ASTM E745-80(1996)
(Practice)Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field service for evaluating the performance under corrosive conditions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these test procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design.
1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evaluate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation of solar heating and cooling systems. These conditions include: (1) operating full flow; (2) stagnant empty vented; (3) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and (4) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, draindown.
1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three tests:
1.3.1 Practice A- Laboratory Exposure Test for Coupon Specimens.
1.3.2 Practice B- Laboratory Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents.
1.3.3 Practice C- Field Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents.
1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It utilizes coupon test specimens and does not provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of a solar heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a field simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of operation in a field test.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific safety precaution statement see Section 6.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: E 745 – 80 (Reapproved 1996)
Standard Practices for
Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic
Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in
Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope operation in a field test.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
service for evaluating the performance under corrosive condi-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
tions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific safety
metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid
precaution statement see Section 6.
pair. Performance in these test procedures, taken by itself, does
not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or
2. Referenced Documents
rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design.
E 712 Practice for Laboratory Screening of Metallic Con-
1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evalu-
tainment Materials for Use With Liquids in Solar Heating
ate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment
and Cooling Systems
materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
of solar heating and cooling systems. These conditions include:
rosion Test Specimens
(1) operating full flow; (2) stagnant empty vented; ( 3)
stagnant, closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and ( 4)
3. Terminology
stagnant, closed to atmosphere, draindown.
3.1 Definitions:
1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three
3.1.1 collector, n—a device designed to absorb incident
tests:
solar radiation and transfer the energy to a heat-transfer fluid.
1.3.1 Practice A—Laboratory Exposure Test for Coupon
A collector has an absorber surface, a containment membrane,
Specimens.
and may or may not have insulation and glazing.
1.3.2 Practice B—Laboratory Exposure Test of Compo-
3.1.2 panel, n—the absorber surface and containment mem-
nents or Subcomponents.
brane within the collector.
1.3.3 Practice C—Field Exposure Test of Components or
3.1.3 component, n—an individually distinguishable prod-
Subcomponents.
uct that forms part of a more complex product, that is, a
1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various
subsystem or system. The panel and collector are each com-
operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It
ponents.
utilizes coupon test specimens and does not provide for heating
3.1.4 simulated subcomponent, n—a specimen fabricated in
of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a
such a manner as to embody the major characteristics of a
laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of a solar
component with regard to material selection, design, forming,
heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simu-
joining, and surface condition.
lated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating
of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a
4. Significance and Use
field simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating
4.1 At this time none of these practices have been demon-
and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated
strated to correlate with field service.
subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of
4.2 Because these procedures do not restrict the selection of
either the containment material or the fluid for testing, it is
essential that consideration be given to the appropriate pairing
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on
Solar, Geothermal, and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Subsystems
and Systems. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
Current edition approved May 30, 1980. Published August 1980. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 745
of metal and fluid. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion 7. Calculations and Interpretation of Results
protection mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a
7.1 Determine the deterioration of the containment material
particular metal is helpful in the selection of test conditions and
by measurement of weight loss when possible, by measure-
the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.
ment of metal thinning, and by examination at 103 magnifi-
4.3 It is important that consideration be given to each of the
cation for incidence of localized attack.
permitted variables in test procedure so that the results will be
7.1.1 Whatever cleaning method is used, the possibility of
meaningfully related to field performance. It is especially
removal of solid metal is present; this results in error in the
important that the time of testing selected be adequate to
determination of the corrosion rate. One or more cleaned and
correctly measure the rate of corrosion of the containment
examined specimens should be recleaned by the same method
material.
and re-examined. Loss due to this second cleaning may be used
as a correction to the first one.
NOTE 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent
phenomenon. This time dependence can show substantial nonlinearity. For 7.1.2 To determine the corrosion rates based on weight loss,
example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with
calculate the total surface area (making allowance for the
time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate corrosion with
change in surface area due to mounting holes) and divide the
time. The minimum time required for a test to provide a corrosion rate that
weight loss by the area to obtain the weight loss per unit area.
can be extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies
This result may be divided by the duration of the test to obtain
widely, depending on the selection of metal and fluid, and on the form of
the corrosion rate in weight loss per unit area per unit time
corrosion attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single
(such as mg/dm ·day = mdd). This result may be divided by the
minimum length of test applicable to all materials and conditions.
However, it is recommended that for the tests described in these practices, density of the metal to obtain a rate of loss in terms of thickness
a test period of no less than 6 months be used. Furthermore, it is
of the specimen (mils per year = mpy), for instance:
recommended that the effect of time of testing be evaluated to detect any
R 5 100 000 W 2 W !/AT! (1)
~
mdd o t
significant time dependence of corrosion attack.
4.4 It is essential for the meaningful application of these
where:
procedures that the length of test be adequate to detect changes
R = the corrosion rate, mdd,
mdd
in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter the
W = original weight, g,
o
corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of chemical
W = final weight, g,
t
inhibitor or chemical breakdown of the fluid may occur after
A = area, cm , and
periods of months in selected cycles of operation.
T = duration, days.
