ASTM D2653-01
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of "as produced" elastomeric yarns made from natural rubber, spandex or other elastomers, using a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine. The properties included in this test method are: (1) force at first filament break, ( 2) tenacity at first filament break, (3) elongation at first filament break, (4) work to break at first filament break, and (5) toughness at first filament break.
1.2 This test method does not apply to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns in the range from 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the U.S. Customary units are given in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 2653 – 01
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile
Testing Machines)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2653; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 6717 Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric
Yarns (Skein Specimens)
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
properties of “as produced” elastomeric yarns made from
3. Terminology
natural rubber, spandex or other elastomers, using a constant-
3.1 Definitions:
rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine. The
3.1.1 elastomeric yarn, n—a nontextured yarn which can be
properties included in this test method are: (1) force at first
stretched repeatedly at room temperature to at least twice its
filament break, (2) tenacity at first filament break, (3) elonga-
originallengthandwhichafterremovalofthetensileforcewill
tion at first filament break, (4) work to break at first filament
immediately and forcibly return to approximately its original
break, and (5) toughness at first filament break.
length.
1.2 This test method does not apply to covered, wrapped, or
3.1.2 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
core-spun yarns or yarns spun from elastomeric staple.
to the length of the material prior to stretching.
1.3 Thistestmethodisapplicabletoelastomericyarnsinthe
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, the elongation is
range from 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).
determined at the first filament break.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary
3.1.3 force, n—a physical influence exerted by one body on
units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text,
another which produces acceleration of bodies that are free to
the U.S. Customary units are given in parentheses. The values
move and deformation of bodies that are not free to move.
stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In elastomeric yarns, force at first fila-
system shall be used independently of the other.
ment break is more important than breaking force or force at
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rupture.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.4 linear density, n—for fiber and yarn,mass per unit
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
length.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.5 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specimen based on the linear density of the unstrained speci-
2. Referenced Documents men.
3.1.6 toughness, n—the capacity of a material to absorb
2.1 ASTM Standards:
energy.
D 76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
2 3.1.6.1 Discussion—In a force-extension curve, toughness
tiles
is represented by the area under the curve from the origin to a
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
2 specified extension, usually extension at break but, for elasto-
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
meric yarns, the extension at first filament break.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
3.1.7 work, n—the energy expended in displacing a body;
D 2591 Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric
mathematically, force times distance.
Yarns (Short-length Specimens)
3.1.8 work to break, n—the energy expended up to the
D 4848 Terminology for Force, Deformation and Related
breaking force.
Properties of Textiles
3.1.8.1 Discussion—For elastomeric yarns, the work to
break is calculated using the force at first filament break rather
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles than the traditional breaking force.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2001. Published November 2001. Originally
published as D 2653 – 67. Discontinued 1979 and reinstated as D 2653 – 01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2653–01
3.1.9 For definitions of other terms related to force and 6. Apparatus
deformation, refer to Terminology D 4848. For definitions of
6.1 Specimen Boards, with short pile or plush surfaces or
other terms related to textiles used in this standard, refer to
black or contrasting color, for storing specimens during con-
Terminology D 123.
ditioning.
6.2 Tensile Testing Machine, CRE-type, conforming to
4. Summary of Test Method
Specification D 76 with respect to force indication, working
range, capacity and verification of recorded elongation, and
4.1 A specimen is clamped in a CRE-type tensile testing
designed for operation at a pulling speed of 500 mm/min (20
machine and extended to rupture. Force at first filament break
in./min) or 1000 % extension per min.
and elongation at first filament break, work and toughness are
6.3 Clamping Assembly, pneumatically operated, with jaw
calculated from a force-elongation curve or with an interfaced
faces as described in 6.3.1 or 6.3.2.
computer. Tenacity at first filament break can be calculated
6.3.1 Option A, Preferred—One jaw with a flat acrylic face
based on the determined linear density of the yarn. Other
nominally 25 mm 3 12.5 mm (1 in. 3 0.5 in.) and the
properties, such as force at specified elongation (FASE),
opposing jaw approximately 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) wide with a
elongation at specified force (EASF), may also be calculated.
convex [approximately 7.1 mm (0.28 in.) radius], steel or
chrome face.
5. Significance and Use
6.3.2 Option B—One jaw with a flat, steel or chrome face
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep- nominally 25 mm 3 12.5 mm (1 in. 3 0.5 in.) and the
tance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates
opposing jaw approximately 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) wide with a
of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method convex [approximately 8.5 mm (0.375 in.) radius] acrylic face.
is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. 6.4 Computer or Microprocessor, interfaced, with auto-
matic data gathering system, optional.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
6.5 Tensioning Weights, with various masses from 10 mg to
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
3 g as required to pretension the specimen to 30 to 50 mN/tex
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
(0.3 to 0.5 mgf/d) before testing.
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
6.6 Air Supply, capable of providing 415 kPa (60 psi) to the
assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative
pneumatic clamps.
teststhatareashomogeneousaspossible,drawnfromthesame
lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories
take a random number of shipping units directed in an
involved should be compared using a statistical test for
applicable material specification or other agreement between
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
Practice D 2258. Consider shipping cases or other shipping
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
units to be the primary sampling units.
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 The force at first filament break of elastomeric yarns NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
may depend on its construction and manufacturing process and
between shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit,
provides an indication of the breaking strength of fabrics made
and between specimens from a single package to provide a sampling with
from the yarn.
a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level
5.3 Elongation is an indication of the ability of a fiber to
and limiting quality level.
absorb energy. The elongation of yarn or fabric must be great
7.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
enough to withstand strains experienced in processing and end
tance testing, take at random from each shipping unit in the lot
use, and to absorb the energies of applied forces repeatedly.
sample the number of packages directed in an applicable
5.4 Fabric manufacturers use force and elongation informa-
material specification or other agreement between the pur-
tion of elastomeric yarns in determining machine set-up
chaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use Practice
conditions.
