography. This test method establishes minimum requirements that correspond to system classes.  
1.2 This test method is to be used only for direct exposure-type film exposed with lead intensifying screens. The performance of films exposed with fluorescent (light-emitting) intensifying screens cannot be determined accurately by this test method.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radiological Examination by Using Representative Quality Indicators (RQIs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of RQIs is a significant departure from normal practice in industrial radiology because it is not a standard design and is dependent on the application, material, and process and therefore cannot be a simple plaque or wire. The use of an RQI provides documented evidence that radiologic images have the level of quality necessary to reveal those nonconformances for which the parts are being examined by ensuring adequate spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in the areas of interest.  
5.2 Where conventional IQIs conforming to Practice E747 or E1025 can be used effectively, those practices should be followed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the radiological examination of unique materials or processes, or both, for which conventionally designed image quality indicators (IQIs), such as those described in Practices E747 and E1025, may be inadequate in controlling the quality and repeatability of the radiological image.  
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1.3 This practice is applicable to most radiological methods of examination.  
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Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Within the present state of the radiographic art, this guide is generally applicable to available materials, processes, and techniques where industrial radiographic films are used as the recording media.  
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1.3 The use of digital radiography has expanded and follows many of the same general principles of film based radiography but with many important differences. The user is referred to standards for digital radiography [E2597, E2698, E2736, and E2737 for digital detector array (DDA) radiography and E2007, E2033, E2445/E2445M, and E2446 for computed radiography(CR)] if considering the use of digital radiography.  
1.4 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretation and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide, beyond listing the available reference radiograph documents for castings and welds. Designation of accept - reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications and generally a matter of contractual agreement between producer and purchaser.  
1.5 Safety Practices—Problems of personnel protection against X-rays and gamma-rays are not covered by this guide. For information on this important aspect of radiography, reference should be made to the current document of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurement, Federal Register, U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, National Bureau of Standards, and to state and local regulations, if such exist. For specific radiation safety information, refer to NIST Handbook ANSI 43.3, 21 CFR 1020.40, and 29 CFR 1910.1096 or state regulations for agreement states.  
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5.1 The methods described provide indirect measurement of the thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 1200°F [650°C]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.  
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4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the magnetic flux.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for aerospace applications using the wet fluorescent method. Refer to Practice E3024/E3024M for industrial applications. Guide E709 can be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
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1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
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1.4 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
1.5 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
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ASTM E1814-14(2022)(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 CT may be performed on an object when it is in the as-cast, intermediate, or final machined condition. A CT examination can be used as a design tool to improve wax forms and moldings, establish process parameters, randomly check process control, perform final quality control (QC) examination for the acceptance or rejection of parts, and analyze failures and extend component lifetimes.  
4.2 The most common applications of CT for castings are for the following: locating and characterizing discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink; measuring as-cast part dimensions for comparison with design dimensions; and extracting dimensional measurements for reverse engineering.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for the examination of castings by the computed tomography (CT) technique. The requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the nondestructive examination by CT and are not intended for controlling the acceptability or quality of the castings. This practice implicitly suggests the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.  
1.2 This practice provides a uniform procedure for a CT examination of castings for one or more of the following purposes:  
1.2.1 Examining for discontinuities, such as porosity, inclusions, cracks, and shrink;  
1.2.2 Performing metrological measurements and determining dimensional conformance; and  
1.2.3 Determining reverse engineering data, that is, creating computer-aided design (CAD) data files.  
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ASTM E215-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Standardizing Equipment and Electromagnetic Examination of Seamless Aluminum-Alloy Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The examination is performed by passing the tube lengthwise through or near an eddy current sensor energized with alternating current of one or more frequencies. The electrical impedance of the eddy current sensor is modified by the proximity of the tube. The extent of this modification is determined by the distance between the eddy current sensor and the tube, the dimensions, and electrical conductivity of the tube. The presence of metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities in the tube will alter the apparent impedance of the eddy current sensor. During passage of the tube, the changes in eddy current sensor characteristics caused by localized differences in the tube produce electrical signals which are amplified and modified to actuate either an audio or visual signaling device or a mechanical marker to indicate the position of discontinuities in the tube length. Signals can be produced by discontinuities located either on the external or internal surface of the tube or by discontinuities totally contained within the tube wall.  
4.2 The depth of penetration of eddy currents in the tube wall is influenced by the conductivity (alloy) of the material being examined and the excitation frequency employed. As defined by the standard depth of penetration equation, the eddy current penetration depth is inversely related to conductivity and excitation frequency (Note 2). Beyond one standard depth of penetration (SDP), the capacity to detect discontinuities by eddy currents is reduced. Electromagnetic examination of seamless aluminum alloy tube is most effective when the wall thickness does not exceed the SDP or in heavier tube walls when discontinuities of interest are within one SDP. The limit for detecting metallurgical or mechanical discontinuities by way of conventional eddy current sensors is generally accepted to be approximately three times the SDP point and is referred to as the effective depth of penetration (EDP).
