ASTM F1806-97(2001)

Standard Practice for Tire Testing Operations—Basic Concepts and Terminology for Reference Tire Use

SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents some basic concepts for tire testing and a standard set of terms relating to the use of reference tires frequently used for comprehensive tire testing programs. The tests may be conducted in a laboratory on various dynamometer wheels or other apparatus as well as at outdoor proving ground facilities. The overall objective of this practice is to develop some elementary principles for such testing and standardize the terms used in these operations. This will improve communication among those conducting these tests as well as those using the results of such testing.  
1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, a statistical model for tire testing operations is also presented in Annex A1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptual foundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it will improve understanding. The annex can also serve for future consultation as this practice is expanded to address additional aspects of the testing process.  
1.3 This overall topic requires a comprehensive treatment with a sequential or hierarchical development of terms with substantial background discussion. This cannot be accommodated in Terminology F538.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-May-1997
• Technical Committee: F09 - Tires
• Drafting Committee: F09.94 - Terminology

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F1806-97 - Standard Practice for Tire Testing Operations—Basic Concepts and Terminology for Reference Tire Use
• Effective Date: 10-May-1997
• Replaced By: ASTM F1806-97(2001)e1 - Standard Practice for Tire Testing Operations—Basic Concepts and Terminology for Reference Tire Use
• Effective Date: 10-May-1997
• Referred By: ASTM F1649-20 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Wet Braking Traction Performance of Passenger Car Tires on Vehicles Equipped with Anti-Lock Braking Systems
• Effective Date: 10-May-1997

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: F 1806 – 97 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Tire Testing Operations–Basic Concepts and Terminology
for Reference Tire Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1806; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This practice presents some basic concepts for tire 3.1 Tire testing operations usually consist of a sequence of
testing and a standard set of terms relating to the use of tests that involve special “reference” tires in addition to the
reference tires frequently used for comprehensive tire testing candidate tires being evaluated for their performance charac-
programs. The tests may be conducted in a laboratory on teristics. Reference tires serve as an “internal benchmark”
various dynamometer wheels or other apparatus as well as at which may be used to adjust for variation in test results to give
outdoor proving ground facilities. The overall objective of this improved comparisons among the candidate tires. Numerous
practice is to develop some elementary principles for such approaches have been adopted using different terminology for
testing and standardize the terms used in these operations. This such testing. This causes confusion and the purpose of this
will improve communication among those conducting these practice is to standardize some of the elementary concepts and
tests as well as those using the results of such testing. terminology on this topic.
1.2 In addition to the basic concepts and terminology, a
4. Summary of the Practice
statistical model for tire testing operations is also presented in
4.1 Elementary testing concepts, terms, and definitions are
Annex A1. This serves as a mathematical and conceptual
foundation for the terms and other testing concepts; it will developed in hierarchical or sequential order beginning with
basic testing operations. Each definition may be accompanied
improve understanding. The annex can also serve for future
consultation as this practice is expanded to address additional by a specific discussion or expanded text section appropriate to
general definitions. Many of the terms could be defined as
aspects of the testing process.
1.3 This overall topic requires a comprehensive treatment adjectives; however, as recommended by ASTM policy, the
word “tire” is included in each definition avoiding the compli-
with a sequential or hierarchical development of terms with
substantial background discussion. This cannot be accommo- cation of defining adjectives. The definitions apply equally to
items or objects other than tires.
dated in Terminology F 538.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Basic Testing Concepts and Terms
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 Background on Testing:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.1.1 Despite the adoption of standardized testing proce-
dures, test result variation influences data generated in any type
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of testing. As outlined in Annex A1, there are two main
2. Referenced Documents
categories: [1] variation inherent in the production process for
a group of nominally identical objects or tires and [2] variation
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 1136 Specification for a Radial Standard Reference Test due to the measurement operation. Each of these two sources
may be further divided into two types of variation; [1]
Tire
F 538 Terminology Relating to the Characteristics and Per- systematic or bias variation (the variation causing one labora-
tory to be consistently different from another laboratory) and
formance of Tires
F 1082 Practice for Tires–Determining Precision for Test [2] random error variation. Both types can exist simultaneously
for either of the main categories.
