EN ISO 945-1:2018

Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2017)

ISO 945-1:2017 specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material standard.

Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2017)

Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2017)

ISO 945-1:2017 spécifie une méthode de classification de la microstructure du graphite dans les fontes par analyse visuelle comparative.
L'objectif du présent document est d'apporter des informations sur la méthode de classification du graphite. Il n'est pas destiné à donner des informations sur l'aptitude des types et des nuances de fonte, pour une application particulière.
Les nuances particulières des matériaux sont spécifiées principalement par des propriétés mécaniques et, dans le cas des fontes austénitiques et des fontes résistant à l'usure par abrasion, par leur composition chimique. L'interprétation de la forme et de la taille du graphite ne permet pas de prévoir de manière statistiquement valable que les exigences spécifiées dans la norme de matériau concernée seront satisfaites.

Mikrostruktura železove litine - 1. del: Razvrščanje grafita z vizualno analizo (ISO 945-1:2017)

Ta dokument določa metodo razvrščanja mikrostrukture grafita v železovih litinah s primerjalno vizualno analizo.
Namen tega dokumenta je podati informacije o metodi razvrščanja grafita. Ne navaja podatkov o primernosti tipov in razredov železovih litin za nobeno posebno uporabo.
Posebne razrede snovi določajo predvsem mehanske lastnosti in, če gre za avstenitne in na obrabo odporne litine, njihove kemične sestave. Razlaga grafitne oblike in velikosti ne omogoča statistično veljavne navedbe o izpolnjevanju zahtev, določenih v ustreznem standardu za material.

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 13-Feb-2018
• Withdrawal Date: 13-Apr-2025
• ICS: 77.080.10 - Irons
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 190 - Foundry technology
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 190 - Foundry technology
• Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
• Start Date: 17-Jul-2019
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Ref Project: SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018 - Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2017)

Relations

• Replaces: EN ISO 945-1:2008 - Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
• Effective Date: 21-Feb-2018
• Replaces: EN ISO 945-1:2008/AC:2010 - Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis - Technical Corrigendum 1 (ISO 945-1:2008/Cor 1:2010)
• Effective Date: 21-Feb-2018
• Replaced By: EN ISO 945-1:2019 - Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2019)
• Effective Date: 08-Jun-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009/AC:2010
0LNURVWUXNWXUDåHOH]RYHOLWLQHGHO5D]YUãþDQMHJUDILWD]YL]XDOQRDQDOL]R,62

Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-
1:2017)
Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung
(ISO 945-1:2017)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO
945-1:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 945-1:2018
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 945-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
February 2018
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 945-1:2008
English Version
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite
classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2017)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1:
graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2017) Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO
945-1:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 6 December 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2018 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 945-1:2018 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 945-1:2018) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25 “Cast irons
and pig irons” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 “Foundry technology” the
secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by August 2018, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by August 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 945-1:2008.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 945-1:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 945-1:2018 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 945-1
Second edition
2017-12
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual
analysis
Microstructure des fontes —
Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
Reference number
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General . 1
4.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons . 1
4.2 Form . 2
4.3 Distribution . 3
4.4 Size . 4
4.5 Visual classification of graphite .23
5 Sampling and sample preparation .23
5.1 Samples taken from a casting .23
5.2 Sample preparation .23
6 Procedure for graphite classification .23
6.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite .23
6.2 Evaluation of the analysis results .24
7 Reference images .24
7.1 General .24
7.2 Reference images for graphite form .24
7.3 Reference images for the distribution of graphite (form I) .24
7.4 Reference images for graphite size .24
8 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size .25
8.1 Designation system .25
8.2 Designation of different graphite sizes within a casting .25
8.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and sizes .26
8.4 Designation of unclassified graphite forms .26
8.5 Nodule count .26
9 Report .27
Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast-iron materials — Examples
of photomicrographs .28
Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (form I) — Examples
of photomicrographs .29
Annex C (informative) Common terminology and main occurrences concerning graphite in
cast irons .30
Bibliography .32
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 945-1:2008), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 945-1:2008/Cor.1:2010. Figures 3, 4
and 5 have been corrected to a diameter of 120 mm to allow a direct comparison with the microscope
display screen.
A list of all the parts in the ISO 945 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Introduction
Microstructure designation is a useful feature that provides a means of classifying the graphite form,
distribution and size in cast irons.
Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well-established method which is well recognized within
the foundry industry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast
iron casting.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
1 Scope
This document specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this document is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It
is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular
application.
The particular material grades are specified mainly by mechanical properties and, in the case of
austenitic and abrasion resistant cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation
of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the
requirements specified in the relevant material standard.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 General
4.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons
When cast iron materials are examined under a microscope in accordance with this document, the
graphite shall be classified by the following:
a) its form, designated by Roman numbers I to VI (see Figure 1 and Annex A);
b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E (see Figure 2 and Annex B); the graphite
distribution designation is only specified for grey cast irons (form I);
c) its size, designated by numbers 1 to 8 (see Figures 3, 4 and 5 and Table 1).
NOTE Figures 1 to 5 show only the outlines and not the structure of the graphite.
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
4.2 Form
Magnification ×100
Figure 1 — Reference images for principal graphite forms in cast irons
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
4.3 Distribution
Magnification ×100
Figure 2 — Reference images for graphite distribution (form I)
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
4.4 Size
Magnification ×100
100μm
a) Reference image for graphite size 1: ≥ 1 mm (form I)
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
b) Reference image for graphite size 2: 0,5 mm to < 1 mm (form I)
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
c) Reference image for graphite size 3: 0,25 mm to < 0,5 mm (form I)
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
d) Reference image for graphite size 4: 0,12 mm to < 0,25 mm (form I)
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
e) Reference image for graphite size 5: 0,06 mm to < 0,12 mm (form I)
8 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
f) Reference image for graphite size 6: 0,03 mm to < 0,06 mm (form I)
ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
g) Reference image for graphite size 7: 0,015 mm to < 0,03 mm (form I)
10 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 945-1:2017(E)
Magnification ×100
100μm
h) Reference image for graphite size 8: < 0,015 mm (form I)
Figure 3 — Reference images for graphite sizes for form I
-------------------
...

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2017)Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2017)Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2017)77.080.10ŽelezoIronsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 945-1:2018SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018en,fr,de01-april-2018SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN ISO 945-1:2009/AC:2010SIST EN ISO 945-1:20091DGRPHãþD

EUROPÄISCHE NORM EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE
EN ISO 945-1
Februar
t r s z ICS
y yä r z rä s r Ersatz für EN ISO
{ v wæ sã t r r zDeutsche Fassung
Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen æ Teil
sã Graphitklassifizierung Microstructure of cast irons æ Part
sã Graphite
Microstructure des fontes æ Partie
sã Classification du Diese Europäische Norm wurde vom CEN am
xä Dezember
t r s y angenommenä
ung zu erfüllená in der die Bedingungen festgelegt sindá unter denen dieser Europäischen Norm ohne jede Änderung der Status einer nationalen Norm zu geben istä Auf dem letzten Stand befindliche Listen dieser nationalen Normen mit ihren bibliographischen Angaben sind beim CENæCENELECæManagementæZentrum oder bei jedem CENæMitglied auf Anfrage erhältlichä
Spracheá die von einem CENæMitglied in eigener Verantwortung durch Übersetzung in seine Landessprache gemacht und dem ManagementæZentrum mitgeteilt worden istá hat den gleichen Status wie die offiziellen Fassungenä
CENæMitglieder sind die nationalen Normungsinstitute von Belgiená Bulgariená Dänemarká Deutschlandá der ehemaligen jugoslawischen Republik Mazedoniená Estlandá Finnlandá Frankreichá Griechenlandá Irlandá Islandá Italiená Kroatiená Lettlandá Litauená Luxemburgá Maltaá den Niederlandená Norwegená Österreichá Polená Portugalá Rumäniená Schwedená der Schweizá Serbiená der Slowakeiá Sloweniená Spaniená der Tschechischen Republiká der Türkeiá Ungarná dem Vereinigten Königreich und Zypernä
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
CEN-CENELEC Management-Zentrum:
Rue de la Science 23,
B-1040 Brüssel
t r s z CEN Alle Rechte der Verwertungá gleich in welcher Form und in welchem Verfahrená sind weltweit den nationalen Mitgliedern von CEN vorbehaltenä Refä Nrä EN ISO
{ v wæ sã t r s z DSIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

