EN 17199-1:2019

Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 1: Requirements and choice of test methods

This document provides the methodology for measuring and characterizing the dustiness of a bulk material that contains or releases respirable NOAA and other respirable particles. In addition, it specifies the environmental conditions, the sample handling procedure and the method of calculating and presenting the results. Guidance is given on the choice of method to be used.
The methodology described in this document enables:
a)   the quantification of dustiness in terms of health related dustiness mass fractions,
b)   the quantification of dustiness in terms of a number-based dustiness index  and a number-based emission rate, and
c)   the characterization of the aerosol from its particle size distribution and the morphology and chemical composition of its particles.
NOTE 1   Currently, no number-based classification scheme in terms of particle number has been established for particle dustiness release. Eventually, when a large enough number of measurement data has been obtained, the intention is to revise this document and to introduce a number-based classification scheme.
This document is applicable to all bulk materials, including powders, granules or pellets, containing or releasing respirable NOAA ad other respirable particles.
NOTE 2   The vortex shaker method specified in part 5 of this standard series has not yet been evaluated for pellets and granules.
NOTE 3   The rotating drum and continuous drop methods have not yet been evaluated for nanofibres and nanoplates.
This document does not provide methods for assessing the release of particles during handling or mechanical reduction by machining (e.g. crushing, cutting, sanding, sawing) of  nanocomposites.

Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Messung des Staubungsverhaltens von Schüttgütern, die alveolengängige NOAA oder andere alveolengängige Partikel enthalten oder freisetzen - Teil 1: Anforderungen und Auswahl der Prüfverfahren

Diese Europäische Norm bietet eine Methodik für die Messung und Charakterisierung des Staubungs-verhaltens von Schüttgut, das Nanoobjekte oder Partikel im Submikrometerbereich enthält oder freisetzt. Darüber hinaus legt die Norm die Umgebungsbedingungen, das Verfahren zur Handhabung der Proben und das Verfahren zur Berechnung und Darstellung der Ergebnisse fest. Des Weiteren enthält sie eine Anleitung für die Auswahl des anzuwendenden Verfahrens.
Die in dieser Europäischen Norm festgelegte Methodik ermöglicht
a)   die Quantifizierung des Staubungsverhaltens im Hinblick auf gesundheitsrelevante Indexmassenanteile,
b)   die Quantifizierung des Staubungsverhaltens im Hinblick auf eine Indexzahl und eine Emissionsrate und
c)   die Charakterisierung des Aerosols auf der Grundlage seiner Partikelgrößenverteilung und der Morphologie und chemischen Zusammensetzung seiner Partikel.
ANMERKUNG 1   Bisher wurde noch kein zahlenbasiertes Klassifizierungsschema im Hinblick auf die Partikelzahl für die Freisetzung von Partikelstaub entwickelt. Schließlich, wenn eine ausreichend große Anzahl an Messdaten vorliegt, ist beabsichtigt, diese Europäische Norm zu revidieren und ein zahlenbasiertes Klassifizierungsschema einzuführen.
Diese Europäische Norm gilt für alle Schüttgüter einschließlich Pulver, Granulaten oder Pellets, die Nanoobjekte oder Partikel im Submikrometerbereich enthalten oder freisetzen.
ANMERKUNG 2   Das in Teil 5 dieser Europäischen Norm festgelegte Vortex-Schüttlerverfahren wurde noch nicht für Pellets und Granulate beurteilt.
ANMERKUNG 3   Die Verfahren mit rotierender Trommel und kontinuierlichem Fall wurden noch nicht für Nanofasern und Nanoplättchen beurteilt.
Diese Europäische Norm liefert keine Verfahren für die Beurteilung der Freisetzung von Partikeln während der Handhabung oder mechanischen Reduzierung fester Nanomaterialien (z. B. Nanoverbundstoffe) durch maschinelle Bearbeitung (z. B. zerkleinern, schneiden, schleifen, sägen).

Exposition sur les lieux de travail - Mesurage du pouvoir de resuspension des matériaux en vrac contenant ou émettant des nano-objets et leurs agrégats et agglomérats (NOAA) ou autres particules en fraction alvéolaire - Partie 1: Exigences et choix des méthodes d'essai

