ASTM E745-80(2003)
(Practice)Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
Standard Practices for Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field service for evaluating the performance under corrosive conditions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these test procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design.
1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evaluate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation of solar heating and cooling systems. These conditions include: (1) operating full flow; (2) stagnant empty vented; ( 3) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and ( 4) stagnant, closed to atmosphere, draindown.
1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three tests:
1.3.1 Practice ALaboratory Exposure Test for Coupon Specimens.
1.3.2 Practice BLaboratory Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents.
1.3.3 Practice CField Exposure Test of Components or Subcomponents.
1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It utilizes coupon test specimens and does not provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of a solar heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a field simulation of various operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of operation in a field test.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific safety precaution statement see Section 6.
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Designation:E745–80(Reapproved2003)
Standard Practices for
Simulated Service Testing for Corrosion of Metallic
Containment Materials for Use With Heat-Transfer Fluids in
Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 745; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope subcomponent construction. It utilizes controlled schedules of
operation in a field test.
1.1 These practices cover test procedures simulating field
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
service for evaluating the performance under corrosive condi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tions of metallic containment materials in solar heating and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
coolingsystems.Alltestresultsrelatetotheperformanceofthe
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid
bilityofregulatorylimitationspriortouse.Foraspecificsafety
pair. Performance in these test procedures, taken by itself, does
precaution statement see Section 6.
not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or
rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and
2. Referenced Documents
cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 These practices describe test procedures used to evalu-
E 712 Practice for Laboratory Screening of Metallic Con-
ate the resistance to deterioration of metallic containment
tainment Materials for Use With Liquids in Solar Heating
materials in the several conditions that may occur in operation
and Cooling Systems
ofsolarheatingandcoolingsystems.Theseconditionsinclude:
G 1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Cor-
(1) operating full flow; (2) stagnant empty vented; ( 3)
rosion Test Specimens
stagnant, closed to atmosphere, non-draindown; and ( 4)
stagnant, closed to atmosphere, draindown.
3. Terminology
1.3 The recommended practices cover the following three
3.1 Definitions:
tests:
3.1.1 collector, n—a device designed to absorb incident
1.3.1 Practice A—Laboratory Exposure Test for Coupon
solar radiation and transfer the energy to a heat-transfer fluid.
Specimens.
A collector has an absorber surface, a containment membrane,
1.3.2 Practice B—Laboratory Exposure Test of Compo-
and may or may not have insulation and glazing.
nents or Subcomponents.
3.1.2 panel, n—the absorber surface and containment mem-
1.3.3 Practice C—Field Exposure Test of Components or
brane within the collector.
Subcomponents.
3.1.3 component, n—an individually distinguishable prod-
1.4 Practice A provides a laboratory simulation of various
uct that forms part of a more complex product, that is, a
operating conditions of solar heating and cooling systems. It
subsystem or system. The panel and collector are each com-
utilizescoupontestspecimensanddoesnotprovideforheating
ponents.
of the fluid by the containment material. Practice B provides a
3.1.4 simulated subcomponent, n—a specimen fabricated in
laboratory simulation of various operating conditions of a solar
such a manner as to embody the major characteristics of a
heating and cooling system utilizing a component or a simu-
component with regard to material selection, design, forming,
lated subcomponent construction, and does provide for heating
joining, and surface condition.
of the fluid by the containment material. Practice C provides a
fieldsimulationofvariousoperatingconditionsofsolarheating
4. Significance and Use
and cooling systems utilizing a component or a simulated
4.1 At this time none of these practices have been demon-
strated to correlate with field service.
4.2 Because these procedures do not restrict the selection of
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on
either the containment material or the fluid for testing, it is
Solar, Geothermal, and Other Alternative Energy Sources and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Subsystems
and Systems.
Current edition approved May 30, 1980. Published August 1980. Origianlly Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 12.02.
