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ASTM F1987-00a

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2 , Compression Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating Systems

Standard Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2 , Compression Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating Systems

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for multilayer pipe type 2 and compression fittings for hydronic heating systems, with a maximum pressure/temperature range of 1000 kPa (145 psi), at 82°C (180°F).
Note 1—Multilayer Pipe Type 2—Construction-based pressure rated pipe comprising more than one layer in which at least 60 % of the wall thickness is polymeric material.
1.2 Multilayer pipe type 2 is produced using a butt-welded aluminum pipe as a core, with an extruded inside layer of crosslinked polyethylene (PEX). An adhesive layer is used to bond the inside layer to the wall of the aluminum pipe. An outer layer of polyethylene (PE) and an adhesive layer are extruded to the outer wall of the aluminum pipe.
1.3 Multilayer pipe type 2 is produced in Configurations 1 and 2, as shown in Fig. 1.
1.4 This specification includes compression fittings, which are referenced in Fig. 2.
1.5 Specifications for threaded or solder adapters for use with pipe and fittings meeting the requirements of this specification are given in Annex A1 and Annex A2.
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.Note 2—Multilayer pipe type 2, configurations 1 and 2, for hydronic heating systems are not compatible for drinking water use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2000
ICS
23.040.45 - Plastics fittings
23.040.60 - Flanges, couplings and joints
Technical Committee
F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
Drafting Committee
F17.11 - Composite
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F1987-01 - Standard Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2 , Compression Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating Systems
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Referred By
ASTM F412-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
Effective Date
10-Apr-2000

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ASTM F1987-00a - Standard Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2 , Compression Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating SystemsASTM F1987-00a - Standard Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2 , Compression Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating Systems
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ASTM F1987-00a - Standard Specification for Multilayer Pipe Type 2 , Compression Fittings, and Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating Systems
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6 pages
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: F 1987 – 00a
Standard Specification for
Multilayer Pipe Type 2, Compression Fittings, and
Compression Joints for Hydronic Heating Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers requirements for multilayer
pipe type 2 and compression fittings for hydronic heating
systems, with a maximum pressure/temperature range of 1000
kPa (145 psi), at 82°C (180°F).
NOTE 1—Multilayer Pipe Type 2—Construction-based pressure rated
pipe comprising more than one layer in which at least 60 % of the wall
thickness is polymeric material.
Layer: 1 2 3 4 5
1.2 Multilayer pipe type 2 is produced using a butt-welded
Configuration 1 HDPE Adhesive Al - Adhesive PEX
(1)
Layer Alloy Layer crosslinkable
aluminum pipe as a core, with an extruded inside layer of
Configuration 2 MDPE Adhesive Al - Adhesive PEX
(1)
crosslinked polyethylene (PEX). An adhesive layer is used to
Layer Alloy Layer crosslinkable
bond the inside layer to the wall of the aluminum pipe. An
PEX : Material is being crosslinked partially during manufacturing process.
(1)
outer layer of polyethylene (PE) and an adhesive layer are
Final crosslinking takes place during use.
extruded to the outer wall of the aluminum pipe.
FIG. 1 Multilayer Pipe Sample for Configurations 1 and 2
1.3 Multilayer pipe type 2 is produced in Configurations 1
and 2, as shown in Fig. 1.
B 283 Specification for Copper and Copper-Alloy Die Forg-
1.4 This specification includes compression fittings, which
are referenced in Fig. 2. ings (Hot-Pressed)
B 455 Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloy (Leaded-
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
test method portion of this specification: This standard does Brass) Extruded Shapes
B 547/B 547M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this Alloy Formed and Arc-Welded Round Tube
B 584 Specification for Copper Alloy Sand Castings for
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
General Applications
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
to use.
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.01.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.02.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
with this specification.
NOTE 2—Multilayer pipe type 2, configurations 1 and 2, for hydronic
heating systems are not compatible for drinking water use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.11 on
Composite.
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published July 2000.