Le présent document décrit la méthodologie pour le mesurage et la caractérisation du pouvoir de resuspension d’un matériau en vrac contenant ou émettant des NOAA et autres particules en fraction alvéolaire. Il spécifie également les conditions ambiantes, le mode opératoire de conditionnement des échantillons ainsi que la méthode de calcul et d’expression des résultats. Des recommandations sont données concernant le choix de la méthode à utiliser.
La méthodologie décrite dans le présent document permet :
a)   la quantification du pouvoir de resuspension en termes de fractions massiques de poussières liées à la santé ;
b)   la quantification du pouvoir de resuspension en termes d’indice du pouvoir de resuspension en nombre et de taux d’émission en nombre ;
c)   la caractérisation de l’aérosol à partir de sa distribution granulométrique, ainsi que de sa morphologie et de la composition chimique de ses particules.
NOTE 1   Aucun schéma de classification du pouvoir de resuspension en termes d’indice en nombre et de taux d’émission en nombre n’a encore été établi. Dès lors que des données de mesure seront disponibles en assez grand nombre, il est prévu de réviser le présent document et d’introduire un schéma de classification basé sur le nombre.
Le présent document est applicable à tous les matériaux en vrac, y compris des granules, des poudres ou des pastilles contenant ou émettant des NOAA et autres particules en fraction alvéolaire.
NOTE 2   La méthode de l’agitateur vortex spécifiée dans la Partie 5 de la présente série de normes n’a pas encore été évaluée pour les pastilles et les granules.
NOTE 3   La méthode du tambour rotatif et la méthode de la chute continue n’ont pas été évaluées pour les nanofibres et les nanofeuillets.
Le présent document ne spécifie pas de méthode pour l’évaluation de la libération de particules lors de la manipulation ou de la réduction mécanique par transformation (par exemple broyage, coupe, sablage, sciage) de nanocomposites.

Izpostavljenost na delovnem mestu - Meritve prašnosti razsutih materialov, ki vsebujejo ali sproščajo respirabilne nanopredmete ter njihove agregate in aglomerate (NOAA) in druge respirabilne delce - 1. del: Zahteve in izbira preskusnih metod

Ta evropski standard določa metodologijo za merjenje in opredelitev prašnosti razsutega materiala, ki vsebuje ali sprošča nanopredmete ali submikrometrske delce. Poleg tega navaja okoljske pogoje, postopek za ravnanje z vzorci ter metodo izračuna in predstavitve rezultatov. Smernice so podane v zvezi z izbiro uporabljene metode.
Metodologija, ki je opisana v tem evropskem standardu, omogoča:
a)   kvantifikacijo prašnosti v smislu z zdravjem povezanih indeksnih masnih delcev,
b)   kvantifikacijo prašnosti v smislu indeksnega števila in stopnje emisij ter
c)   karakterizacijo aerosola na podlagi porazdelitve velikosti delcev ter morfologije in kemijske sestave njegovih delcev.
OPOMBA 1:   Za sproščanje prašnosti delcev v smislu števila delcev trenutno še ni vzpostavljena nobena klasifikacijska shema na podlagi števil. Ko bo sčasoma pridobljenih dovolj merilnih podatkov, je predvidena revizija tega evropskega standarda in uvedba klasifikacijske sheme na podlagi števil.
Ta evropski standard se uporablja za vse razsute materiale, vključno s praški, granulami in peleti, ki vsebujejo ali sproščajo nanopredmete ali submikrometrske delce.
OPOMBA 2:   Metoda s krožnim mešalnikom, ki je navedena v 5. delu tega evropskega standarda, še ni ocenjena za pelete in granule.
OPOMBA 3:   Metodi z vrtečim bobnom in trajnim padanjem še nista ocenjeni za nanovlakna in nanoplošče.
Ta evropski standard ne določa metod za ocenjevanje sproščanja delcev med ravnanjem s trdnimi nanomateriali (npr. nanokompoziti) ali njihovim mehanskim zmanjševanjem med strojno obdelavo (npr. drobljenje, rezanje, brušenje, žaganje).

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 26-Mar-2019
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Sep-2019
• ICS: 13.040.30 - Workplace atmospheres
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 137 - Assessment of workplace exposure
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 137/WG 3 - Particulate matter
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 01-Nov-2024
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Mandate: M/461 - Mandate addressed to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI for Standardization activities regarding Nanotechnologies and Nanomaterials
• Ref Project: SIST EN 17199-1:2019 - Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 1: Requirements and choice of test methods

Overview

EN 17199-1:2019 (CEN) defines requirements and guidance for the measurement and characterization of the dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release respirable NOAA (nano‑objects, their aggregates and agglomerates) and other respirable particles. The standard sets out the scope, environmental conditions, sample handling, and how to calculate and present results. It supports both mass‑based and number‑based dustiness metrics and describes how to characterize the resulting aerosol by particle size distribution, morphology and chemical composition.

Key topics and requirements

• Measurands and metrics
  • Health‑related dustiness mass fractions (e.g., respirable fraction in mg/kg).
  • Number‑based dustiness index and number‑based emission rate (particle number measures).
  • Particle size distribution and aerosol characterization (morphology and chemistry).
• Test methods covered
  • Rotating drum and small rotating drum
  • Continuous drop
  • Vortex shaker
  • Guidance on selecting the most appropriate method depending on material type and energy input.
• General requirements
  • Specified environmental conditions, conditioning of test material and equipment, moisture content and bulk density procedures.
  • Sampling from bulk material, replicate tests, data evaluation and test reporting requirements.
• Limitations and notes
  • No number‑based classification scheme is yet established-future revision anticipated when data allow.
  • Vortex shaker not yet evaluated for pellets/granules; rotating drum and continuous drop not fully evaluated for nanofibres/nanoplates.
  • The standard does not cover particle release from mechanical reduction (machining) of nanocomposites.
• Data presentation
  • Specifies how to calculate and present results to ensure reproducibility and comparability.