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E 745–80(1996). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E745–80 (2003)
essential that consideration be given to the appropriate pairing 7. Calculations and Interpretation of Results
of metal and fluid. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion
7.1 Determine the deterioration of the containment material
protection mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a
by measurement of weight loss when possible, by measure-
particularmetalishelpfulintheselectionoftestconditionsand
ment of metal thinning, and by examination at 103 magnifi-
the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.
cation for incidence of localized attack.
4.3 It is important that consideration be given to each of the
7.1.1 Whatever cleaning method is used, the possibility of
permitted variables in test procedure so that the results will be
removal of solid metal is present; this results in error in the
meaningfully related to field performance. It is especially
determination of the corrosion rate. One or more cleaned and
important that the time of testing selected be adequate to
examined specimens should be recleaned by the same method
correctly measure the rate of corrosion of the containment
andre-examined.Lossduetothissecondcleaningmaybeused
material.
as a correction to the first one.
NOTE 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent
7.1.2 To determine the corrosion rates based on weight loss,
phenomenon.Thistimedependencecanshowsubstantialnonlinearity.For
calculate the total surface area (making allowance for the
example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with
change in surface area due to mounting holes) and divide the
time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate corrosion with
time.Theminimumtime required for a test to provide a corrosionratethat weight loss by the area to obtain the weight loss per unit area.
can be extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies
This result may be divided by the duration of the test to obtain
widely, depending on the selection of metal and fluid, and on the form of
the corrosion rate in weight loss per unit area per unit time
corrosion attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single
(suchasmg/dm ·day = mdd).Thisresultmaybedividedbythe
minimum length of test applicable to all materials and conditions.
densityofthemetaltoobtainarateoflossintermsofthickness
However, it is recommended that for the tests described in these practices,
of the specimen (mils per year = mpy), for instance:
a test period of no less than 6 months be used. Furthermore, it is
recommended that the effect of time of testing be evaluated to detect any
R 5 100 000 ~W 2 W !/AT! (1)
mdd o t
significant time dependence of corrosion attack.
4.4 It is essential for the meaningful application of these
where:
procedures that the length of test be adequate to detect changes
R = the corrosion rate, mdd,
mdd
in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter the
W = original weight, g,
o
corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of chemical
W = final weight, g,
t
inhibitor or chemical breakdown of the fluid may occur after 2
A = area, cm , and
periods of months in selected cycles of operation.
T = duration, days.
NOTE 2—Many fluids that may be considered for solar applications
or
contain additives to minimize the corrosivity of the fluid. Many such
R 5 393.7 W 2 W/ATD (2)
~ !
mpy o t
additives are useful only within a specific concentration range, and some
additives may actually accelerate corrosion if the concentration falls
below a critical level. Depletion kinetics can be a strong function of the
where:
exposed metal surface area. Therefore, for tests involving fluids with such
R = corrosion rate, mpy,
mpy
additives, consideration must be given to the ratio of metal surface area to
W = original weight, g,
o
fluid volume as it may relate to an operating system.
W = final weight, g,
t
A = area, cm ,
5. Materials
T = duration, years, and
5.1 Any metallic material may be selected for evaluation.
D = density, g/cm .
The material must be capable of being described with sufficient
7.1.3 Identify any incidence of localized corrosion, whether
accuracy to permit reproduction of the test.
pitting, crevice attack, intergranular attack, cracking, or any
5.2 Any heat-transfer fluid may be selected for evaluation.
other form of localized attack, rate under at least 103
However, it is expected that the fluid will be selected with
magnification, and report. Report the location, distribution, and
consideration given to possible interactions of material and
maximum depth of attack for any localized attack.
fluid under the conditions of testing. The fluid should be
7.2 Report any changes of the heat-transfer fluid, for ex-
capable of being described chemically, as to its basic compo-
ample, appearance or odor, and include the results. Describe
nents and as to the presence or absence of minor components
any changes in the appearance or condition of the test
that affect the interaction with the metal. It is permitted to
apparatus indicative of interaction with the metal specimen or
precondition the fluid before testing.Any such preconditioning
fluid.
treatment shall be described in the report.