Note 2: The standard depth of penetratio...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 is for standardizing eddy current equipment employed in the examination of seamless aluminum-alloy tube. Artificial discontinuities consisting of flat-bottomed or through holes, or both, are employed as the means of standardizing the eddy current system. General requirements for eddy current examination procedures are included.  
1.2 Procedures for fabrication of reference standards are given in X1.1 and X2.1.  
1.3 This practice is intended for the examination of tubular products having nominal diameters up to 4 in. (101.6 mm) and wall thicknesses up to the standard depth of penetration (SDP) of eddy currents for the particular alloy (conductivity) being examined and the examination frequency being used.  
Note 1: This practice may also be used for larger diameters or heavier walls up to the effective depth of penetration (EDP) of eddy currents as long as adequate resolution is obtained and as specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria. They must be established by the using party or parties.  
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ASTM E1774-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducers (EMATs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Ultrasonic testing is a widely used nondestructive method for the examination of a material. The majority of ultrasonic examinations are performed using transducers that directly convert electrical energy into acoustic energy through the use of piezoelectric crystals. This guide describes an alternate technique in which electromagnetic energy is used to produce acoustic energy inside an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material. EMATs have unique characteristics when compared to conventional piezoelectric ultrasonic search units, making them a significant tool for some ultrasonic examination applications.  
4.2 Principle—An electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) generates and receives ultrasonic waves without the need to contact the material in which the acoustic waves are traveling. The use of an EMAT requires that the material to be examined be electrically conductive or ferromagnetic, or both. There are two basic components of an EMAT system, a magnet and a coil. The magnet may be an electromagnet or a permanent magnet, which is used to produce a magnetic field in the material under test. The coil is driven using alternating current at the desired ultrasonic frequency. The coil and AC current also induce a surface magnetic field in the material under test. In the presence of the static magnetic field, the surface current experiences Lorentz forces that produce the desired ultrasonic waves. Upon reception of an ultrasonic wave, the surface of the conductor oscillates in the presence of a magnetic field, thus inducing a voltage in the coil. The transduction process occurs within an electromagnetic skin depth. The EMAT forms the basis for a very reproducible noncontact system for generating and detecting ultrasonic waves.  
4.3 Specific Advantages—Since an EMAT technique does not have to be in contact with the material under examination, no fluid couplant is required. Important consequences of this include applications to moving objects, in...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended primarily for tutorial purposes. It provides an overview of the general principles governing the operation and use of electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) for ultrasonic examination.  
1.2 This guide describes a non-contact technique for coupling ultrasonic energy into an electrically conductive or ferromagnetic material, or both, through the use of electromagnetic fields. This guide describes the theory of operation and basic design considerations as well as the advantages and limitations of the technique.  
1.3 This guide is intended to serve as a general reference to assist in determining the usefulness of EMATs for a given application as well as provide fundamental information regarding their design and operation. This guide provides guidance for the generation of longitudinal, shear, Rayleigh, and Lamb wave modes using EMATs.  
1.4 This guide does not contain detailed procedures for the use of EMATs in any specific applications; nor does it promote the use of EMATs without thorough testing prior to their use for examination purposes. Some applications in which EMATs have been applied successfully are outlined in Section 9.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Co...

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ASTM
ASTM E3024/E3024M-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Testing for General Industry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Description of Process—Magnetic particle testing consists of magnetizing the area to be examined, applying suitably prepared magnetic particles while the area is magnetized, and subsequently interpreting and evaluating any resulting particle accumulations. Maximum detectability occurs when the discontinuity is positioned on the surface and perpendicular to the direction of magnetic flux in the part.  
4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the magnetic particle testing method. This practice is written so that it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the examination personnel and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed written procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes minimum requirements for magnetic particle testing used for the detection of surface or slightly subsurface discontinuities in ferromagnetic material. This practice is intended for industrial applications. Refer to Practice E1444/E1444M for aerospace applications. Guide E709 may be used in conjunction with this practice as a tutorial.  
1.2 The magnetic particle testing method is used to detect cracks, laps, seams, inclusions, and other discontinuities on or near the surface of ferromagnetic materials. Magnetic particle testing may be applied to raw material, billets, finished and semi-finished materials, welds, and in-service parts. Magnetic particle testing is not applicable to non-ferromagnetic metals and alloys such as austenitic stainless steels. See Appendix X1 for additional information.  
1.3 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the Level III or the cognizant engineering organization, as applicable, and the supplier.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 This standard is a combined standard, an ASTM standard in which rationalized SI units and inch-pound units are included in the same standard, with each system of units to be regarded separately as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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