Applications and users

EN 17199-1 is relevant for:

• Occupational hygienists and exposure assessors using dustiness data as input for exposure models and control strategies.
• Manufacturers and formulators of powders, granules or pellets (including nanomaterials) who need dustiness profiles for product design and risk management.
• Process engineers and safety professionals selecting controls (ventilation, containment) and evaluating handling procedures.
• Researchers and regulators developing guidance, control banding tools or regulatory risk assessments for nano‑objects and respirable particles.

Practical uses include comparative dustiness testing, input to exposure modelling, informing control measures, and improving product formulations to reduce airborne release potential. Note: dustiness testing informs exposure assessment but is not a direct measurement of workplace exposure.

Related standards

• EN 17199‑2 to EN 17199‑5 (method-specific parts)
• EN 15051 (conventional dustiness rotating drum / continuous drop background)
• CEN ISO/TS 12025 (methodology for nano‑object release)

Keywords: EN 17199-1:2019, dustiness measurement, respirable NOAA, bulk materials, number-based dustiness index, dustiness mass fraction, rotating drum, continuous drop, vortex shaker, workplace exposure.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2019
Izpostavljenost na delovnem mestu - Meritve prašnosti razsutih materialov, ki
vsebujejo ali sproščajo respirabilne nanopredmete ter njihove agregate in
aglomerate (NOAA) in druge respirabilne delce - 1. del: Zahteve in izbira
preskusnih metod
Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or
release respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 1: Requirements and
choice of test methods
Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Messung des Staubungsverhaltens von Schüttgütern, die
Nanoobjekte oder Submikrometerpartikel enthalten oder freisetzen - Teil 1:
Anforderungen und Auswahl des Prüfverfahrens
Exposition sur les lieux de travail - Mesurage du pouvoir de resuspension des matériaux
en vrac contenant ou émettant des nano-objets et leurs agrégats et agglomérats (NOAA)
ou autres particules en fraction alvéolaire - Partie 1: Exigences et choix des méthodes
d'essai
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 17199-1:2019
ICS:
13.040.30 Kakovost zraka na delovnem Workplace atmospheres
mestu
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 17199-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.30
English Version
Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk
materials that contain or release respirable NOAA and
other respirable particles - Part 1: Requirements and
choice of test methods
Exposition sur les lieux de travail - Mesurage du Exposition am Arbeitsplatz - Messung des
pouvoir de resuspension des matériaux en vrac Staubungsverhaltens von Schüttgütern, die
contenant ou émettant des nano-objets et leurs Nanoobjekte oder Submikrometerpartikel enthalten
agrégats et agglomérats (NOAA) ou autres particules oder freisetzen - Teil 1: Anforderungen und Auswahl
en fraction alvéolaire - Partie 1: Exigences et choix des des Prüfverfahrens
méthodes d'essai
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 February 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 17199-1:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 9
5 Principle . 10
5.1 General . 10
5.2 Metric and measurand . 12
5.3 Choice of time-resolving and size-resolving instruments and samplers . 14
5.3.1 General . 14
5.3.2 Determination of health related dustiness mass fractions . 16
5.3.3 Determination of number-based dustiness indices and number-based emission
rates . 16
5.3.4 Determination of the number of modes and the modal aerodynamic equivalent
diameter(s) of the time-averaged number-based particle size distribution . 17
5.3.5 Determination of the number of modes and the modal aerodynamic equivalent
diameters of the time-averaged particle mass-based particle size distribution . 17
5.3.6 Morphological and chemical characterization of the collected airborne particles . 18
6 General requirements . 19
6.1 Conditioning of the test material . 19
6.1.1 General . 19
6.1.2 Conditioning specifications . 19
6.1.3 As-received condition . 19
6.2 Conditioning of the test equipment . 19
6.3 Sampling from bulk material . 20
6.4 Moisture content . 20
6.5 Bulk density . 20
6.6 Test procedure . 20
6.7 Replicate tests . 20
7 Test methods . 21
7.1 Available test methods . 21
7.1.1 General . 21
7.1.2 Rotating drum and small rotating drum method . 21
7.1.3 Vortex shaker . 21
7.1.4 Continuous drop method . 21
7.2 General considerations . 22
7.3 Selection of the most appropriate test method . 22
8 Evaluation of dustiness data . 23
9 Test report . 23
Annex A (normative) Determination of moisture content . 25
A.1 Infrared dryer method . 25
A.1.1 Principle . 25
A.1.2 Procedure . 25
A.2 Alternative method . 26
Annex B (normative) Determination of bulk density of the test material in accordance to
EN 15051-1 . 27
B.1 Equipment . 27
B.2 Special requirements . 27
B.3 Procedure . 27
Annex C (informative) Report for electron microscopy . 28
C.1 Methodology information . 28
C.1.1 Description of collection substrate . 28
C.1.2 Sampler for electron microscopy analysis . 28
C.1.3 Preparation for EM analysis . 28
C.1.4 General information about the microscope . 28
C.2 Results of observations and recording of images and spectra . 29
Bibliography . 30

