ASTM D2494-02(2010)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
Standard Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured Staple Fiber or Tow
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn or manufactured staple fibers.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Option I is generally used to calculate the commercial mass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When materials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the fiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.
Option II is generally used to calculate the commercial mass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (except some producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, and tows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remaining after fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.
Option III is in common use in other countries, particularly in Europe.
Option IV is in common use with yarns made of wool or wool blends and some aramids.
When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that method may be used for routine testing of known production but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown material. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).
Note 1—For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous materials, refer to Practice D2720.
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in acceptance testing rather than production control. manufactured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial “mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each shipment to a customer.
1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one of three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried, unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowance agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier in the calculations.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2494 − 02(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Manufactured
Staple Fiber or Tow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The Terminology section was updated editorially in September 2010.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the com-
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple
D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber
D1909 Standard Table of Commercial Moisture Regains for
types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers
Textile Fibers
of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast;
D2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).
D2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight and
NOTE 1—For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous
Yield of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-
materials, refer to Practice D2720.
mercial Compositions
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in
D3333 Practice for Sampling Manufactured Staple Fibers,
acceptance testing rather than production control. manufac-
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
tured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
“mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each
2.2 AATCC Standard:
shipment to a customer.
150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering
of Woven Garments
1.2 Commercialmasshasbeentraditionallybasedononeof
three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,
3. Terminology
unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commer-
3.1 For definitions of yarns and fibers textile terms in this
cialmoistureregaininthecalculations;(2)dried,scouredyarn,
test method, refer to Terminology D4849. For other textile
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture
terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D123.
regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn,
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowance 3.2 commercial allowance (CA), n—
agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier in the 3.3 commercial mass, n—
calculations. 3.3.1 Discussion—The basis for determining the commer-
cial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured fibers is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
generally one of the following:
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
(1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured mate-
standard.
rial)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
material)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture regain with un-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
scoured material)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(4) UN Basis (unadjusted net)
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
published as D2494 – 66 T. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D2494 – 02. Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
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DOI: 10.1520/D2494-02R10 . P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2494 − 02 (2010)
3.4 commercial moisture regain, (CMR), n— but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown
material. For the determination of extractable matter, refer to
4. Summary of Test Method
Test Method D2257.
4.1 Representative specimens from a shipment are dried, 5.6.1 When the finish is not removable by a water scour, a
solvent extraction may be substituted on agreement between
weighed,and,insomecases,scouredandweighedagain.From
the net mass of the shipment and the masses of the specimens the purchaser and the supplier.
before and after treatment, commercial mass of the shipment is
5.7 Under certain circumstances, samples taken from yarns
calculated using one of the following options:
and manufactured staple fibers and tows can change moisture
4.1.1 Option I—CMRU basis treatment consists of drying
content rapidly. For this reason, very careful planning and
only. Commercial mass includes finishes and a correction for
handling of samples are required to prevent major biases in
commercial moisture regain.
commercial mass results.
4.1.2 Option II—CMRSbasistreatmentconsistsofscouring
anddrying.Commercialmassexcludesscourablesbutincludes 6. Apparatus and Reagents
a correction for commercial moisture regain. 3
6.1 Washing Machine, automatic home-type, of the make
4.1.3 Option III—CAS basis treatment consists of scouring
and model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent
and drying. Commercial mass includes a correction for com-
washing machine.
mercial allowance.
6.2 Soft Water (10 ppm or less calcium carbonate hardness)
4.1.4 Option IV—UN basis requires no samples and no
for hot setting of washer controlled for 60 to 65°C.
treatment. Commercial mass equals the net mass of the
shipment without adjustment for scourables or moisture.
6.3 Bags, made from polyester yarn, of a stable
construction, such as a leno weave, which have been previ-
5. Significance and Use
ously scoured and which have a known oven-dry mass. Each
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee bag shall be large enough to permit the test specimen to be
methodforacceptancetestingofcommercialshipmentsofyarn
sufficiently porous to permit free access of the scouring
or manufactured staple fibers. solution to the specimen. The bag should have an adequate
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
closure to prevent fiber loss.
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more), 3
6.4 Automatic Dryer, automatichome-type,ofthemakeand
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent,
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
(optional).
assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a com-
6.5 Drying Oven, ventilated and capable of controlling the
parative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from
temperature in the range of 105 6 3°C. The oven shall be
thesamelotofmaterialasthesamplesthatresultedindisparate
supplied with a current of air sufficient to change the air once
results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal
every 4 min. The specimens shall be protected from direct
numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-
radiation of the heating units.Air supplied to the oven shall be
tories involved should be compared using a statistical test for
at standard atmospheric conditions for testing textiles. The
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
oven may be provided with facilities for cutting off the air
series. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and
current and weighing the specimens without removing them
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
from the oven.
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
6.6 Scale, with a capacity and sensitivity sufficient to weigh
5.2 Option I is generally used to calculate the commercial
beams, bales, cases, or other shipping units within 0.1 % of
mass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When
theirgrossmassandmaintainedaccordingtoNationalInstitute
materials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the
of Standards and Technology (NIST) criteria.
fiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.