Method Standards
F 1650 Practice for Evaluating Tire Traction Performance 5.1.2 Random variation can be reduced to a low level by
appropriate replication and sampling procedures, but bias
Data Under Varying Test Conditions
variation cannot be so reduced. Bias variation can be reduced
or eliminated by the appropriate use of reference objects or
This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee F09 on Tires and is the
tires. This is the major rationale for their use in testing
direct responsibility of Subcommittee F09.94 on Terminology.
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published April 1998.
operations (see Annex A1).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
5.1.3 Bias variation can also be reduced or eliminated by
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.02.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 1806
comprehensive programs to sort out causes of such perturba- sample of n objects or (2) one of m individual test values for a
tions and eliminate these causes. test object.
5.2 Elementary Testing Terms: 5.6.1 Discussion—Each test object of a set of replicates is
nominally identical to all other objects from that particular
5.2.1 test (or testing), n—a procedure performed on an
source. Nominally identical implies that in long run testing all
object (or set of nominally identical objects) using specified
objects would give essentially identical average test values.
equipment that produces data unique to the object (or set).
5.7 replication, v—the act of selecting and testing a number
5.2.1.1 Discussion—Test data are used to evaluate or model
of replicates.
selected properties or characteristics of the object (or set of
5.7.1 Discussion—The primary purpose of replication is the
objects). The scope of testing depends on the decisions to be
reduction of random measurement variation. See Annex A1
made for any program, and sampling and replication plans (see
(A1.3.6) for additional discussion on types of replication.
definitions below) need to be specified for a complete program
description.
6. Reference Tire Concepts and Terms
5.2.2 test tire, n—a tire used in a test.
6.1 In this section a basic term, reference tire, is defined. A
5.2.3 test program, n—an ordered series of tests grouped
number of terms, each describing a special type of reference
together using a predefined plan.
tire, are derived from the basic term. Reference tires usually
5.2.3.1 Discussion—A test program may include multiple
have special characteristics unique to a particular test program.
test repetitions over an extended time period.
However, for some testing programs the same reference tire
5.2.4 test tire set, n—one or more test tires as required by
may be used for more than one purpose.
the test equipment or procedure, to perform a test, thereby
6.1.1 reference tire, n—a special tire included in a test
producing a single test result.
program; the test results for this tire have significance as a base
5.2.4.1 Discussion—The four nominally identical tires re-
value or internal benchmark.
quired for vehicle stopping distance testing constitute a test tire
6.1.2 There are two types of reference tires or objects that
set. In the discussion below where the test tire is mentioned, it
may be used in any test program.
is assumed that test tire set may be substituted for test tire, if a
6.1.2.1 Type 1 (reference tire), n—tires subject to produc-
test tire set is required for the testing.
tion, composition, and often, performance specifications; they
5.2.5 candidate tire, n—a test tire that is part of a test
are designed to have minimal variation and to be stable in their
program.
characteristic properties for an extended period of time.
5.2.5.1 Discussion—The term “candidate object” may be
6.1.2.2 Type 2 (reference tire), n—tires appropriately se-
used in the same sense as candidate tire.
lected from a lot by a process that ensures minimal variation
5.2.6 candidate tire set—a set of candidate tires.
characteristic properties for the duration of any test program.
5.3 Tire testing may be divided into two major categories:
6.1.3 Discussion—Type 2 reference tires may be selected on
5.3.1 local testing, n—testing conducted at one laboratory
an ad hoc basis and when the test program is complete they are
or test site for the purpose of comparing a number of candidate
no longer considered as reference objects.
tires for selected characteristic properties.
6.1.4 control tire, n—a reference tire of used in a specified
5.3.1.1 Discussion—A tire manufacturer’s internal develop-
manner throughout a test program.
ment programs and proving ground testing conducted by a
6.1.4.1 Discussion—A control tire may be of either type and
contract testing organization to compare commercial market
typical tire use is the reference (control) tire in Practice F 1650
tires are two examples of local testing.
that provides algorithms for correcting (adjusting) test data for
5.3.2 global testing, n—testing conducted at two or more
bias trend variations (See Practice F 1650 and Annex 1).
laboratories or test sites for the purpose of comparing candidate
6.1.5 surface monitoring tire, n—a reference tire used to
tire performance at each location for selected characteristic
evaluate changes in a test surface over a selected time period.
properties.