Originally published as F1987–00. Last previous edition F1987–00. FIG. 2 Compression Fittings and O-Rings for Multilayer Pipe
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1987
D 618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics and Electrical 3.2.3 lot, n—all pipe of the same size produced from one
Insulating Materials for Testing extrusion line during one designated period.
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density- 3.2.4 multilayer pipe—abbreviation used in this specifica-
Gradient Technique tion for multilayer pipe type 2.
D 1525 Test Method for Vicat Softening Temperature of
4 4. Classification
Plastics
4.1 Multilayer pipe and compression fittings produced un-
D 1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe
Under Constant Internal Pressure der this specification shall be suitable for hydronic heating
systems at specified pressure ratings and temperatures.
D 1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to
Plastics
4 5. Materials and Manufacture
D 1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics
5.1 Specification for Material and Manufacture of Multi-
D 2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
layer Pipe Configurations 1 and 2:
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
5.1.1 Polyethylene (PE), shall meet the requirement pro-
D 3222 Specification for Unmodified Poly(Vinylidene
vided in Specification D 3350 and shall equal or exceed a
Fluoride) (PVDF) Molding Extrusion and Coating Mate-
minimum cell classification of 234233 B or 345442 B. Color
rials
and form of the material shall be in accordance with the
D 3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and
agreement between purchaser and supplier under Specification
Fittings Materials
D 3350.
D 5033 Guide for the Development of Standards Relating to
5.1.2 Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX), shall equal or ex-
the Proper Use of Recycled Plastics
ceed a minimum cell classification 344543 A. Form of the
F 412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
material shall be in accordance with the agreement between
F 477 Specification for Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for
purchaser and supplier under Specification D 3350.
Joining Plastic Pipe
5.1.3 Adhesive Polymers, shall be modified low molecular
2.2 ISO Standard:
weight PE with a minimum density of 0.915 g/cm and
ISO 10508 Thermoplastics Pipe and Fittings for Hot and
different levels of comonomer for adhesion to aluminum and
Cold Water Systems
other substrates. The melting point shall not be less than 120°C
2.3 ARP Standard:
(248°F). Density shall be determined in accordance with Test
AS 568 A Aerospace Size Standard for O-Rings
Method D 1505 and melting point in accordance with Test
3. Terminology
Method D 1525.
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi- 5.1.4 Aluminum Pipe—Mechanical Properties—Minimum
nology F 412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Ter-
tensile strength shall be 80 MPa (11 600 psi), minimum
minology D 1600, unless otherwise specified. elongation shall be 22 % A5, in accordance with Test Method
3.1.1 crosslinkable polyethylene, n—plastic prepared by
B 547/B 547M.
crosslinking (curing) of PE compound partially during manu- 5.1.5 Reusable Material—Reusable material as defined in
facturing process and final crosslinking during use. Guide D 5033 issued from the multilayer pipe manufacturer
3.1.2 crosslinked polyethylene (PEX), n—plastic prepared shall be used for the outside coating of the multilayer pipe.
by crosslinking (curing) of polyethylene compound. 5.2 Specification for Material and Manufacture of Compres-
3.1.3 multilayer pipe type 2, n—pipe consisting of different sion Fittings for Multilayer Pipe:
materials with specific functional purpose to serve as pipe. 5.2.1 Compression fittings made from cast bronze shall
3.1.4 pressure ratings, PR, n—the maximum, continuous
meet the requirements of Specification B 584 UNS copper
water pressure at a specified temperature that is capable of alloy C 83600.
withstanding without failure.