European foreword
This document (EN 17199-1:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 137
“Assessment of workplace exposure to chemical and biological agents”, the secretariat of which is held
by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2019 and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
The control of the emitted and released airborne NOAA and other respirable particles during the
handling and transportation of bulk materials is an important consideration for workers’ exposure and
the design and operation of many industrial or research processes. It is therefore important to obtain
information about the propensity of bulk materials to release NOAA and other particles and thus assist
in assessing the risk for exposure to a hazardous material, especially if they penetrate to the alveolar
region (respirable fraction).
Dustiness data have been recommended for nanomaterials exposure assessment by the Organisation
for Economic Co-operation and Development [1]; these are also already in use as an input parameter in
some control banding tools for nanomaterials or to predict the likelihood of exposure by modelling.
Finally, dustiness data can provide the manufacturers of nanomaterials with information that can help
to improve their products (e.g. by selecting less dusty nanomaterials) or the users to improve their
processes or their technical prevention approaches.
Dustiness depends on a number of factors including:
— the physical state of the bulk material (e.g. powder, granules, pellets and moisture content),
— the physicochemical properties of the particles contained in the bulk material (e.g. particle size and
shape, relevant density, type of coating, hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity properties, aggregation
of particles),
— the environment (e.g. moisture, temperature),
— the condition of the bulk material,
— the type of aerosol generation (activation energy or energy input, time characteristics of the energy
input),
— the interaction between particles during agitation (e.g. friction shearing, van der Wall forces), and
— the sampling and measurement configuration.
The aim of dustiness testing is to simulate typical powder processing and handling in order to enable a
comparison of the relative dust release potential of different bulk materials. Data derived from
dustiness testing can be used as input for qualitative or quantitative exposure assessment. Dustiness
involves the application of a given type and amount of activation energy or energy input, to a stipulated
amount of test material during a stipulated time, whereby particles are dispersed into the air and are
described quantitatively. No single dustiness method is likely to represent and reproduce the various
types of processing and handling used in the workplace. Therefore, there are a number of methods for
the design of dustiness devices and different values will be obtained by different test methods.
However, the test and the variables including the sampling and measurement configuration demand to
be closely specified to ensure reproducibility.
Conventional dustiness methods for micrometre-size particles estimate the airborne dust generated in
terms of dustiness mass fraction (e.g. respirable, thoracic, inhalable), given in mg/kg. The current
EN 15051 standard series for conventional dustiness provides two methods: the rotating drum method
and the continuous drop method. Although these methods are accepted standards for micrometre-size
particles, the biological behaviour of NOAA, because of their small particle size and surface area, has
raised the question whether the dustiness can be adequately characterized by their mass fraction only.
Therefore, particle number concentration and particle size distribution are other important
1)
measurands for measuring and characterizing the dustiness of bulk material containing NOAA . The
test provided in this document is also applicable to powders not falling under the EC recommended
nanomaterial definition, which nevertheless might release airborne NOAA during handling.
This document together with EN 17199-2 to EN 17199-5 establish test methods that measure the
dustiness of bulk materials containing NOAA in terms of health related dustiness mass fraction,
number-based dustiness index and number-based emission rate. In addition, it establishes test methods
that characterize the aerosol from its particle size distribution and the morphology and chemical
composition of its particles. It also gives guidance on the choice of a test method from four methods: the
rotating drum, the continuous drop, the small rotating drum and the vortex shaker. These methods
require different amount of test material and allow the application of a wide range of energy inputs to
those materials. The rotating drum methods differ from the continuous drop and the vortex shaker
methods. In the rotating drum, the bulk material is repeatedly dropped while in the continuous drop, it
is dropped only once but continuously. In the vortex shaker, the bulk material is subjected to a much
higher energy input. The principle of the rotating drum method is similar to that of the small rotating
drum method.
This document was originally developed based on the results of pre-normative research [3]. This
project investigated the dustiness of ten bulk materials (including nine bulk nanomaterials) with the
intention to test as wide a range of bulk materials as possible in terms of magnitude of dustiness,
chemical composition and primary particle size distribution as indicated by a high range in specific
surface area.
Although dustiness can be considered as a factor determining the exposure, the results of the selected
test method cannot be directly used as an estimate of workplace exposure in the intended application.