D 2258. Preferably, take the same number of packages from
5.5 Other parameters such as elongation at specified force eachoftheshippingunits,determineatrandomwhichshipping
(EASF), force (or tenacity) at specified elongation (FASE, units are to have each number of packages for testing.
TASE), work and toughness may be calculated from force- 7.3 Test Specimens—From each package or end in the
elongation curves. EASF and FASE information is needed for laboratory sample, take specimens as directed in 7.3.1.
7.3.1 Remove the outer layer of yarn from the package.
tests involving cycling of yarn in determination of elastic
Avoid any damaged areas in selecting segments for testing.
properties.
Carefully unwind yarn from the package with as low as tension
5.6 This test method was developed using elastomeric yarns
in the “as-produced” condition, but may be used for treated
elastomeric yarns provided the treatment is specified. The
method does not cover the removal of finish for determination
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available. Clamps may need to be
of tensile properties of “finish-free” elastomeric yarns. modified to accept jaw faces and attachment to some tensile testing machine.
D2653–01
as possible to avoid stretching.As test specimens, cut approxi- 10.4 Position a specimen centrally between the top clamp
mately 125 mm (5 in.) long segments of yarn from each faces and close the clamp. Ensure that the tensioning weight is
package, taking them at intervals of at least1m(1 yd). Three hanging freely below the botton clamp.
ofthesixspecimensareusedassparetoallowforunacceptable 10.5 Close the lower clamp and remove the tensioning
breaks, such as caused by slippage or breaking in the clamps. weight.
7.4 Determine the tex (denier) of the yarn for each labora- 10.6 Start the tester and observe the specimen behavior.
torysampleusingTestMethodD 2591orTestMethodD 6717. Record the breaking force when the first filament break is
observed.
8. Preparation of Apparatus
10.6.1 If the specimen breaks within 3 mm (0.13 in.) of
8.1 Prepare and verify the calibration of the tensile testing either jaw, or the slippage is indicated by a leveling in the force
machine as directed in the manufacturer’s instructions. direction with abnormally high elongation, discard the result
8.2 Set up and adjust the CRE-type tensile testing machine and test another specimen from the same package.
as follows: 10.6.2 If many specimens exhibit what appears to be slip-
8.2.1 Examine the acrylic jaw face of the clamps for wear page, replace the acrylic jaw face and retest.
and replace as needed. Position the clamp faces with their 10.7 Remove the specimen and continue testing until a total
contact line horizontal. of 3 specimens have been tested for each laboratory sampling
8.2.2 Set the distance between clamps, (gage length) to 50 unit.
61mm(2 6 0.05 in.), nip to nip.
11. Calculation or Interpretation of Results
NOTE 2—A convenient technique for checking the gage length is to
11.1 Force at First Filament Break—Calculate the Force at
place a piece of carbon paper and white paper in the clamps and close the
First Filament Break (FFB) as follows:
clamps. The distance between the marks made on the white paper by the
11.1.1 ReadtheforceatFFBvaluetothenearest0.1cN(0.1
carbon paper represents the set gage length.
gf) from the force elongation curve and record the value.
8.2.3 Use a force measuring system such that the breaking
force will fall between 30 and 80 percent of its full scale NOTE 4—In elastomeric yarns, FFB is the first on the force-elongation
curve that is followed by a drop in force of at least 5 % of the force at that
capacity.
point for this specimen or the equivalent in a computer algorithm.
8.2.4 Setthecrossheadspeedto500mm/min(20in./min)or
1000 % extension per min. 11.1.2 Calculate the average force at FFB for each labora-
8.2.5 Set the extension measuring system as follows: tory sampling unit and for the lot.
8.2.5.1 When using a chart recorder, set the chart speed to 11.2 Tenacity at First Filament Break—Calculate the Te-
500 mm/min (20 in./min). Not needed with computer inter- nacity at First Filament break as follows:
faced testing machines. 11.2.1 Calculate the tenacity at FFB for each specimen to
8.2.5.2 When using an interfaced computer or microproces- the nearest 0.1 cN/tex (0.01 gf/d), using Eq 1.
sor, set parameters to obtain selected properties using suppli-
T 5 F/D (1)
er’s directions and Specification D 76.
8.2.6 Set air pressure for pneumatic clamps to 415 kPa (60 where:
T = tenacity at FFB, cN/tex (gf/d),
psi).At this pressure, the clamping force is approximately 450
F = force at FFB, cN (gf), and
N (100 lb).
D = average linear density, tex (denier).
9. Conditioning
11.2.2 Calculate the average breaking tenacity for each
laboratory sampling unit and for the lot.
9.1 No preconditioning is required. for currently produced
11.3 Percent Elongation at First Filament Break—
rubber yarns and other elastomeric yarns.
Calculate the Percent Elongation at First Filament Break as
9.2 Condition the specimens relaxed on specimen boards in
follows:
the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in
11.3.1 Read the elongation at the force at FFB value for
Practice D 1776 which is 21 6 1°C (70 6 2°F) and 65 62%
each specimen to the nearest 0.1 % from the force-elongation
relative humidity for a minimum of 4 h.
curves.
10. Procedure 11.3.1.1 If force-extension curves are used, determine the
extension corresponding to the force at FFB and calculate the
10.1 Test the relaxed specimens in the standard atmosphere
percent elongat
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