ASTM D4328-08
(Practice)Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
Standard Practice for Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds found in industrial operations. Application of this standard practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system, however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode. Whether or not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it will form, in what quantities, and what composition are subject to factors beyond the scope of this practice. However, based on how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale formation can be made.
Note 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4328 − 08
StandardPractice for
Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium
Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in
1
Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3370Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3561Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium
1.1 Thispracticecoversthecalculationofsupersaturationof
Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic
bariumsulfate,strontiumsulfate,andcalciumsulfatedihydrate
Absorption Spectrophotometry
(gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which
D3651TestMethodforBariuminBrackishWater,Seawater,
barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist
and Brines
individually in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
D3986Test Method for Barium in Brines, Seawater, and
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium
Brackish Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic
sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline
Emission Spectroscopy
watersunderinvestigationexceed95°C.Attemperaturesabove
95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble
3. Terminology
forms.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
practice, refer to Terminology D1129.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Significance and Use
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- found in industrial operations. Application of this standard
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
however, requires experience. The calculations tell the user if
a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode.Whether or
2. Referenced Documents
not scale will in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it
2
willform,inwhatquantities,andwhatcompositionaresubject
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tofactorsbeyondthescopeofthispractice.However,basedon
D511Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an
D512Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
objective evaluation of the relative likelihood of scale forma-
D513Test Methods forTotal and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
tion can be made.
in Water
D516Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
NOTE 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that
D1129Terminology Relating to Water are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these
calculations.
D3352Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,
Seawater, and Brines
5. Procedure
5.1 Collect water samples for compositional analysis in
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and accordance with Practices D3370.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in
5.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentrations
Water.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally in accordance with Test Methods D511.
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4328–03. DOI:
5.3 Determine the barium concentration in accordance with
10.1520/D4328-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Test Methods D3651 or D3986.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.4 Determine the strontium concentration in accordance
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. with Test Method D3352.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4328 − 08
5.5 Determine sodium and potassium concentrations in where:
2+
accordance with Test Method D3561.
Ba = concentration of barium, molal,
2–
SO = = concentration of sulfate, molal,
5.6 Determine sulfate ion concentration in accordance with 4
y = excess (supersaturation) of BaSO , molal, and
4
Test Method D516.
K = solubility product constant (molal) of BaSO at
4
5.7 Determine chloride ion concentration in accordance
test conditions.
with Test Methods D512.
The value X may then be determi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D 4328–03 Designation:D4328–08
Standard Practice for
Calculation of Supersaturation of Barium Sulfate, Strontium
Sulfate, and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate (Gypsum) in
1
Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4328; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the calculation of supersaturation of barium sulfate, strontium sulfate, and calcium sulfate dihydrate
(gypsum) in brackish water, seawater, and brines in which barium, strontium, and calcium ions either coexist or exist individually
in solution in the presence of sulfate ions.
1.2 This practice is not applicable for calculating calcium sulfate dihydrate supersaturation if the temperatures of saline waters
under investigation exceed 95°C. At temperatures above 95°C, hemianhydrate and anhydrite would be major insoluble forms.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium inIn Water
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion inIn Water
D513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide in Water
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
2
D1129Terminology Relating to Water
2
D 1192Specification for Equipment for Sampling Water and Steam in Closed Conduits 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
D3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines byAtomicAbsorption
Spectrophotometry
D3651 Test Method for Barium in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines
D3986 Test Method for Barium in Brines, Seawater, and Brackish Water by Direct-Current Argon Plasma Atomic Emission
Spectroscopy
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology D1129.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice covers the mathematical calculation of the supersaturation of three principal sulfate scaling compounds found
in industrial operations. Application of this standard practice to the prediction of scale formation in a given system, however,
requires experience. The calculations tell the user if a water, or mixture of waters, is in a scaling mode. Whether or not scale will
in fact form, how quickly it will form, where it will form, in what quantities, and what composition are subject to factors beyond
the scope of this practice. However, based on how supersaturated a given water or mixture of waters is, an objective evaluation
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.05 on Inorganic Constituents in Water.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 2003. Published January 2003. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 4328–97.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2008. Published September 2008. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4328–03.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4328–08
of the relative likelihood of scale formation can be made.
NOTE 1—There are several personal computer (PC) type programs that are both available commercially and publicly that will perform these
calculations.
5. Procedure
5.1 Collect water samples for compositional analysis in accordance with Practices D3370and Specification D1192.
5.2 Determine the calcium and magnesium concentrations in accordance with Test Methods D511.
5.3 Dete
...
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