7.3 In the event of film formation and buildup, report the
6. Safety Precautions
nature of the film and its degree of buildup.
6.1 Particular attention must be directed to avoidance of 7.4 For the evaluation of a containment material couple, an
materials, fluids, or metal/fluid pairs that can be hazardous to effort should be made to utilize the same procedures as for a
the operator. The flammability, vapor pressure, and toxicity of single material test. However, because of the variability per-
the heat transfer fluid shall be known prior to initiation of mitted in the design of the specimen for the couple, it may not
testing and appropriate precautionary measures shall be taken be appropriate to report weight loss or penetration. For all tests
to ensure the safety of all test personnel. of metal couple/fluid performance, special attention should be
E745–80 (2003)
given to observation and reporting of localized corrosion and 10. Test Specimens and Sample
evidence of galvanic attack.
10.1 Select the test specimens from material that may
reasonably represent that material as it would be applied in a
8. Report
solar heating and cooling system.
10.2 For laboratory corrosion tests that simulate exposure to
8.1 Identify the containment material using a recognized
service environments, a commercial surface such as a mill
standard test method, where applicable, or by chemical analy-
finish, closely resembling the one that would be used in
sis. In case of identification by a standard method, supplemen-
service, will yield the most significant results. For more
tal identification by typical analysis for that standard, or by
searching tests of either the metal or the environment, standard
chemical analysis of the specimen is desirable.
surface finishes may be preferred. Ideally, the surface finish
8.2 Report the dimensions and configuration of the speci-
should be recorded in surface roughness terms, such as rms·in.
men. In the case of a metal couple, the report shall include at
10.3 General Cleaning:
least the following elements: (1) description of the individual
10.3.1 General cleaning may be accomplished with a wide
components of the couple; (2) description of the method of
variety of cleaning media. Water-based cleaners should be
attachment or association of the couple including any third
followed by an alcohol dip after thorough rinsing. Solvent
material introduced as a binder or for other function and the
cleaners such as petroleum fractions, aromatic hydrocarbons,
procedures or connection, for example, surface preparation,
and chlorinated hydrocarbons are generally acceptable. Chlo-
conditions of attachment, and cleaning; (3) any change of the
rinated solvents, however, should not be used on titanium,
containment materials resulting from the coupling procedure;
staininless steel, or aluminum. Mechanical cleaning of very
and (4) description of the relative areas of exposure of the
smooth surfaces may be accomplished by using a pase of
components of the couple to the heat-transfer medium.
magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide.
8.3 The heat-transfer fluid shall be identified by standard
10.3.2 Any of the methods suitable for cleaning a given
methods where applicable, by initial chemical analysis, or by
corroded specimen may be used to complete the cleaning of
proprietary designation. Use of trademarks, or names of
specimens prior to test, provided that they do not cause
patented or proprietary products, without accompanying
localized attack. The cleaned specimens should be measured
chemical description is discouraged but not prohibited. For and weighted. Dimensions determined to the third significant
aqueous transfer fluids, the analysis of the water used shall be
figure and weight determined to the fifth significant figure are
reported. usually satisfactory.
10.4 Metallurgical Condition—Specimen preparation may
8.4 Identify the procedure used. Specify the test conditions
change the metallurgical condition of the metal. For example,
used, including specimen preparation, time and temperature
shearing a specimen to size will cold work and possibly
schedule, degree of atmospheric exposure of the heat transfer
fracture the edges. The specimen may be tested in this
fluid, stirring, and flow rate, where applicable. Describe the
condition if it is believed that such condition may be encoun-
method of temperature measurement and control, with com-
tered in service. In such case, the condition shall be described
ment on its accuracy and precision. Report any deviation from
in the report of results. However, it is recommended that
the standard procedure and so identify as a deviation.
changes in metallurgical condition be corrected for customary
8.5 Report the weight loss and average penetration rate,
testing. For example, sheared edges should be machined or the
when applicable. If the time dependence of the corrosion rate
specimen annealed.
is
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