CEN/TR 16013-1:2010
(Main)Workplace exposure - Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol monitoring - Part 1: Choice of monitor for specific applications
Workplace exposure - Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol monitoring - Part 1: Choice of monitor for specific applications
This Technical Report describes the principles underlying the evaluation of one or more aerosol fractions using direct-reading aerosol monitors. The currently available methods for monitoring levels of aerosols in workplaces for a range of different purposes are described and details are given of their limits and possibilities in the field of occupational hygiene.
The document does not cover the sampling of aerosols for compliance with occupational exposure limits or the collection of aerosol particles for subsequent analysis.
Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Leitfaden für die Anwendung direkt anzeigender Geräte zur Überwachung von Aerosolen - Teil 1: Auswahl des Monitors für besondere Anwendungsfälle
Exposition au poste de travail - Guide d'utilisation des instruments à lecture directe pour la surveillance des aérosols - Partie 1: Choix du moniteur pour des applications spécifiques
Le présent Rapport Technique du CEN décrit les principes de l’évaluation d’une ou plusieurs fractions
d’aérosols à l’aide de moniteurs d’aérosols à lecture directe. Les méthodes actuellement disponibles pour
surveiller les concentrations d’aérosols sur les lieux de travail à diverses fins sont décrites et leurs limites et
possibilités dans le cadre de l’hygiène du travail sont précisées.
Le présent document ne traite pas du prélèvement des aérosols pour la conformité aux valeurs limites
d’exposition professionnelle ou de la collecte des particules d’aérosols pour une analyse ultérieure.
Izpostavljenost na delovnem mestu - Vodilo za uporabo instrumentov z neposrednim odčitavanjem za monitoring aerosolov - 1. del: Izbira instrumenta za specifične uporabe
To tehnično poročilo opisuje načela, ki so podlaga za vrednotenje ene ali več aerosolnih frakcij z neposrednim odčitavanjem za monitoring aerosolov. Opisane so trenutno razpoložljive metode za monitoring ravni aerosolov na delovnih mestih za vrsto različnih namenov, prav tako pa so podane podrobnosti o njihovih omejitvah ter možnostih na področju higiene pri delu. Ta dokument ne zajema vzorčenja aerosolov za ugotavljanje izpolnjevanja omejitev izpostavljenosti na delovnem mestu ali zbiranje aerosolnih delcev za nadaljnjo analizo.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2010
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Workplace exposure - Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol
monitoring - Part 1: Choice of monitor for specific applications
Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Leitfaden für die Anwendung direkt anzeigender Geräte zur
Überwachung von Aerosolen - Teil 1: Auswahl des Monitors für besondere
Anwendungsfälle
Exposition au poste de travail - Guide d'utilisation des instruments à lecture directe pour
la surveillance des aérosols - Partie 1: Choix du moniteur pour des applications
spécifiques
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 16013-1:2010
ICS:
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 16013-1
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
May 2010
ICS 13.040.30
English Version
Workplace exposure - Guide for the use of direct-reading
instruments for aerosol monitoring - Part 1: Choice of monitor for
specific applications
Exposition au poste de travail - Guide d'utilisation des Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Leitfaden für die Anwendung
instruments à lecture directe pour la surveillance des direkt anzeigender Geräte zur Überwachung von Aerosolen
aérosols - Partie 1: Choix du moniteur pour des - Teil 1: Auswahl des Monitors für besondere
applications spécifiques Anwendungsfälle
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 13 March 2010. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 137.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 16013-1:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .6
2 Abbreviations .6
3 Principles of direct-reading aerosol monitoring methods .6
3.1 General .6
3.2 Vibrational mass methods .7
3.2.1 Piezoelectric mass monitors .7
3.2.2 TEOM − Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance .9
3.3 Beta mass monitors . 12
3.3.1 Operating principle . 12
3.3.2 Determination of mass concentration of health-related fractions . 14
3.3.3 Calibration of beta mass monitors. 14
3.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages . 14
3.3.5 Currently available beta mass monitors . 15
3.4 Methods of optical measurement of aerosols . 16
3.4.1 General . 16
3.4.2 Photometers . 16
3.4.3 Optical particle counters . 20
4 Requirements for different applications of direct-reading dust monitors . 23
4.1 General . 23
4.2 Walk through surveys . 23
4.3 Identification of main process or source emitting aerosols . 23
4.4 Use with video visual techniques . 23
4.5 Assessing efficiency of control systems . 24
4.6 Watchdogs to monitor levels in workplaces and ensure controls are working . 24
4.7 Surrogate personal exposure assessment . 24
Bibliography . 25
Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 16013-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137
“Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held by
DIN.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
CEN/TR 16013, Workplace exposure — Guide for the use of direct-reading instruments for aerosol
monitoring, consists of the following parts:
Part 1: Choice of monitor for specific applications
Part 2: Evaluation of airborne particle concentrations using Optical Particle Counters
Part 3: Evaluation of airborne particle concentrations using photometers (in preparation)
Introduction
The assessment of aerosols in the workplace can have several aims, including:
a) estimation of the mean concentration of health-related aerosol particles (see EN 481) during a working
shift period (workplace characteristics or personal exposure by static or personal sampling);
b) sampling to provide a sample of airborne particles for later analysis (gravimetric, morphological, chemical,
physical, mineralogical, etc., see EN 482);
c) evaluation of almost instantaneous concentrations produced by various work activities using automatic
instruments (photometers,β -attenuation instruments, vibrational mass balance instruments);
d) evaluation of almost instantaneous concentrations and particle size distributions (optical particle
counters – OPC).