NOTE 2—Many fluids that may be considered for solar applications or
contain additives to minimize the corrosivity of the fluid. Many such
R 5 393.7 W 2 W /ATD! (2)
~
mpy o t
additives are useful only within a specific concentration range, and some
additives may actually accelerate corrosion if the concentration falls
below a critical level. Depletion kinetics can be a strong function of the
where:
exposed metal surface area. Therefore, for tests involving fluids with such
R = corrosion rate, mpy,
mpy
additives, consideration must be given to the ratio of metal surface area to
W = original weight, g,
o
fluid volume as it may relate to an operating system.
W = final weight, g,
t
A = area, cm ,
5. Materials
T = duration, years, and
5.1 Any metallic material may be selected for evaluation.
D = density, g/cm .
The material must be capable of being described with sufficient
7.1.3 Identify any incidence of localized corrosion, whether
accuracy to permit reproduction of the test.
pitting, crevice attack, intergranular attack, cracking, or any
5.2 Any heat-transfer fluid may be selected for evaluation.
other form of localized attack, rate under at least 103
However, it is expected that the fluid will be selected with
magnification, and report. Report the location, distribution, and
consideration given to possible interactions of material and
maximum depth of attack for any localized attack.
fluid under the conditions of testing. The fluid should be
7.2 Report any changes of the heat-transfer fluid, for ex-
capable of being described chemically, as to its basic compo-
ample, appearance or odor, and include the results. Describe
nents and as to the presence or absence of minor components
any changes in the appearance or condition of the test
that affect the interaction with the metal. It is permitted to
apparatus indicative of interaction with the metal specimen or
precondition the fluid before testing. Any such preconditioning
fluid.
treatment shall be described in the report.
7.3 In the event of film formation and buildup, report the
nature of the film and its degree of buildup.
6. Safety Precautions
7.4 For the evaluation of a containment material couple, an
6.1 Particular attention must be directed to avoidance of effort should be made to utilize the same procedures as for a
materials, fluids, or metal/fluid pairs that can be hazardous to single material test. However, because of the variability per-
the operator. The flammability, vapor pressure, and toxicity of mitted in the design of the specimen for the couple, it may not
the heat transfer fluid shall be known prior to initiation of be appropriate to report weight loss or penetration. For all tests
testing and appropriate precautionary measures shall be taken of metal couple/fluid performance, special attention should be
to ensure the safety of all test personnel. given to observation and reporting of localized corrosion and
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 745
evidence of galvanic attack. 10.2 For laboratory corrosion tests that simulate exposure to
service environments, a commercial surface such as a mill
8. Report
finish, closely resembling the one that would be used in
8.1 Identify the containment material using a recognized
service, will yield the most significant results. For more
standard test method, where applicable, or by chemical analy-
searching tests of either the metal or the environment, standard
sis. In case of identification by a standard method, supplemen-
surface finishes may be preferred. Ideally, the surface finish
tal identification by typical analysis for that standard, or by
should be recorded in surface roughness terms, such as rms·in.
chemical analysis of the specimen is desirable.
10.3 General Cleaning:
8.2 Report the dimensions and configuration of the speci-
10.3.1 General cleaning may be accomplished with a wide
men. In the case of a metal couple, the report shall include at
variety of cleaning media. Water-based cleaners should be
least the following elements: (1) description of the individual
followed by an alcohol dip after thorough rinsing. Solvent
components of the couple; (2) description of the method of
cleaners such as petroleum fractions, aromatic hydrocarbons,
attachment or association of the couple including any third
and chlorinated hydrocarbons are generally acceptable. Chlo-
material introduced as a binder or for other function and the
rinated solvents, however, should not be used on titanium,
procedures or connection, for example, surface preparation,
staininless steel, or aluminum. Mechanical cleaning of very
conditions of attachment, and cleaning; (3) any change of the
smooth surfaces may be accomplished by using a pase of
containment materials resulting from the coupling procedure;
magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide.
and (4) description of the relative areas of exposure of the
10.3.2 Any of the methods suitable for cleaning a given
components of the couple to the heat-transfer medium.
corroded specimen may be used to complete the cleaning of
8.3 The heat-transfer fluid shall be identified by standard
specimens prior to test, provided that they do not cause
methods where applicable, by initial chemical analysis, or by
localized attack. The cleaned specimens should be measured
proprietary designation. Use of trademarks, or names of
and weighted. Dimensions determined to the third significant
patented or proprietary products, without accompanying
figure and weight determined to the fifth significant figure are
chemical description is discouraged but not prohibited. For
usually satisfactory.
aqueous transfer fluids, the analysis of the water used shall be
10.4 Metallurgical Condition—Specimen preparation may
reported.
change the metallurgical condition of the metal. For example,
8.4 Identify the procedure used. Specify the test conditions
shearing a specimen to size will cold work and possibly
used, including specimen preparation, time and temperature
fracture the edges. The specimen may be tested in this
schedule, degree of atmospheric exposure of the heat transfer
condition if it is believed that such condition may be encoun-
fluid, stirring, and flow rate, where applicable. Describe the
tered in service. In such case, the condition shall be described
method of temperature measurement and control, with com-
in the report of results. However, it is recommended that
ment on its accuracy and precision. Report any deviation from
changes in metallurgical condition be corrected for customary
the standard procedure and so identify as a deviation.
testing. For example, sheared edges sh
...
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