EN ISO 945-1:2008
(Main)Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
ISO 945-1:2008 specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this part of ISO 945 is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application.
The particular material grade is specified by results from tensile tests or hardness testing and, in the case of austenitic cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material standard. The structure of the metallic matrix (e.g. ferrite, pearlite) has a significant effect on the material properties. Such an interpretation is not the purpose of this part of ISO 945.
Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)
Dieser Teil von ISO 945 legt ein Verfahren zur Klassifizierung der Mikrostruktur von Graphit in Gusseisen¬werkstoffen durch vergleichende visuelle Auswertung fest.
Dieser Teil von ISO 945 bezweckt die Bereitstellung von Informationen zum Verfahren der Graphitklassifi¬zierung. Es ist nicht beabsichtigt, Informationen hinsichtlich der Eignung von Gusseisenarten und sorten für eine bestimmte Anwendung zu geben.
Die spezielle Werkstoffsorte wird bestimmt durch die Ergebnisse der Zugfestigkeitsprüfung oder Härteprüfung, und bei austenitischem Gusseisen durch die chemische Zusammensetzung. Die Bewertung der Graphitform und größe erlaubt keine statistisch gesicherte Aussage im Hinblick auf die Erfüllung der Anforderungen, die in der jeweiligen Werkstoffnorm festgelegt sind. Die Struktur der metallischen Matrix (z. B. Ferrit, Perlit) hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Werkstoffeigenschaften. Eine derartige Bewertung ist nicht Gegenstand dieses Teiles von ISO 945.
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2008)
L'ISO 945‑1:2008 spécifie une méthode de classification de la microstructure du graphite dans les fontes par une analyse visuelle comparative.
Le but de l'ISO 945‑1:2008 est de fournir des informations sur la méthode de classification du graphite. Elle n'est pas destinée à donner des informations sur l'aptitude des types et des nuances de fontes pour une application particulière.
La nuance particulière de matériau est spécifiée par les résultats des essais de traction ou de dureté et, dans le cas des fontes alliées, notamment des fontes austénitiques, par leur composition chimique. La reconnaissance de la forme, de la répartition et de la taille du graphite ne permet pas de prévoir d'une manière statistiquement valable que les exigences spécifiées dans la norme de matériau concernée seront satisfaites. La structure de la matrice à base de fer (par exemple ferrite, perlite) a une influence considérable sur les propriétés du matériau. Une telle prévision n'est pas le but de l'ISO 945‑1:2008.
Mikrostruktura železove litine - 1. del: Razvrščanje grafita z vizualno analizo (ISO 945-1:2008)
Ta del ISO 945 določa metodo za razvrščanje mikrostrukture grafita v železovih litinah s primerjalno vizualno analizo. Namen tega dela ISO 945 je zagotavljanje informacij o metodi razvrščanja grafita. Ne podaja informacij o ustreznosti vrst in razredov železovih litin za določen način uporabe. Posamezni razred materiala določajo rezultati nateznih preskusov ali preskusov trdote ter v primeru avstenitnih železnih litin njihova kemična sestava. Interpretacija oblike in velikosti grafita ne omogoča statistično veljavnih ugotovitev o izpolnjevanju zahtev, ki jih določa ustrezni standard za material. Struktura kovinske matrice (npr. feritne, perlitne) ima pomemben vpliv na lastnosti materiala. Takšna interpretacija ni namen tega dela ISO 945.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2009
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 945:1997
0LNURVWUXNWXUDåHOH]RYHOLWLQHGHO 5D]YUãþDQMHJUDILWD]YL]XDOQRDQDOL]R ,62
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-
1:2008)
Bezeichnung der Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch
visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO
945-1:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 945-1:2008
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 945-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2008
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 945:1994
English Version
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by
visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung
graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2008) durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 November 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 945-1:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 945-1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25 "Cast iron and
pig iron" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 "Foundry technology", the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by May 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 945:1994.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 945-1:2008 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 945-1:2008 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 945-1
First edition
2008-11-15
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
Microstructure des fontes —
Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
Reference number
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 General. 1
2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons. 1
2.2 Visual classification of graphite. 9
3 Sampling and preparation of samples. 10
3.1 Samples taken from a casting . 10
3.2 Sample preparation . 10
4 Procedure for graphite classification . 10
4.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite . 10
4.2 Evaluation of the analysis results. 10
5 Reference images . 11
5.1 General. 11
5.2 Reference images for graphite form. 11
5.3 Reference images for the distribution of graphite (form I). 11
5.4 Reference images for graphite size . 11
6 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size . 11
6.1 Designation system. 11
6.2 Designation of intermediate graphite sizes . 12
6.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and sizes. 12
6.4 Nodule count . 13
7 Report . 13
Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast-iron materials (Examples of photomicrographs). 15
Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (form I) (Examples of
photomicrographs).16
Annex C (informative) Common terminology and main occurrences concerning graphite in cast
irons . 17
Bibliography . 19
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 945-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
Together with ISO 945-2, this first edition of ISO 945-1 cancels and replaces ISO 945:1975, which has been
technically revised to take into account the expanding range of cast-iron alloys available. In addition,
photomicrographs have been included together with schematic images to aid classification.
ISO 945 consists of the following parts, under the general title Microstructure of cast irons:
⎯ Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis
Graphite classification by image analysis will be the subject of a future Part 2.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Introduction
Microstructure designation is a useful feature that provides a means of classifying the graphite form,
distribution and size in cast irons.
Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well-established method which is well recognized within the
foundry industry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast-iron casting.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
1 Scope
This part of ISO 945 specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this part of ISO 945 is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is
not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application.
The particular material grade is specified by results from tensile tests or hardness testing and, in the case of
austenitic cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not
allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material
standard. The structure of the metallic matrix (e.g. ferrite, pearlite) has a significant effect on the material
properties. Such an interpretation is not the purpose of this part of ISO 945.
2 General
2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons
When cast-iron materials are examined under a microscope in accordance with this part of ISO 945, the
graphite shall be classified by
a) its form, designated by Roman numerals I to VI (see Figure 1 and Annex A);
b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E (see Figure 2 and Annex B); the graphite distribution
designation is only specified for grey cast iron (form I);
c) its size, designated by Ar
...
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