ASTM D1423/D1423M-16

Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in determining twist in...

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Jun-2016
• ICS: 59.080.20 - Yarns
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1423/D1423M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1423/D1423M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
insingle(spunorfilament),plied,cabled,ornovelty(exclusive
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are de-
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
signed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
rovings.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determina-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tion of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single
yarnbeforeplying.Forcabledyarns,thetestmethodcoversthe
2. Referenced Documents
determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation;
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
also included for the determination of the twists of the single
Length Specimens
and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure.
D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the
Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in
Untwist-Retwist Method
plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 ber) by the Skein Method
mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
and precision determined for this test method. The report from
3. Terminology
such testing should include the tension used for this testing.
3.1 Refer to Terminology D4849 for definitions of the
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
following terms used in this standard: direction of twist, single
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
yarn, spun yarn, twist, twist factor, twist multiplier, and yarn.
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
3.2 Refer toTerminology D123 andTerminology D3888 for
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
definitions of other terms used in this standard.
conformance with the standard.
4. Summary of Test Method
NOTE 1—For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining
twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
4.1 A specified length of specimen is mounted in a twist
NOTE 2—This test method has been evaluated for use in determining
device. One end is rotated until all the elements are free of
twist in open end yarns and is not recommended.
twist. The number of turns is counted and the turns per unit
length are calculated.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
2
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1423–02(2008). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D1423_D1423M-16. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1423 − 02 (Reapproved 2008) D1423/D1423M − 16
Standard Test Method for
1
Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1423;D1423/D1423M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting
in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed
primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for
spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn
before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn
after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included
for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are
included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex
(0.25[0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex).gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias
and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.
Within the text, the SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system aremay not be exact equivalents; therefore,
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
within this test method.non-conformance with the standard.
NOTE 1—For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
NOTE 2—This test method has been evaluated for use in determining twist in open end yarns and is not recommended.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
D1422 Test Method for Twist in Single Spun Yarns by the Untwist-Retwist Method
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
3. Terminology
3.1 Refer to Terminology D4849 for definitions of the following terms used in this standard: direction of twist, single yarn, spun
yarn, twist, twist factor, twist multiplier, and yarn.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008July 1, 2016. Published August 2008October 2016. Originally approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
D1423D1423–02(2008).– 02. DOI: 10.1520/D1423-02R08.10.1520/D1423_D1423M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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