EN ISO 4080:2009
(Main)Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Determination of permeability to gas (ISO 4080:2009)
Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Determination of permeability to gas (ISO 4080:2009)
ISO 4080:2009 specifies three methods for the determination of the volume of gas diffusing through a rubber or plastics hose or length of tubing in a specified time.
Method 1: For determining the permeability of the complete hose or length of tubing, excluding end-fittings, to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose or tubing.
Method 2: For determining the permeability at the hose/fitting interface. This method is used when determining the permeability characteristics of hoses with an unpricked cover, when the gas usually issues from the textile reinforcement at the cut ends. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose.
Method 3: For determining precisely the permeability of a hose or hose assembly to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the surface area of the hose lining.
The methods are applicable only to gases which are insoluble in water.
Gummi- und Kunststoffschläuche und Schlauchleitungen - Bestimmung der Gasdurchlässigkeit (ISO 4080:2009)
In dieser Internationalen Norm werden drei Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gasvolumens festgelegt, das in
einer festgelegten Zeit durch einen Gummi- oder Kunststoffschlauch oder eine Schlauchleitung diffundiert.
Verfahren 1: Bestimmung der Durchlässigkeit für das Prüfgas durch den gesamten Schlauch oder eine
Schlauchlänge mit oder ohne Einlage, mit Ausnahme der Endarmaturen. Die Durchlässigkeit wird bezogen
auf die Länge des Schlauchs mit oder ohne Einlage berechnet.
Verfahren 2: Bestimmung der Durchlässigkeit für das Prüfgas im Übergangsbereich Schlauch/Armatur.
Dieses Verfahren dient zur Bestimmung der Durchlässigkeitskennwerte von Schläuchen mit ungeprickter
Außenschicht, wenn das Gas normalerweise von der textilen Einlage hin zu den abgeschnittenen Enden
austritt. Die Durchlässigkeit wird bezogen auf die Länge des Schlauchs berechnet.
Verfahren 3: Präzise Bestimmung der Durchlässigkeit eines Schlauchs oder einer Schlauchleitung für das
Prüfgas. Die Durchlässigkeit wird bezogen auf die Oberfläche der Schlauchinnenschicht berechnet.
Die Verfahren sind nur mit Prüfgasen anwendbar, die in Wasser nicht löslich sind.
ANMERKUNG 1 Obwohl die Ergebnisse der Verfahren 1 und 2 in den gleichen Einheiten angegeben werden, sind die
für geprickte und ungeprickte Schläuche mit gleichen Anwendungsbereichen ermittelten Ergebnisse nicht unbedingt
vergleichbar, da für die beiden Verfahren unterschiedliche Prüfzeiten festgelegt sind, weswegen von unterschiedlichen
Durchlässigkeiten ausgegangen werden kann.
ANMERKUNG 2 Verfahren 3 ist das zu bevorzugende Verfahren.
Tuyaux et flexibles en caoutchouc et en plastique - Détermination de la perméabilité au gaz (ISO 4080:2009)
L'ISO 4080:2009 spécifie trois méthodes pour la détermination du volume de gaz diffusant à travers un tuyau ou une longueur de tube en caoutchouc ou en plastique pendant une durée déterminée.
Méthode 1: Pour déterminer la perméabilité de l'ensemble d'un tuyau ou d'une longueur de tube, à l'exclusion des raccords d'extrémité, au gaz d'essai. La perméabilité est calculée par rapport à la longueur du tuyau ou du tube.
Méthode 2: Pour déterminer la perméabilité à l'interface tuyau/raccordement. Cette méthode est utilisée pour évaluer les caractéristiques de perméabilité des tuyaux à revêtement non piqueté lorsque le gaz sort de l'armature textile aux extrémités coupées. La perméabilité est calculée par rapport à la longueur du tuyau.
Méthode 3: Pour déterminer précisément la perméabilité d'un tuyau ou d'un flexible au gaz d'essai. La perméabilité est calculée par rapport à l'aire du revêtement du tuyau.
Les méthodes sont applicables uniquement aux gaz qui sont insolubles dans l'eau.
Gumene in polimerne cevi ter cevni priključki - Ugotavljanje prepustnosti za pline (ISO 4080:2009)
Ta del ISO 8253 določa ustrezne lastnosti preskusnega signala, zahteve za prosto, difuzno in skoraj prosto zvočno polje ter postopke za avdiometrijo zvočnega polja z uporabo čistih tonov, frekvenčno moduliranih tonov ali drugih ozkopasovnih preskusnih signalov, ki jih proizvaja eden ali več zvočnikov. Glavni namen je ugotavljanje ravni slušnega praga v frekvenčnem območju med 125 Hz in 8.000 Hz, vendar se lahko razširi na območje med 20 Hz in 16.000 Hz. Ta del ISO 8253 ne vključuje specifikacij za uporabo ročnih zvočnikov. Govor kot preskusni signal ni vključen. Namen tega dela ISO 8253 je zagotoviti, da so preskusi sluha z uporabo avdiometrije z zvočnim poljem čim bolj natančni in ponovljivi. Primeri grafičnih prikazov rezultatov so podani v Dodatku A.
