EN ISO 1924-2:1995
(Main)Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (ISO 1924-2:1994)
Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (ISO 1924-2:1994)
This standard is concerned with conducted disturbances in the frequency range from 0 kHz to 9 kHz, with an extension up to 148,5 kHz specifically for mains signalling systems. It gives compatibility levels for public low voltage a.c. distribution systems having a nominal voltage up to 420 V, single-phase or 690 V, three-phase and a nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
Compatibility levels are specified for electromagnetic disturbances of the types which can be expected in public low voltage power supply systems, for guidance in:
- the limits to be set for disturbance emission into public power supply systems;
- the immunity limits to be set by product committees and others for the equipment exposed to the conducted disturbances present in public power supply systems.
Papier und Pappe - Bestimmung von Eigenschaften bei zugförmiger Belastung - Teil 2: Verfahren mit konstanter Dehngeschwindigkeit (ISO 1924-2:1994)
Dieser Teil der Internationalen Norm 1924 beschreibt ein Verfahren, mit dem die breitenbezogene Bruchkraft und die Bruchdehnung sowie das Arbeitsaufnehme- vermögen bei Zugbelastung von Papier und Pappe gemessen wird. Dabei wird ein Prüfgerät verwendet, das mit konstanter Dehngeschwindigkeit arbeitet. Weiterhin werden Verfahren beschrieben, mit denen der Bruchkraftindex der Arbeitsaufnahmevermögen-Index und der Elastizitätsmodul berechnet werden können.
Papier et carton - Détermination des propriétés de traction - Partie 2: Méthode à gradient d'allongement constant (ISO 1924-2:1994)
La présente norme est relative aux perturbations conduites dans le domaine de fréquences de 0 kHz à 9 kHz, avec une extension jusqu'à 148,5 kHz pour les systèmes de transmission de signaux sur le réseau. Elle fournit les valeurs numériques des niveaux de compatibilité pour les réseaux de distribution publics alternatifs basse tension, avec une tension nominale maximale de 420 V en monophasé, ou 690 V en triphasé, et une fréquence nominale de 50 Hz ou 60 Hz.
Les niveaux de compatibilité sont donnés pour les perturbations électromagnétiques auxquelles on peut s'attendre sur les réseaux de distribution publics basse tension, dans le but d'aider à définir:
- les limites devant être établies pour les émissions perturbatrices sur les réseaux publics de distribution d'énergie;
- les limites d'immunité devant être établies par les comités de produits ou autres concernant les équipements soumis aux perturbations conduites par les réseaux publics de distribution d'énergie.
Papir, karton in lepenka - Določevanje nateznih lastnosti - 2. del: Metoda z enakomernim naraščanjem raztezka (ISO 1924-2:1994)
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Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Papier und Pappe - Bestimmung von Eigenschaften bei zugförmiger Belastung - Teil 2: Verfahren mit konstanter Dehngeschwindigkeit (ISO 1924-2:1994)Papier et carton - Détermination des propriétés de traction - Partie 2: Méthode a gradient d'allongement constant (ISO 1924-2:1994)Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method (ISO 1924-2:1994)85.060Papir, karton in lepenkaPaper and boardICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 1924-2:1995SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000en01-april-2000SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
IS0 1924=2:1994(E) Foreword IS0 (the Jnternational Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (I EC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 1924-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 6, Paper, board and pulps, Subcommittee SC 2, Test methods and quality specifications for paper and board. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (IS0 1924-2:1985), which has been technically revised. IS0 1924 consists of the following parts, under the general title Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties: - Part I: Constant rate of loading method - Part 2: Constant rate of elongation method Annex A forms an integral part of this part of IS0 1924. 0 IS0 1994 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Printed in Switzerland ii SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
0 IS0 IS0 1924=2:1994(E) Introduction The method specified in this part of IS0 1924 for the determination of tensile properties is related to the method specified in IS0 1924-I. This method uses a test instrument operating at a constant rate of elong- ation, whereas the method described in IS0 1924-1 uses a constant rate of application of tensile force which causes failure in a mean time of 20 s + 5 s. - Because of the different principles involved, the comparison of results obtained by using apparatus complying with IS0 1924-1 and this part of IS0 1924 is not recommended. Where such a comparison is necessary, it should only be undertaken when the time to fail is of the same order for the respective tests. SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD 0 IS0 IS0 1924=2:1994(E) Paper and board - Determination of tensile properties - Part -2: Constant rate of elongation method 1 Scope This part of IS0 1924 specifies a method of measur- ing the tensile strength, stretch at break and tensile energy absorption of paper and board using a test in- strument operating at a constant rate of elongation. It also specifies methods for calculating the tensile index, the tensile energy absorption index and the modulus of elasticity. Testing in conformance with this part of IS0 1924 al- ways includes the measurement of tensile strength. Measurement or calculation of other properties is subject to agreement between the parties concerned. This part of IS0 1924 applies to all papers and boards, including papers with a high stretch at break if the results are within the capacity of the test instrument. It also applies to the components of corrugated board but not, however, to corrugated board itself. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of IS0 1924. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this part of IS0 1924 are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 186:1994, Paper and board - Sampling to deter- mine average quality. IS0 18711990, Paper, board and pulps - Standard atmosphere for conditioning and testing and pro- cedure for monitoring the atmosphere and condition- ing of samples. IS0 534:1988, Paper and board - Determination of thickness and apparent bulk density or apparent sheet density. IS0 536: -l) Paper and board - Determination of , grammage. IS0 5270:1979, Pulps - Laboratory sheets - Deter- mina tion of physical properties. 3 Definitions , For the purposes of this part of IS0 1924, the follow- ing definitions apply. 3.1 tensile strength: The maximum tensile force per unit width that paper and board will withstand before breaking under the conditions defined in the standard test method. 3.2 tensile index: Tensile strength (expressed in kilonewtons per metre) divided by grammage. 3.3 stretch at break: The measured elongation at the moment of rupture of a test piece of paper or 1) To be published. (Revision of IS0 536:1976) SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