Seite Europäisches Vorwort . 3 Vorwort . 4 Einleitung . 5 1 Anwendungsbereich . 6 2 Normative Verweisungen . 6 3 Begriffe . 6 4 Allgemeines . 6 4.1 Bezeichnungssystem für die Klassifizierung von Graphit in Gusseisen . 6 4.2 Form . 7 4.3 Anordnung . 8 4.4 Größe . 9 4.5 Visuelle Klassifizierung von Graphit . 27 5 Probenahme und Probenvorbereitung . 28 5.1 Probenahme aus dem Gussstück . 28 5.2 Probenvorbereitung . 28 6 Durchführung der Graphitklassifizierung. 28 6.1 Durchführung der visuellen Graphitklassifizierung . 28 6.2 Bewertung der Untersuchungsergebnisse . 28 7 Richtreihenbilder . 29 7.1 Allgemeines . 29 7.2 Richtreihenbilder für die Graphitform . 29 7.3 Richtreihenbilder für die Graphitanordnung (Form I) . 29 7.4 Richtreihenbilder für die Graphitgröße . 29 8 Bezeichnung des Graphits nach Form, Anordnung und Größe . 30 8.1 Bezeichnungssystem . 30 8.2 Bezeichnung von unterschiedlichen Graphitgrößen in einem Gussstück . 31 8.3 Bezeichnung von gemischten Formen, Anordnungen und Größen von Graphit . 31 8.4 Bezeichnung von nicht klassifizierten Graphitformen . 31 8.5 Kugelzahl . 31 9 Prüfbericht . 32
(informativ)
Typische Graphitformen in Gusseisenwerkstoffen — Beispiele von Anhang AMikrophotographien . 33
(informativ)
Anordnung von Lamellengraphit (Form I) — Beispiele von Anhang BMikrophotographien . 34
(informativ)
Gemeinsame Terminologie und Hauptvorkommen von Graphit in Anhang CGusseisen . 35 Literaturhinweise . 37
Bild 1 — Richtreihenbilder für Hauptformen von Graphit in Gusseisen SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

Bild 2 — Richtreihenbilder für die Graphitanordnung (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

a) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 1: R 1 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

b) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 2: 0,5 mm bis < 1 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

c) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 3: 0,25 mm bis < 0,5 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

d) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 4: 0,12 mm bis < 0,25 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

e) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 5: 0,06 mm bis < 0,12 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

f) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 6: 0,03 mm bis < 0,06 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

g) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 7: 0,015 mm bis < 0,03 mm (Form I) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

h) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 8: < 0,015 mm (Form I) Bild 3 — Richtreihenbilder für Graphitgrößen der Form I SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

a) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 3: 0,25 mm bis < 0,5 mm (Formen IV bis VI) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

b) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 4: 0,12 mm bis < 0,25 mm (Formen IV bis VI) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

c) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 5: 0,06 mm bis < 0,12 mm (Formen IV bis VI) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

d) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 6: 0,03 mm bis < 0,06 mm (Formen IV bis VI) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

e) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 7: 0,015 mm bis < 0,03 mm (Formen IV bis VI) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

f) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 8: < 0,015 mm (Formen IV bis VI) Bild 4 — Richtreihenbilder für Graphitgrößen der Formen IV bis VI SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

a) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 3: 0,25 mm bis < 0,5 mm (Form III) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

b) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 4: 0,12 mm bis < 0,25 mm (Form III) SIST EN ISO 945-1:2018

c) Richtreihenbild für die Graphitgröße 5: 0,06 mm bis < 0
...