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ASTM C651-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature

ABSTRACT
This test method details the standard procedures for determining the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature. The four-point loading fixture shall consist of spherical bearing blocks of hardened steel or its equivalent to ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity, and distortion of the loading member is prevented. Judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates may maintain the parallel direction of loads and reactions. The test specimens shall be prepared to yield a parallelepiped with cross sections that are rectangular, faces that are parallel and flat, and edges that are free from visible flaws and chips.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in 4–point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2013
ICS
71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.F0 - Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C651-11 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Replaced By
ASTM C651-15 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-Oct-2015
Referred By
ASTM C198-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Cold Bonding Strength of Refractory Mortar
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1025-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Rupture in Bending of Electrode Graphite
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D8255-19 - Standard Guide for Work of Fracture Measurements on Small Nuclear Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D8377-21a - Standard Guide for High Temperature Strength Measurements of Graphite Impregnated with Molten Salt
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7846-21 - Standard Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Graphites
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM C781-20 - Standard Practice for Testing Graphite Materials for Gas-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Components
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D6354-23 - Standard Guide for Sampling Plan and Core Sampling of Carbon Cathode Blocks Used in Aluminum Production
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM C783-85(2020) - Standard Practice for Core Sampling of Graphite Electrodes
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7775-21 - Standard Guide for Measurements on Small Graphite Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2013

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ASTM C651-13 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room TemperatureASTM C651-13 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
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REDLINE ASTM C651-13 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room TemperatureREDLINE ASTM C651-13 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C651 − 13 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite
1
Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate load-
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural
carrying capacity of a specified beam in bending.
strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a
simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
4.1 This test method may be used for material development,
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
quality control, characterization, and design data generation
standard.
purposes.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in 4–point
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Apparatus
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 The testing machine shall conform to the requirements
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of Practices E4.
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
5.2 The four-point loading fixture shall consist of bearing
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
blocks or cylindrical bearings spaced in a third-point loading
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and
configuration (see Test Method C78).
Graphite
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced 5.3 The fixture shall ensure that forces applied to the beam
Ceramics at Ambient Temperature are normal only and without eccentricity through the use of
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines spherical bearing blocks (see Test Method C78) or articulating
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in roller bearing assemblies (see Test Method C1161).
ASTM Test Methods 5.3.1 The bearing block or roller bearing diameter shall be
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to between 1/10 and 1/20 of the specimen support span. A
Determine the Precision of a Test Method hardened steel bearing block or its equivalent is necessary to
prevent distortion of the loading member. Support surfaces
3. Terminology must be free to pivot or rotate to relieve frictional constraints.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to manu-
5.4 Thedirectionsofloadsandreactionsmaybemaintained
factured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C709.
parallel by judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and
flexure plates. Eccentricity of loading can be avoided by the
use of spherical bearing blocks or articulating roller bearings.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Provision must be made in fixture design for the relief of
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
torsional loading to less than 5 % of the nominal specimen
Subcommittee D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
strength. Refer to the attached figure for a suggested four-point
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
loading fixture.
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C651 – 11.
DOI:10.1520/C0651–13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 6. Test Specimen
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.1 Preparation—The test specimen shall be prepared to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. yield a parallelepiped of rectangular cross section. The faces
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C651 − 13
2
shall be parallel and flat within 0.025 mm/mm of length. In S 5 PL/ bd
addition, the samples having a maximum particle size less than
where:
0.150 mm in diameter must be finish
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C651 − 11 C651 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite
1
Articles Using Four-Point Loading at Room Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C651; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple
beam in four-point loading at room temperature.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and Graphite
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to manufactured carbon and graphite, see Terminology C709.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate load-carrying capacity of a specified beam in bending.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation
purposes.
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in 4–point bending,
and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.
5. Apparatus
5.1 The testing machine shall conform to the requirements of Practices E4.
5.2 The four-point loading fixture shall consist of bearing blocks or cylindrical bearings spaced in a third-point loading
configuration (see Test Method C78).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011Oct. 1, 2013. Published July 2011November 2013. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 as
ε1
C651–91(2010)C651 – 11. . DOI:10.1520/C0651–11. DOI:10.1520/C0651–13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C651 − 13
5.3 The fixture shall ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity through the use of spherical
bearing blocks (see Test Method C78) or articulating roller bearing assemblies (see Test Method C1161).
5.3.1 The bearing block or roller bearing diameter shall be between 1/10 and 1/20 of the specimen support span. A hardened
steel bearing block or its equivalent is necessary to prevent distortion of the loading member. Support surfaces must be free to pivot
or rotate to relieve frictional constraints.
5.4 The directions of loads and reactions may be maintained parallel by judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure
plates. Eccentricity of loading can be avoided by the use of spherical bearing blocks or articulating roller bearings. Provision must
be made in fixture design for the relief of torsional loading to less than 5 % of the nominal specimen strength. Refer to the att
...

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This test method details the standard procedures for determining the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a simple beam in four-point loading at room temperature. The four-point loading fixture shall consist of spherical bearing blocks of hardened steel or its equivalent to ensure that forces applied to the beam are normal only and without eccentricity, and distortion of the loading member is prevented. Judicious use of linkages, rocker bearings, and flexure plates may maintain the parallel direction of loads and reactions. The test specimens shall be prepared to yield a parallelepiped with cross sections that are rectangular, faces that are parallel and flat, and edges that are free from visible flaws and chips.
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4.2 This practice may not provide a test specimen of the appropriate size (with respect to particle size/sample dimension ratios) to allow the determination of absolute property values.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice was developed for electric-arc furnace graphite electrodes, and covers a procedure and equipment for obtaining core samples from electrodes in a manner that does not destroy the electrode nor prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the minimum electrode diameter, for which extraction of a core sample using this practice does not influence subsequent use, is influenced by the particular application and must be determined by the user. Graphite electrodes for use in electric arc furnaces are usually solid cylinders of graphite with threaded sockets machined in each end.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods C559, C611, C651, C747, C1025, and C1039.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7972-14(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Three-Point Loading at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a framework for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. The user needs to assess the applicability of the method on the specific material and for the intended use, as shown by the interlaboratory study.  
4.2 This test method determines the maximum loading on a graphite specimen with simple beam geometry in three–point bending, and it provides a means for the calculation of flexural strength at ambient temperature and environmental conditions.  
4.3 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. For materials with large grains, the minimum specimen dimension should be significantly larger than the maximum grain size (see Guide D7775).  
4.4 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures should be chosen to reduce errors due to material variability or testing parameters, such as friction and non-parallelism of specimen surfaces.  
4.5 The flexural strength of a manufactured graphite or carbon material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Practices C1239 and C1322.  
4.6 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of manufactured carbon and graphite articles using a square, rectangular or cylindrical beam in three-point loading at room temperature.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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