IS0 1924=2:1994(E) 0 IS0 board when extended under conditions defined in the standard method of test. It is expressed as a per- centage of the initial test length. 3.4 tensile energy absorption: The amount of en- ergy per unit surface area (test length x width) of a paper or board absorbed during straining it to rupture. 3.5 tensile energy absorption index: Tensile en- ergy absorption divided by grammage. 3.6 modulus of elasticity: The ratio of the stretch- ing force per unit cross-sectional area to the elong- ation per unit length. 4 Principle A test piece of given dimensions is stretched to rup- ture at a constant rate of elongation using a tensile- testing apparatus that measures the tensile force and, if required, the elongation of the test piece. The maximum tensile force and, if required, the corre- sponding elongation are recorded. If the tensile force and elongation are continuously recorded, the tensile energy absorption and the mod- ulus of elasticity may be determined. From the results obtained and a knowledge of the grammage of the sample, the tensile index and the tensile energy absorption index may be calculated. 5 Apparatus 5.1 Tensile-testing apparatus, designed to extend a test piece of given dimensions at an appropriate constant rate of elongation and to measure the tensile force and, if required, the elongation produced. The tensile force may be recorded as a function of the elongation on an electronic integrator or an equivalent device. The tensile-testing apparatus includes the items listed in 5.1 .I and 5.1.2. 5.1.1 Means of measuring and indicating the tensile force to an accuracy of & 1 % of the true force and, if required, the elongation to an accuracy of & 0,l % stretch. NOTE 1 The accuracy of measurement of elongation is very important. An appropriate extensometer, placed di- rectly on the test piece, is recommended for accurate measurement of true elongation. This is to avoid the possi- bility of including, in the measurement, any apparent elong- ation which may result from undetected slippage of the test piece in the clamps or from the take-up in the joints of the apparatus. The latter is dependent upon the load applied and the error may increase due to wear of the joints of an ap- paratus which has been in use for some time. 5.1.2 Clamps, two in number, for holding a test piece of the required width (see clause 8). Each clamp shall be designed so as to be capable of gripping the test piece without damage or slippage along a straight line across the full width of the test piece and have means for controlling and adjusting the clamping force. The clamping surfaces of the clamps .shall be in the same plane and so aligned that they hold the test piece in that plane throughout the test. NOTE 2 The clamps should preferably grip the test piece between a cylindrical and a flat surface, or between two cylindrical surfaces, with the plane of the test piece tangential to the cylindrical surface. Other types of clamps may be used provided no slippage of or damage to the test piece occurs during test. The clamping lines shall remain parallel to within I” while under load. In addition, the clamping lines shall remain perpendicular to the direction of the applied tensile force and to the long dimension of the test piece to within 1 O while under load (see figure 1). The distances between the clamping lines shall be adjustable to the test length required to within + 1 mm. - 5.2 Device for cutting test pieces to the dimen- sions required (see clauses 8 and 9). 5.3 Means of measuring the work done (for ex- ample an integrator) in stretching and rupturing the test piece, with an accuracy of + 1 %. Such devices should be capable of being programmed to take ac- count of different initial test lengths. This apparatus is required if tensile energy absorption is to be determined. 5.4 Means of plotting the force/elongation curve and measuring the maximum slope of the curve. This is required only if the modulus of elasticity is to be determined. 6 Sampling If the test is to be done on a batch of paper or board, sample the batch in accordance with IS0 186. 7 Conditioning Condition the sample in accordance with the require- ments of IS0 187. SIST EN ISO 1924-2:2000
IS0 1924=2:1994(E) parallel to the test piece within an angle of I’ Figure 1 - Relationship between the clamping lines and test piece 8 Preparation of test pieces Carry out the preparation of the test pieces in the same atmospheric conditions used for conditioning the sample (see clause 7). If the tensile index or tensile energy absorption index is required, determine the grammage of the sample in accordance with IS0 536. If the modulus of elasticity is required, determine the thickness of the sample in accordance with IS0 534. NOTE 3 It is necessary to measure the thickness of each test piece for accurate determinations of elastic modulus and not the mean thickness as in IS0 534. However, the anvil diameter in IS0 534 is 16 mm so that for a 15 mm wide test piece the pressure is slightly greater than the specified 100 kPa. The modulus of elasticity determined by this method is therefore only an approximation. Prepare the test pieces from specimens taken at ran- dom from those selected in accordance with clause 6. No creases, obvious flaws or watermarks shall be included in the test area and test pieces shall not include any part of a specimen within 15 mm of the edge of any sheet or roll. If it is necessary to in- clude watermarks, this fact shall be noted in the test report. NOTE 4 Laboratory hand sheets are exluded from the restriction that the test piece shall not include any part within 15 mm of the edge (see also IS0 5270). Cut test pieces one at a time. Cut sufficient test pieces to ensure 10 valid results in each required principal direction of the paper or board, i.e. the ma- chine and cross directions (see 9.2). The long edges of the test pieces shall be straight, parallel to within + 0,l mm, cleanly cut and undam- aged. NOTE 5 Some paper, for example soft tissue, is difficult to cut cleanly. In such cases, a pad of two or three sheets of the paper, interleaved with a harder paper, for e> ample bond, may be prepared and test pieces cut from this pad. The dimensions of the test piece shall be as foll a) the width shall be 15 mm + 0,l mm; ows: NOTE 6 In certain circumstances or for paper such as tissue, 25 mm + 0,l
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