5.2.2 Compression fittings made from brass shall meet the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: requirements of Specification B 455, copper alloy C 38500 or
3.2.1 adhesive, n—a low-molecular-weight PE that func-
Specification B 283 copper alloy C 37700.
tions as an adhesive layer and bonds the PEX to aluminum 5.2.3 Compression fittings made from plastic shall be injec-
pipe.
tion molded from virgin material and meet the requirements of
3.2.2 compression fittings for multilayer pipe, n—fittings Specification D 3222, Type II.
developed specially for multilayer pipe in which the aluminum
5.3 Material Specification for O-Rings—The O-ring mate-
core is used as compression sleeve to develop sufficient rial shall be EPDM, with a hardness of 70° IRHD, in
mechanical strength for the connection (see Fig. 2).
accordance with Specification F 477. O-ring dimensions shall
be in accordance with AS 568 A.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
6. Requirements
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
6.1 Multilayer Pipe Dimensions:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.03.
6.1.1 Outside Diameter—The outside diameter shall meet
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
the requirements of Table 1, when measured in accordance
13th floor, New York, NY, 10036.
9 with Test Method D 2122.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,
Warrendale, PA 15096. 6.1.2 Wall Thickness—The wall thickness of composite pipe
F 1987
TABLE 1 Composite Pipe Dimensions
Thickness Out-of-
Thickness
Thickness of of Thickness of Roundness
Outside Inside Diameter, of Inside Aluminum
Config- Wall Thickness, Inside PEX Outside Outside HDPE Minimum
Diameter, Adhesive Thickness,
uration mm (in.) Layer, Adhesive Layer, Inside
mm (in.) mm (in.) Layer, mm (in.)
mm (in.) Layer, mm (in.) Diameter,
mm (in.)
mm (in.) mm (in.)
126 6 0.2 20 6 0.2 3.00 +0.25 –0.1 1.25 6 0.15 0.15 0.70 +0.06 –0.02 0.15 0.75 6 0.15 19.3
(1.024 6 0.008) (0.787 6 0.008) (0.118 +0.010 –0.004) (0.049 6 0.006) (0.006) (0.028 +0.002 –0.001) (0.006) (0.030 6 0.006) (0.760)
16 6 0.2 11.5 6 0.2 2.25 +0.2 –0.1 0.60 +0.15 –0.1 0.15 0.40 +0.01 –0.03 0.15 0.95 +0.2 –0.1 10.8
(0.630 6 0.008) (0.453 6 0.008) (0.089 +0.008 –0.004) (0.024 +0.006 –0.004) (0.006) (0.016 +0.000– 0.001) (0.006) (0.037 +0.008 –0.004) (0.425)
220 6 0.2 15 6 0.2 2.50 +0.2 –0.1 0.70 +0.2 –0.1 0.15 0.47 +0.01 –0.03 0.15 1.03 +0.2 –0.1 14.3
(0.787 6 0.008) (0.591 6 0.008) (0.098 +0.008 –0.004) (0.028 +0.008 –0.004) (0.006) (0.019 +0.000– 0.001) (0.006) (0.041 +0.008 –0.004) (0.563)
TABLE 3
shall meet the requirements of Table 1 when measured in
Ø Pipes 16 20 26
accordance with Test Method D 2122. The wall thickness and
mm (in.) (0.630) (0.787) (1.024)
the outside diameter of the aluminum pipe shall be determined
a 27.3 30 34.4
prior to the next manufacturing steps.
(1.075) (1.181) (1.354)
6.1.3 Average Thickness of Inner and Outer Layers—The
b 10.75 12 14.35
(0.423) (0.472) (0.565)
average thickness of the inner and outer layers of the multilayer
c 5.8 6 5.7
pipe will be calculated as follows:
(0.228) (0.236) (0.224)
6.1.3.1 Average Thickness of the Outer Layer—The average
d 8.6 9.5 10.9
(0.339) (0.374) (0.429)
outside diameter of the multilayer pipe minus the average
e 6.85 7.2 8
outside diameter of the aluminum pipe multiplied by 0.5.