1) CEN ISO/TS 12025 [2] provides general methodology for the quantification of nano-object release from
powders as a result of treatment, ranging from handling to high energy dispersion, by measuring aerosols
liberated after a defined aerosolization procedure. However, it does not establish test methods.
1 Scope
This document provides the methodology for measuring and characterizing the dustiness of a bulk
material that contains or releases respirable NOAA and other respirable particles. In addition, it
specifies the environmental conditions, the sample handling procedure and the method of calculating
and presenting the results. Guidance is given on the choice of method to be used.
The methodology described in this document enables:
a) the quantification of dustiness in terms of health related dustiness mass fractions,
b) the quantification of dustiness in terms of a number-based dustiness index and a number-based
emission rate, and
c) the characterization of the aerosol from its particle size distribution and the morphology and
chemical composition of its particles.
NOTE 1 Currently, no number-based classification scheme in terms of particle number has been established for
particle dustiness release. Eventually, when a large enough number of measurement data has been obtained, the
intention is to revise this document and to introduce a number-based classification scheme.
This document is applicable to all bulk materials, including powders, granules or pellets, containing or
releasing respirable NOAA ad other respirable particles.
NOTE 2 The vortex shaker method specified in part 5 of this standard series has not yet been evaluated for
pellets and granules.
NOTE 3 The rotating drum and continuous drop methods have not yet been evaluated for nanofibres and
nanoplates.
This document does not provide methods for assessing the release of particles during handling or
mechanical reduction by machining (e.g. crushing, cutting, sanding, sawing) of nanocomposites.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
CEN ISO/TS 80004-2, Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 2: Nano-objects (ISO/TS 80004-2)
EN 1540, Workplace exposure - Terminology
EN 13205-2, Workplace exposure - Assessment of sampler performance for measurement of airborne
particle concentrations - Part 2: Laboratory performance test based on determination of sampling
efficiency
EN 15051-1, Workplace exposure - Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials - Part 1: Requirements
and choice of test methods
EN 15051-2, Workplace exposure - Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials - Part 2: Rotating drum
method
EN 15051-3, Workplace exposure - Measurement of the dustiness of bulk materials - Part 3: Continuous
drop method
EN 16897, Workplace exposure - Characterization of ultrafine aerosols/nanoaerosols - Determination of
number concentration using condensation particle counters
EN 17199-2, Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release
respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 2: Rotating drum method
EN 17199-3, Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release
respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 3: Continuous drop method
EN 17199-4, Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release
respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 4: Small rotating drum method
EN 17199-5, Workplace exposure - Measurement of dustiness of bulk materials that contain or release
respirable NOAA and other respirable particles - Part 5: Vortex shaker method
ISO 15900, Determination of particle size distribution - Differential electrical mobility analysis for aerosol
particles
ISO 27891, Aerosol particle number concentration - Calibration of condensation particle counters
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 1540, EN 15051-1,
CEN ISO/TS 80004-2 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
background particle
particle infiltrated from the laboratory
3.2
bulk material
any solid material, which can be tipped, mixed, scooped, or similar, either mechanically or by hand
including powders, granules or pellets containing or releasing nano-objects or submicrometer particles
in either unbound, bound uncoated and coated forms
3.3
nanomaterial
material with any external dimensions in the nanoscale or having internal structure or surface structure
in the nanoscale
[SOURCE: CEN ISO/TS 80004-1:2015 [4]]
3.4
number-based dustiness index
ratio of the number of particles released over the duration of the test to the test mass for the respective
dustiness test method
3.5
number-based emission rate
ratio of the number of particles released per second over the duration of the test to the test mass for the
respective dustiness test method
3.6
particle size distribution
distribution of particles as a function of particle size
Note 1 to entry: Particle size distribution can be expressed as cumulative distribution or a distribution density
(distribution of the fraction of material in a particle size class, divided by the width of that class).
Note 2 to entry: Adapted from EN ISO 14644-1:2015 [5].
3.7
particle size
linear dimension of a particle determined by a specified measurement method and under specified