6.1.6 standard reference test tire (SRTT), n—a tire that
5.3.2.1 Discussion—Producer-user testing or interlabora-
meets the requirements of Specification E 1136, commonly
tory comparisons for such properties as rolling resistance,
used as control tire or a surface monitoring tire.
endurance, or high speed dynamometer wheel performance are
6.1.6.1 Discussion—This is a Type 1 reference tire.
examples of global testing.
6.1.7 witness tire, n—a reference tire with an extended
5.4 sample, n—a selected number of n test objects that
period of stability for specified characteristic properties.
accurately represent the lot or population of interest.
6.1.7.1 Discussion—A Type 1 reference tire is typical for
5.4.1 Discussion—A lot is a finite number of objects such as
this application.
a limited period of tire production at a given facility or a
6.1.8 master set, n—a selected group of witness tires, each
selected number of tires of a particular commercial market
different test response characteristics to provide a range of
type. A population is the collection (or potential collection) of
values for the measured property or properties.
all objects produced by a given process or operation.
6.1.8.1 Discussion—A master set is frequently tested to
5.5 sampling, v—the act of selecting samples.
determine if a test device is functioning in a normal or intended
5.5.1 Discussion—The primary purpose of sampling is the manner. If certain known or expected relationships are not
reduction of random production process variation. See Annex
found among the witness tires constituting the set, remedial
A1 for details. action is required for the testing equipment. Master sets are
5.6 replicate, n—either (1) an individual test object from a frequently used for global testing.
F 1806
6.1.9 test matrix, n—a group of candidate tires usually “within test site” test results may be expected to lie, with a
specified reference tires; all tests are normally conducted in one specified probability (Practice F 1082).
test program.
7.3.2 Discussion—The two test results are obtained with the
6.1.9.1 Discussion—A test matrix may be used in either a
same method on nominally identical test materials under the
local or global test program. See also candidate tire set. same conditions (same operator, apparatus, laboratory, loca-
6.1.10 calibration tire, n—a witness tire designed to provide
tion, and specified time period), and in the absence of other
a fixed or known test value for selected properties. indications, the specified probability is 0.95 (that is, 95 %). The
6.1.10.1 Discussion—Calibration tire test results can be
established value also may be called a “critical difference.”
used as standard values to determine acceptability of laboratory
7.3.2.1 reproducibility, n—an established value, below
or test site performance. if a specified performance level is not
which the absolute difference between two “between-
found, certain instrument adjustments may be made to com-
laboratory” or “between test site” test results may be expected
pensate for unavoidable biases in interlaboratory or between-
to lie, with a specified probability (Practice F 1082).
site programs.
7.3.3 Discussion—The two test results are obtained with the
same method on nominally identical test materials under
7. Evaluating Testing Precision
different conditions (different laboratories, locations, operators,
7.1 As indicated in Annex A1, there are two categories of
apparatus, and in a specified time period), and in the absence of
variation: production process and measurement. Each of these
other indications, the specified probability is 0.95 (that is,
may in turn have two subclassifications: basis deviations and
95 %). The essential characteristic of reproducibility is the
random deviations. The potential effect of all these sources can
variability of test results among typical laboratories or test
exert a profound influence on the variability of test data. The
sites.
presence of these sources is the rationale for using reference
7.3.4 Both repeatability and reproducibility are to some
tires and for designing comprehensive testing programs with
degree generic in their definition. Additional information must
appropriate replication to reduce the effect of such variations.
be supplied before the terms can be used without ambiguity.
7.2 Evaluating Precision—Special programs to evaluate the
The most important issue is the between–test result time period
magnitude of variability for any routine or special test opera-
or frequency; it must be specified. What constitutes a test result
tions are part of the effort to reduce variability and improve test
must be defined. Both of these are addressed in Practice
precision. Precision is defined in Practice F 1082 as “a mea-
F 1082. Other details on testing are also needed. It is important
surement (testing) concept that expresses the ability to generate
to emphasize tow details about repeatability and reproducibil-
test results that agree with each other in absolute magnitude.”
ity; (1) both are statistical parameters; defined as 2.833 S,
The parenthetical word “testing” is added to this definition for
where S is the standard deviation for either parameter measured
this purposes of this practice to indicate that is is the overall
in a sp
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