(0.270) (0.283) (0.315)
6.1.3.2 Average Thickness of the Inner Layer—The average f 5.8 6 6.4
(0.228) (0.236) (0.252)
wall thickness of the multilayer pipe minus the average wall
g 18.2 22.2 28.8
thickness of the aluminum pipe minus the average wall
(0.717) (0.874) (1.134)
thickness of the outer layer. h 14.4 18.3 23.9
(0.567) (0.720) (0.941)
6.1.4 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in coils or in
j 14.9 18.9 24.7
straight lengths in accordance with the agreement between
(0.587) (0.744) (0.972)
k 16.2 20.2 26.2
purchaser and seller. The tolerance shall be +100 mm for coiled
(0.638) (0.795) (1.031)
lengths, and +10 mm for straight lengths.
6.2 Compression Fitting/Dimensions—Compression fittings
shall meet the requirements of Table 2 when measured in
TABLE 4
accordance with Test Method D 2122.
Pipe Nominal Size,
6.2.1 Compression Tool—The compression tool shall meet Tooling Measurements, mm (in.)
mm (in.)
the requirements of Table 3 when measured in accordance with
A 6 0.20 (60.008) B 6 0.20 (60.008) C 6 0.20 (60.008)
Test Method D 2122.
16 ( ⁄8) 11.0 (0.433) 13.6 (0.535) 15.3 (0.602)
20 ( ⁄4) 14.5 (0.571) 17.6 (0.693) 20.0 (0.787)
6.3 Minimum Burst Pressure—The minimum burst pressure
26 (1) 19.5 (0.768) 23.3 (0.917) 25.7 (1.012)
for multilayer pipe and compression fittings for hydronic
heating systems shall be as given in Table 5.
6.4 Sustained Pressure—The multilayer pipe and fittings
pipe and fittings shall have adequate strength to accommodate
shall not fail at the test pressure and temperature given in Table
short-term conditions, 30 days at 100°C (212°F), 1200 kPa
6 when tested in accordance with 8.1.
(175 psi) until repairs can be made. Tests will be made in
6.5 Thermal Cycling Test—The multilayer pipe and fittings
accordance with 8.6.
shall not fail when tested in accordance with 8.2.
7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
6.6 Excessive Temperature/Pressure Capability—In the
event of a waterheating systems malfunction, the multilayer 7.1 Workmanship for Multilayer Pipe—Multilayer pipe
TABLE 2 Compression Fittings and O-Rings for Multilayer Pipe Dimensions
Ø Pipes mm (in.) 16 (0.630) 20 (0.787) 26 (1.024)
Ø A 11.3 – 0.1 (0.445 – 0.004) 14.8 – 0.1 (0.583 – 0.004) 19.8 – 0.1 (0.780 – 0.004)
Ø D –0.1 (–0.004) 9.2 (0.362) 12.7 (0.500) 17.3 (0.681)
ØF 10 6 0.1 (0.394 6 0.004) 13.4 6 0.1 (0.134 6 0.004) 18 6 0.1 (0.709 6 0.004)
Ø G 7.4 – 0.3 (0.291 – 0.012) 10.7 – 0.3 (0.421 – 0 .012) 15 – 0.3 (0.591 – 0.012)
Ø H –0.2 (–0.008) 17.9 (0.705) 21.9 (0.862) 28.5 (1.122)
I26 6 0.2 (1.024 6 0.008) 28.5 6 0.2 (1.122 6 0.008) 33 6 0.3 (1.299 6 0.012)
J 6 0.2 (6 0.008) 16.7 (0.657) 18 (0.709) 20.5 (0.807)
L 6 0.1 (6 0.004) 2 (0.079) 2 (0.079) 2.4 (0.094)
O-Ring 8.531.5 (0.33530.059) 1231.5 (0.47230.059) 15.631.78 (0.61430.070)
F 1987
psi). Each cycle shall comprise 15 min of cold water at 20 6
2°C (68 6 3.6°F) and 15 min of hot water at 90 6 2°C (194
6 3.6°F).
8.3 Water Hammer Test—Multilayer pipe and fittings shall
not fail when subjected to 10 000 cycles. Tests shall be
performed at room temperature, pressure cycles alternating
between 100 6 50 kPa (14.51 6 7.25 psi) and 1500 6 50 kPa
(220 6 7.25 psi) at a rate of 30 6 5 per min. Test in accordance
with ISO 10508, referring to Fig. 5.