measurement conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013[6]]
4 Symbols and abbreviations
AES Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
®2)
Aerodynamic Particle Sizer
APS
BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
CPC Condensation Particle Counter
d A lower particle size at which the counting or sampling efficiency is 50 %
DEMC Differential Electrical Mobility Classifier
DMAS Differential Mobility Analysing System
3) ®
Electrical Low Pressure Impactor
ELPI
EM Electron Microscopy
ICP Inductively coupled plasma
MS Mass Spectrometry
NOAA Nano-objects, and their aggregates and agglomerates > 100 nm
RH Relative Humidity
SEM Scanning Electron Microscopy
TEM Transmission Electron Microscopy
XRF X-ray fluorescence ®
2) APS is the trade name or trademark of a product supplied by TSI Instruments Ltd. This information is given
for the convenience of users of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the
product named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. ®
3) ELPI is the trade name or trademark of a product supplied by Dekati. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the product
named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
5 Principle
5.1 General
Figures 1 and 2 show flow charts to provide the user of this document a route through the necessary
stages that shall be taken into account to obtain values of the dustiness parameters of a given bulk
material.
Figure 1 — Flow chart decision for the supplier of the bulk material
Figure 2 — Flow chart decision for the testing laboratory
Four test methods are described:
— the rotating drum method (see EN 17199-2);
— the continuous drop method (see EN 17199-3);
— the small rotating drum method (see EN 17199-4);
— the vortex shaker method (see EN 17199-5).
All four test methods consist of the following elements:
a) air conditioning system in case the laboratory itself cannot be controlled to the required
temperature and relative humidity;
b) dust generation section;
c) sampling train;
d) measurement section: aerosol real-time instruments for time-resolved particle concentrations and
time-resolved particle size distribution as well as dust sampling devices for respirable mass
fraction and or off-line analysis of particles.
For the determination of the inhalable, (thoracic) and respirable dustiness index mass fractions for the
rotating drum methods and the continuous drop method, see EN 15051-1, EN 15051-2 and EN 15051-3.
Bulk material, with known moisture content and bulk density, is weighed and then placed in the dust
generation section, where it is treated under standard conditions for a set period of time. The bulk
density shall be measured as given in 6.5. The airborne dust released is drawn from the dust generation
unit, through the dust transfer section and sampling train into the sampling section. Here, real-time
aerosol instruments measure time-resolved particle concentrations and time-resolved particle size
distribution of the aerosol generated within the aerosolization systems. In addition, sampling devices
collect particles for gravimetric and/or off-line chemical/morphological analysis. Chemical composition
analysis can provide useful information when testing a bulk material consisting of a mixture of chemical
substances.
The dustiness data can be used to understand the dustiness behaviour of the bulk material and provide
information to be used in ranking exposure potentials or as input for quantitative exposure assessment
modelling. They can be compared to data obtained from a material of the same chemical composition
with different properties (e.g. differing in particle size, shape, coating or functionalization). Clause 8
describes how the measured data shall be evaluated.
5.2 Metric and measurand
The four test methods measure the dustiness of bulk materials containing NOAA in terms of health
related dustiness mass fraction, number-based dustiness index and number-based emission rate. In
addition, the aerosols generated by those methods can be characterized from their particle size
distributions and the morphology and chemical composition of their airborne particles. Table 1
provides a summary of the metric and measurand, which can be or shall be obtained by the four test
methods.
Table 1 — Summary of the metric and measurand, which can be obtained by the four test
methods
Measurand Symbol Unit Test method Mandatory/optional
a
Rotating drum ,
Respirable, Milligrams per
continuous drop,
w
dustiness mass kilogram Mandatory
r
small rotating drum,
fraction (mg/kg)
vortex shaker
Milligrams per
Thoracic dustiness
a
w
kilogram Rotating drum Optional
t
mass fraction
(mg/kg)
Milligrams per
a
Inhalable dustiness Rotating drum ,
w
kilogram Optional
i
mass fraction continuous drop
(mg/kg)
Number-based
dustiness index of Number of Rotating drum;
respirable particles particles per continuous drop;
I
Mandatory
in the particle size milligram small rotating drum;
range from about (1/mg) vortex shaker
10 nm to about 1 µm
Measurand Symbol Unit Test method Mandatory/optional
Number-based
average emission Number of
Rotating drum;
rate of respirable particles per
continuous drop,
E
particles in the milligram and Mandatory