General Information
- Status
- Withdrawn
- Publication Date
- 14-Dec-2009
- Withdrawal Date
- 13-Apr-2025
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 218 - Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies
- Current Stage
- 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
- Start Date
- 26-Jun-2024
- Completion Date
- 14-Apr-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 08-Jun-2022
- Effective Date
- 19-Dec-2009
- Effective Date
- 18-Jan-2023
Frequently Asked Questions
EN ISO 4080:2009 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Determination of permeability to gas (ISO 4080:2009)". This standard covers: ISO 4080:2009 specifies three methods for the determination of the volume of gas diffusing through a rubber or plastics hose or length of tubing in a specified time. Method 1: For determining the permeability of the complete hose or length of tubing, excluding end-fittings, to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose or tubing. Method 2: For determining the permeability at the hose/fitting interface. This method is used when determining the permeability characteristics of hoses with an unpricked cover, when the gas usually issues from the textile reinforcement at the cut ends. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose. Method 3: For determining precisely the permeability of a hose or hose assembly to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the surface area of the hose lining. The methods are applicable only to gases which are insoluble in water.
ISO 4080:2009 specifies three methods for the determination of the volume of gas diffusing through a rubber or plastics hose or length of tubing in a specified time. Method 1: For determining the permeability of the complete hose or length of tubing, excluding end-fittings, to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose or tubing. Method 2: For determining the permeability at the hose/fitting interface. This method is used when determining the permeability characteristics of hoses with an unpricked cover, when the gas usually issues from the textile reinforcement at the cut ends. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose. Method 3: For determining precisely the permeability of a hose or hose assembly to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the surface area of the hose lining. The methods are applicable only to gases which are insoluble in water.
EN ISO 4080:2009 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 23.040.70 - Hoses and hose assemblies. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN ISO 4080:2009 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN ISO 4080:1995, EN ISO 4080:1995/AC:1998, EN ISO 4080:2024. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase EN ISO 4080:2009 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2010
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 4080:2000
SIST EN ISO 4080:2000/AC:2000
*XPHQHLQSROLPHUQHFHYLWHUFHYQLSULNOMXþNL8JRWDYOMDQMHSUHSXVWQRVWL]DSOLQH
,62
Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Determination of permeability to gas
(ISO 4080:2009)
Gummi- und Kuntstoffschläuche und -schlauchleitungen - Bestimmung der
Gasdurchlässigkeit (ISO 4080:2009)
Tuyaux et flexibles en caoutchouc et en plastique - Détermination de la perméabilité au
gaz (ISO 4080:2009)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 4080:2009
ICS:
83.140.40 Gumene cevi Hoses
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 4080
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2009
ICS 23.040.70 Supersedes EN ISO 4080:1995
English Version
Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies - Determination
of permeability to gas (ISO 4080:2009)
Tuyaux et flexibles en caoutchouc et en plastique - Gummi- und Kuntstoffschläuche und -schlauchleitungen -
Détermination de la perméabilité au gaz (ISO 4080:2009) Bestimmung der Gasdurchlässigkeit (ISO 4080:2009)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 September 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 4080:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 4080:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45 "Rubber and
rubber products" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 218 “Rubber and plastics hoses and
hose assemblies” the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by June 2010, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by June 2010.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 4080:1995.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 4080:2009 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 4080:2009 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 4080
Fourth edition
2009-12-15
Rubber and plastics hoses and hose
assemblies — Determination of
permeability to gas
Tuyaux et flexibles en caoutchouc et en plastique — Détermination
de la perméabilité au gaz
Reference number
ISO 4080:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
ISO 4080:2009(E)
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
ISO 4080:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Test pieces .2
5 Conditioning of test pieces .2
6 Test temperature .2
7 Test gas .2
8 Test pressure .2
9 Apparatus.2
10 Procedure.3
11 Expression of results.6
12 Test report.7
ISO 4080:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 4080 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, Subcommittee
SC 1, Hoses (rubber and plastics).
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 4080:1991), which has been technically revised
to clarify the test method procedures and to standardize the units in the expression of results clause for
method 1 and method 2. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 4080:1991/Cor.2:1998.
iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4080:2009(E)
Rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies —
Determination of permeability to gas
WARNING — Persons using this International Standard should be familiar with normal laboratory
practice. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to
ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies three methods for the determination of the volume of gas diffusing
through a rubber or plastics hose or length of tubing in a specified time.
Method 1: For determining the permeability of the complete hose or length of tubing, excluding end-
fittings, to the test gas. The permeability is calculated with respect to the length of the hose or tubing.
Method 2: For determining the permeability at the hose/fitting interface. This method is used when
determining the permeability characteristics of hoses with an unpricked cover, when the gas usually
issues from the textile reinforcement at the cut ends. The permeability is calculated with respect to the
length of the hose.
Method 3: For determining precisely the permeability of a hose or hose assembly to the test gas. The
permeability is calculated with respect to the surface area of the hose lining.
The methods are applicable only to gases which are insoluble in water.
NOTE 1 Although the results are expressed in the same units for methods 1 and 2, the results obtained will not
necessarily be comparable in the case of unpricked and pri
...