This Technical Report concerns items c) and d), gives the principles, and details the general conditions to be
satisfied. In occupational hygiene, no measurement procedure recommends exposure monitoring using direct-
reading aerosol monitors. These instruments should instead be considered as permitting a complementary
approach to the conventional filter-based gravimetric method. The different types of information obtained are
explained in Figure 1.
a) b)
Key
X sample number (time) Y concentration (arb units)
Figure 1 ― Information from integrated filter sampling vs. continuous monitoring
There is a wide range of portable and personal direct-reading aerosol monitors available.
Recent advances in modern electronics and battery technology means direct-reading dust monitors are
becoming smaller and lighter and of relatively low price. In addition to reliance on compliance with
Occupational Exposure Limits, emphasis is now also being placed on control banding and advice on suitable
control systems. This has led to new roles being identified for direct-reading aerosol monitors in ensuring that
systems deployed to control exposure to airborne dusts actually work. Some types of direct-reading aerosol
monitors appear to be well suited to evaluate prevention action efficiency and to space- and time-related
monitoring of concentration.
All instruments mentioned in this document (see, in particular, Tables 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10) are examples of
suitable products available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this
Technical Report only and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of these products.
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes the principles underlying the evaluation of one or more aerosol fractions
using direct-reading aerosol monitors. The currently available methods for monitoring levels of aerosols in
workplaces for a range of different purposes are described and details are given of their limits and possibilities
in the field of occupational hygiene.
The document does not cover the sampling of aerosols for compliance with occupational exposure limits or
the collection of aerosol particles for subsequent analysis.
2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviations apply.
DRAM direct-reading aerosol monitor
LOD limit of detection
OEL occupational exposure limit
OPC optical particle counter
PM particulate matter
TEOM tapered element oscillating microbalance
TSP total suspended particulate
3 Principles of direct-reading aerosol monitoring methods
3.1 General
There are many methods, based on different physical principles, for the instantaneous measurement of
aerosols. Instruments used are generally called direct-reading or continuous monitoring instruments.
Depending on their design, they can give the instantaneous or sequential concentration and can sometimes
even measure particle size distribution.
Instantaneous measurement has several advantages:
a) immediate knowledge of the result without going through the laboratory, whence the possibility of rapid
intervention (e.g. implementation of a ventilation system);
b) continuous measurement, long-distance surveillance, concentration record over time, mean concentration
integration and calculation in selected periods, maxima and minima determination, source location, etc.;
c) measurement of concentration for particles of unstable composition (e.g. volatile substances);
d) monitoring and control of aerosol concentration.
Depending on the principles used, automatic methods can be classed into the following three main groups:
vibrational mass method (see 3.2);
beta attenuation method (see 3.3);
optical methods (see 3.4).
3.2 Vibrational mass methods
3.2.1 Piezoelectric mass monitors
3.2.1.1 Operating principle
Particles drawn into the instrument are collected on the surface of a piezoelectric crystal, forming part of a
quartz crystal-based oscillating circuit (see Figure 2).
Key
1 piezoelectric crystal
2 frequency
Figure 2 ― Schematic of piezoelectric mass monitor
The mass of deposited particles causes a reduction in the oscillation frequency f. The changed frequency is
compared with the previous recorded initial frequency or a control circuit frequency. The frequency reduction
is directly proportional to the particle mass (see [8]). The proportionality factor k expresses the crystal
f
sensitivity with respect to the deposited weight. It is constant for each crystal (see [7]) and its value varies, in
most cases, by approximately 200 Hz/µg. If the frequency change during sampling, for a time t, is ∆f, the
∆f
weight of collected dust will be and the aerosol mean concentration can be calculated according to
k
f
Equation (1):
∆f
C = (1)
Q× t × k
s f
where
C is the aerosol mean concentration, in milligrams per cubic metre;
∆f is the change resonance frequency, in Hertz;
Q is the sampling flow rate, in litres per minute;
t is the sampling time, in minutes;
s
k is the crystal mass sensitivity, in Hertz per microgram
f
The method is very sensitive and allows low concentrations of the order of several tens of micrograms per
cubic metre to be measured. However, it is limited to fine particles (usually smaller than 10 µm) because of
the small mechanical force between the particle and the crystal surface: if its mass is high, the particle cannot
follow the vibration frequency. This is also a problem for high loads when there is lack of coupling between the
outermost layers of particles and the crystal. This requires the crystal to be regularly cleaned and may limit the
monitoring duration.
3.2.1.2 Determination of mass concentration of health-related fractions
The change in frequency of crystal is directly proportional to the mass of particles deposited and is t
...
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