small rotating drum;
particle size range per second
vortex shaker
from about 10 nm to (1/mg∙s)
about 1 µm
Number-based
initial dustiness
Number of
kinetics considering
particles per
the number of
milligram per
D Small rotating drum Mandatory
k
particles released in
square second
the particle size
(1/mg∙s )
range from about
10 nm to about 1 µm
Time-based
dustiness kinetics
assessed as the time
required to generate
Seconds
50 % of the total
n Small rotating drum Mandatory
number of particles
(s)
released in the
particle size range
from about 10 nm to
about 1 µm
Number of modes of
the time-averaged Rotating drum;
number-based continuous drop;
N
— Mandatory
N,M
particle size small rotating drum;
distribution as vortex shaker
dN/dlogDi
Modal aerodynamic
equivalent
diameters
corresponding to the
Rotating drum;
highest mode (M1 )
N
and to the second Micrometres
continuous drop;
d( M )
Mandatory
N,i
highest mode (M2 ) (µm)
N
small rotating drum;
of the time-averaged
vortex shaker
number-based
particle size
distribution as
dN/dlogD
i
Measurand Symbol Unit Test method Mandatory/optional
Number of modes of
the time-averaged Rotating drum; small
N
mass-based particle — rotating drum; vortex Optional
MM,
size distribution as shaker
dM/dlogD
i
Modal aerodynamic
equivalent
diameters
corresponding to the
Rotating drum; small
highest mode (M1 ) Micrometres
M
d( M )
rotating drum; vortex Optional
M,i
and to the second (µm)
shaker
highest mode (M2 )
M
of the time-averaged
mass-based particle
size as dM/dlogD
i
Morphological and
Rotating drum;
chemical
Optional
small rotating drum;
characterization of None —
vortex shaker,
the particles
continuous drop
including NOAA
a
The determination of the respirable, thoracic and inhalable dustiness mass fractions are performed
separately using the EN 15051-2 set-up.
b
The (approximate) primary particle size and the (approximate) agglomerate size/shape can be estimated by
analytical electron microscopy. In addition, the elemental chemical composition of the particles and agglomerates
can be obtained. Respirable dust collected on a filter using a cyclone (see Part 3 to 5 of this standard series) or a
set of metal foams (see Part 2 of this standard series) can be quantitatively analysed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF)
or ICP-MS.
5.3 Choice of time-resolving and size-resolving instruments and samplers
5.3.1 General
The choice of devices has an influence on the results and the test method itself influences the choice of
devices. Specific devices or instruments are recommended in this standard and in EN 17199-2 to
EN 17199-5 to enable comparable results to be obtained between laboratories or organizations. These
instruments have been selected based on the performance parameters of the instruments and the
characteristics of the aerosols generated. Table 2 provides general criteria in the choice of the devices
or instruments for the four test methods.
Table 2 — General criteria in the choice of the devices or instruments
Method / device specific to
Measurand Test method
measurand
Set of metal foams and a filter
Respirable, thoracic and inhalable dustiness
Rotating drum (separate testing according to
mass fraction (mg/kg)
EN 15051-1 and EN 15051-2)
Small rotating
Cyclone for the respirable fraction
Respirable dustiness mass fraction (mg/kg) drum, vortex
(according to EN 13205-2)
shaker
Cyclones for the respirable
fraction and sampler for the
Respirable and inhalable dustiness mass
Continuous drop inhalable fraction (parallel testing
fraction (mg/kg)
according to EN 15051-1 and
EN 15051-3)
Rotating drum;
Number-based dustiness index of respirable
small rotating CPC covering the particle size
particles in the particle size range from
drum; vortex range from about 10 nm to 1 µm
about 10 nm to about 1 µm (1/mg)
shaker
CPC covering the particle size
Number-based dustiness index of respirable
range from about 10 nm to about
particles in the particle size range from Continuous drop
1 µm or DMAS combined with an
about 10 nm to about 1 µm (1/mg) ®
APS
Rotating drum,
Number-based average emission rate of
small rotating CPC covering the particle size
respirable particles in the particle size range
drum; vortex range from about 10 nm to 1 µm
from about 10 nm to about 1 µm (1/mg·s)
shaker
Number-based average emission rate of CPC covering the particle size
respirable particles in the particle size range Continuous drop range from about 10 nm to 1 µm ®
from about 10 nm to about 1 µm (1/mg·s) or DMAS combined with an APS
Number-based initial dustiness kinetics
considering the number of particles released Small rotating Condensation Particle Counter
in the particle size range from about 10 nm drum (CPC)
to about 1 µm (1/s )
Time-based dustiness kinetics assessed as
the time required to generate 50 % of the
Small rotating Condensation Particle Counter
total number of particles released in the
drum (CPC)
particle size range from about 10 nm to
about 1 µm (s)
Method / device specific to
Measurand Test method
measurand
Number of modes of the time-averaged
number-based particle size distribution as
Rotating drum;
dN/dlogD (-)
i
continuous drop; Size-resolving instrument(s)
Modal aerodynamic equivalent diameters
small rotating covering the particle size from
corresponding to the highest mode (M1 )
N
drum; vortex about 10 nm to 10 µm
and to the second highest mode (M2 ) of the
N
shaker
time-averaged number-based particle size
distribution as dN/dlogD (µm)
i
Number of modes of the time-averaged
mass-based particle size distribution as
dM/dlogD (-)
i
Rotating drum;
small rotating
Modal aerodynamic equivalent diameters
Low pressure cascade impactors
drum; vortex
corresponding to the highest mode (M1 )
M
shaker
and to the second highest mode (M2M) of the
of the time-averaged mass-based particle
size distribution as dM/dlogD (µm)
i
Sampling device for off-line
electron microscopy analysis
Rotating drum;
continuous drop;
Dust collected on a filter using a
Morphological and chemical characterization
small rotating
repirable cyclone (see Part 3 to 5