6.7 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 % of the mass of the
5.3 Option II is generally used to calculate the commercial
specimens being tested and maintained according to NIST
mass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (except
criteria. These requirements apply both to balances built into
some producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, and
ovens and to free-standing devices.
tows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber
remaining after fiber lubricants and processing aids are re-
6.8 Weighing Cans,withtight-fittinglidsofsufficientsizeto
moved.
hold the bag and specimen (required only if weighings are
made outside the oven).
5.4 Option III is in common use in other countries, particu-
larly in Europe.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
5.5 OptionIVisincommonusewithyarnsmadeofwoolor
is Mar Mac Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 278. McBee, SC 29101. If you are aware
wool blends and some aramids.
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another
technical committee, which you may attend.
method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a
“Specifications, Tolerances and Other Technical Requirements for Commercial
constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that
Weighing Devices,” NBS Handbook No. 44, 1977, may be obtained from the
method may be used for routine testing of known production National Institute of Standards and Technology, Washington, DC 20234.
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D2494 − 02 (2010)
6.9 Desiccator(s), of sufficient size to hold the weighing packages will be dealt with in 7.6. Weigh the external tare
cans (required only if weighings are made outside the oven). material for each lot sample unit to 0.1 % of its mass. (See
Note 3).
6.10 Desiccant, silica gel or equivalent, if desiccators are
used.
7.5 Specimens—Without delay, prepare specimens as di-
rected in 7.5.1 or 7.5.2. Save all yarn supports which were part
6.11 High Cloud Point Nonionic Detergent, as agreed upon
of the laboratory sample.
between the purchaser and the supplier.
7.5.1 Yarn—Take two 5-g bits of yarn from each of at least
20 packages that form the laboratory sample. Immediately put
7. Procedure
each bit into one of two airtight containers and close the
7.1 Shipment Mass—Weigh, intact, each shipping unit (bale
container after obtaining each bit. (Each container will contain
or case) in the shipment to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass.
bits from 20 packages.) With the exception of lots shipped on
NOTE 2—The gross mass and the tare mass should be obtained on
beams, take the yarn from random locations within the pack-
materials at equilibrium with the same ambient conditions, which are
ages.Preparerepresentativespecimenseachweighingapproxi-
often not the standard atmosphere for testing textiles. Also, for this
mately 100 g. Do not wind or reel yarn being taken for
procedure, the tare should be determined from actual weighings and not
specimens. Keep the hands dry and handle the yarn (both
from values supplied by the supplier.
packages and specimens) as little as possible. Select one of the
7.2 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the
specimens for testing; set the other aside for any confirmatory
applicable material specifications, or as agreed upon between
tests which may be required.
thepurchaserandthesupplier,orintheirabsenceasdirectedin
7.5.1.1 Preparation of specimens from beams is left to the
Practice D2258 for yarn or Practice D3333 for staple fiber.
agreement of the purchaser and the supplier.
Treat sliver (or top) and tow as staple for lot sampling. The
7.5.2 Staple, Sliver, Top, Tow—Treat each of the laboratory
same units selected for product samples will also be used for
samples as a specimen. Select one of each pair of specimens
tare samples. The lot sample must be representative of the
for testing and set the other aside for confirmatory testing, if
shipment and must be taken at random from the various
required.
shipping units.
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the 7.6 Internal Tare—Collect, without delay, all yarn supports
purchaserandthesupplierrequirestakingintoaccountvariabilitybetween
which were part of the laboratory sample and weigh each to
shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, and
0.1 % of its mass.
betweenspecimensfromasinglepackagesoastoprovideasamplingplan
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
7.7 Specimen Mass, M—Without delay, weigh each spec-
level, and limiting quality level.
imen to the nearest 0.1 % of its mass, after removing from the
7.3 Laboratory Samples—Take laboratory samples repre-
container.
sentative of the shipment as directed as follows. Save all loose
7.8 Bagging—Place the specimens in the bags and close the
packaging materials (wrappings, strappings, and separators)
bags securely.
from each lot sample unit for tare weighing. Sample the lot as
quickly as possible to reflect accurately the moisture level in
7.9 Drying and Weighing—Dry and weigh the specimens
the lot. Place samples in airtight containers for subsequent
(N) to determine the dry mass as directed in 7.9.1 or 7.9.2.
weighing.
7.9.1 Oven Equipped with Balance—Placethebagscontain-
7.3.1 Yarn—Take at least 20 unit packages from random
ing the specimens in the drying oven. Dry each specimen at
places within the different shipping units forming the lot
105 6 3°C until it loses no more than 0.1 % of its mass when
sample as directed in Practice D2258. Use a prearranged plan
heated for 30-min intervals.
for random sampling to save time in taking the packages from
7.9.2 Oven Not Equipped with Balance—Place the bagged
the shipping units. Enclose each unit package in a separate
specimens and tared weighing cans in the oven. Dry each
airtight container until the specimens are removed.
specimenat105 63°Cfor60min.Quicklyplacethespecimen
7.3.1.1 Sampling beams of yarn for verification of com
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