8.4 Delamination—Multilayer pipe shall not delaminate
when tested with the adapter tool, as described in Fig. 6. The
depth to which the adapter tool is to be inserted shall be
marked. No delamination of bond shall occur.
8.5 Fusion Line Test—The adapter tool has to be inserted
into the multilayer pipe to the indicated depth (see Fig. 6). No
visible damage shall occur on the fusion line or at any place of
the aluminum section.
FIG. 3 Compression Tools for Multilayer Pipes
8.6 Excessive Temperature/Pressure Capability—Test six
assemblies of multilayer pipe and fittings selected at random in
TABLE 5 Burst Pressure Test for Multilayer Pipe and
accordance with Test Method D 1598, except
...

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile-node bond strength of honeycomb core materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1894-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Flash X-ray facilities provide intense bremsstrahlung radiation environments, usually in a single sub-microsecond pulse, which often fluctuates in amplitude, shape, and spectrum from shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must be fielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, see ICRU Report 34. These intense bremsstrahlung sources have a variety of applications which include the following:
(1) Studies of the effects of X-rays and gamma rays on materials.
(2) Studies of the effects of radiation on electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and capacitors.
(3) Computer code validation studies.  
4.2 This guide is written to assist the experimenter in selecting the needed dosimetry systems for use at pulsed X-ray facilities. This guide also provides a brief summary on how to use each of the dosimetry systems. Other guides (see Section 2) provide more detailed information on selected dosimetry systems in radiation environments and should be consulted after an initial decision is made on the appropriate dosimetry system to use. There are many key parameters which describe a flash X-ray source, such as dose, dose rate, spectrum, pulse width, etc., such that typically no single dosimetry system can measure all the parameters simultaneously. However, it is frequently the case that not all key parameters must be measured in a given experiment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and dose rate techniques are described.  
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash X-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.  
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8165-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Load-Carrying Capacity of Lubricants Used in Hypoid Final-Drive Axles Operated under Low-Speed and High-Torque Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures a lubricant's ability to protect hypoid final drive axles from abrasive wear, adhesive wear, plastic deformation, and surface fatigue when subjected to low-speed, high-torque conditions. Lack of protection can lead to premature gear or bearing failure, or both.  
5.2 This test method is used, or referred to, in specifications and classifications of rear-axle gear lubricants such as:  
5.2.1 Specification D7450.  
5.2.2 American Petroleum Institute (API) Publication 1560.  
5.2.3 SAE J308.  
5.2.4 SAE J2360.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the L-37-1 test, describes a test procedure for evaluating the load-carrying capacity, wear performance, and extreme pressure properties of a gear lubricant in a hypoid axle under conditions of low-speed, high-torque operation.3  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—Where there is no direct SI equivalent such as National Pipe threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source supply equipment specification.
1.2.1.1 The drawing in Annex A6 is in inch-pound units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are provided in 7.2 and 10.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F319-19(2024)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Polarized Light Detection of Flaws in Aerospace Transparency Heating Elements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful as a screening basis for acceptance or rejection of transparencies during manufacturing so that units with identifiable flaws will not be carried to final inspection for rejection at that time.  
4.2 This practice may also be employed as a go-no go technique for acceptance or rejection of the finished product.  
4.3 This practice is simple, inexpensive, and effective. Flaws identified by this practice, as with other optical methods, are limited to those that produce temperature gradients when electrically powered. Any other type of flaw, such as minor scratches parallel to the direction of electrical flow, are not detectable.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a standard procedure for detecting flaws in the conductive coating (heater element) by the observation of polarized light patterns.  
1.2 This practice applies to coatings on surfaces of monolithic transparencies as well as to coatings imbedded in laminated structures.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D187-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not otherwise specified;  
5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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