of particles including NOAA
drum; vortex
of this standard series) or a set of
shaker
metal foams (see Part 2 of this
standard series)
5.3.2 Determination of health related dustiness mass fractions
The health related dustiness mass fractions (respirable, thoracis and/or inhalable) shall be measured
using a cyclone or a set of metals foams and a filter.
EN 15051-1 to EN 15051-3 specify test methods to measure health related mass fractions of a dust
generated by the rotating drum or the continuous drop. These test methods are applicable to bulk
materials and bulk materials containing NOAA.
EN 17199-4 and EN 17199-5 specify test methods to measure the respirable dustiness mass fraction of
a bulk material and bulk materials containing NOAA for the small rotating drum and the vortex shaker.
5.3.3 Determination of number-based dustiness indices and number-based emission rates
The particle number concentration shall be measured using a condensation particle counter (CPC) or a
DMAS (see Table 2) and the number-based dustiness index (1/mg) and number-based emission rate
(1/mg·s) shall be derived from the CPC data if applicable (see EN 17199-3).
The minimal detectable particle size d of the instrument shall be 10 nm and the maximum detectable
particle should be about 1 µm. The instrument shall operate at a concentration ranging between near to
3 3
0 particles/cm to at least 100 000 particles/cm in single particle count mode. The working fluid of the
instrument shall be alcohol. The data shall be collected every one second. A respirable cyclone may be
placed at the inlet of the CPC to remove the larger particles and prevent overloads.
The CPC shall be calibrated in accordance with ISO 27891 and its response checked following
EN 16897.
5.3.4 Determination of the number of modes and the modal aerodynamic equivalent
diameter(s) of the time-averaged number-based particle size distribution
The number-based particle size distribution shall be measured using a single or a combination of size-
and time-resolving instrument(s). The number of modes and the modal aerodynamic equivalent
diameters of the integrated number-based particle size distribution corresponding to the highest mode
(M1 ) and to the second highest mode (M2 ) shall be derived from the data of the real-time
N N
instruments. The device(s) shall count and classify particles in the particle size range from at least
10 nm (d ) to 10 µm. A cyclone or impactor plate(s) may be placed at the inlet of the devices to remove
the larger particles and prevent overloads.
For the rotating drum, small rotating drum and vortex shaker, a single device is preferred to the use of
two instruments. The rotating drum, small rotating drum and vortex shaker methods are methods
providing time behaviour information of particle number releases. The particle concentrations
generated in these methods are time dependent and measurements are performed when
concentrations begin to increase. For these methods, the measurement of number-based particle size
distribution in modal aerodynamic equivalent diameter is preferred and performed with a time step of
1 s.
NOTE 1 Currently, the only instrument that can respond to these requests is the Electrical Low Pressure
®4)
Impactor (ELPI ).
For the continuous drop method, which rapidly generates a constant concentration of particles after a
sharp increase in particle numbers, measurements are reported for the condition where concentrations
reach a stable constant level of particle numbers. For this test method, a combination of time- and size-
resolving instruments is preferred.
ISO 15900 shall be followed when measuring particle size distribution using a DMAS.
NOTE 2 ISO 15900 provides guidelines on the determination of aerosol particle size distribution by means of
the analysis of electrical mobility of aerosol particles.
Currently, there are no European or International Standards available providing guidelines on the
® ®
determination of particle size distribution by means of an ELPI or an APS .
® ®
The ELPI and APS measure the modal aerodynamic equivalent diameter of airborne particles,
whereas the DMAS measures the electrical mobility equivalent diameter of airborne particles. The
density of the particles is defaulted to 1g/cm and shape is defaulted to be spherical, because it is not
possible in a simple way to determine and handle the actual values.
5.3.5 Determination of the number of modes and the modal aerodynamic equivalent diameters
of the time-averaged particle mass-based particle size distribution
The measurement of mass-based particle size distribution using cascade impactors is optional but can
provide complementary information to the number-based particle size distribution for the rotating
drum, the small rotating drum and the vortex shaker. Low pressure cascade impactors with three stages
per size decade in modal aerodynamic equivalent diameter shall be preferred in order to have a good
resolution of the particle size distribution of the emitted aerosol.
When the mass-based particle size distribution is measured, the number of modes and the modal
aerodynamic equivalent diameters of the mass-based particle size distribution corresponding to the
highest mode (M1 ) and to the second highest mode (M2 ) shall be derived.
M M ®
4) ELPI is the trade name or trademark of a product supplied by Dekati. This information is given for the
convenience of users of this European Standard and does not constitute an endorsement by CEN of the product
named. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.
Appropriate collection plates shall be used in low pressure cascade impactors so as to limit the rebound
of sampled airborne particles.
5.3.6 Morphological and chemical characterization of the collected airborne particles
5.3.6.1 General
The sampling and the qualitative analysis of the morphology and chemical composition of the collected
airborne particles by off-line analytical electron microscopy and/or XRF/Inductively coupl
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