The standard EN ISO 4080:2009 presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the permeability of rubber and plastics hoses and hose assemblies to gas. This standard provides three distinct methods tailored to different aspects of hose permeability, making it highly relevant for manufacturers and engineers in industries that depend on reliable gas transport systems. One notable strength of this standard is its detailed methodology for evaluating the permeability of hoses both as complete systems and at specific interfaces. Method 1 focuses on the complete hose or tubing, allowing for a straightforward calculation of permeability that excludes end-fittings. This approach is beneficial for general assessments, ensuring that the entire length of the hose is taken into account. Method 2 addresses a crucial scenario by examining the hose/fitting interface, particularly in hoses with unpricked covers. This method accurately measures the gas diffusion characteristics at points where gas may escape, thereby providing valuable insights into the performance of hoses in real-world applications. Method 3 elaborates on the importance of surface area in permeability calculations, offering enhanced precision for measuring the gas diffusion characteristics of hose assemblies. This method is especially useful in scenarios where exact permeability values are critical for ensuring safety and efficiency. Moreover, the standard is explicitly suited for gases that are insoluble in water, which narrows down the scope and ensures that the methods are applicable to a focused area of study. This specification increases the standard’s relevance in industries where the transport of specific gases is crucial, such as in chemical processing and fuel delivery. Overall, EN ISO 4080:2009 stands out for its structured approach to hose permeability testing, incorporating various methodologies to cater to different needs and enhancing the reliability of hoses in gas applications. Its design allows for versatile applications while maintaining precision in permeability assessment, making it an essential reference for engineers and quality control professionals tasked with selecting or designing hose solutions.
EN ISO 4080:2009は、ゴムおよびプラスチック製ホースとホースアセンブリにおけるガス透過性の測定に関する標準です。この規格は、特定の時間内にゴムまたはプラスチックホースを通過するガスの体積を決定するための三つの異なる方法を指定しています。この規格の適用範囲は、ガスが水に溶けない場合に限定されています。 まず第一の方法は、完全なホースまたはチューブのガス透過性を評価するもので、端部金具を除外してテストガスに対する透過性を測定します。この方法はホースの長さに基づいて透過性を計算するため、ホース全体の特性を把握するのに適しています。 第二の方法では、ホースとフィッティングの接合部での透過性を評価します。この方法は、クリーンカバーのホースにおいて、通常、切断面から繊維補強材からガスが発生する際の透過特性を測定するために使用されます。この測定もホースの長さを基にしていますが、接合部の特性を細かく解析する点が重要です。 第三の方法は、ホースやホースアセンブリのテストガスに対する透過性を正確に定義します。この方法はホースの内面積に基づいて透過性を計算し、より詳細な評価を可能にします。この手法により、ホースの設計や使用条件に応じたより最適な材料や構造を選定するための情報が得られます。 EN ISO 4080:2009は、様々な工業用途におけるホースの性能評価を支援するための信頼性の高い標準であり、その適用は多岐にわたります。この規格を遵守することは、製品の安全性、信頼性を向上させ、市場での競争力を高めるために極めて重要です。
Die Norm EN ISO 4080:2009 legt drei präzise Methoden zur Bestimmung der Gaspermeabilität von Gummi- und Kunststoffschläuchen sowie Schlauchbaugruppen fest. Diese Norm ist von erheblicher Bedeutung für die Industrie, da sie die Qualität und Sicherheit von Schläuchen gewährleistet, die in vielen Anwendungen eingesetzt werden, insbesondere dort, wo der Gasaustausch eine Rolle spielt. Die erste Methode konzentriert sich auf die Bestimmung der Permeabilität des gesamten Schlauches oder der Schlauchlänge, ohne die Endarmaturen zu berücksichtigen. Die Berechnung der Permeabilität erfolgt in Bezug auf die Länge des Schlauches oder der Schlauchlänge, was eine umfassende Bewertung des Materials ermöglicht. Diese Methode ist besonders vorteilhaft, da sie eine klare Grundlage für den Vergleich verschiedener Schläuche bietet. Die zweite Methode analysiert die Permeabilität an der Schnittstelle zwischen Schlauch und Armatur, was entscheidend ist, wenn es darum geht, die Eigenschaften der Gasdurchlässigkeit bei Schläuchen mit unbeschnittenem Überzug zu bestimmen. Der Gasdurchtritt erfolgt hier typischerweise durch die textile Verstärkung an den geschnittenen Enden. Diese spezifische Untersuchung der Permeabilität ist besonders relevant in Anwendungen, wo die Verbindung zwischen Schlauch und Armatur eine kritische Rolle spielt. Die dritte Methode bietet eine genauere Bestimmung der Permeabilität eines Schlauches oder einer Schlauchbaugruppe in Bezug auf die Fläche der Schlauchlinierung. Diese Methode ermöglicht eine detaillierte Analyse der Eigenschaften des Materials und ist äußerst wertvoll für Entwickler und Ingenieure, die Materialien mit spezifischen Gasdichtigkeitsanforderungen entwerfen. Ein bemerkenswerter Vorteil der Norm EN ISO 4080:2009 ist ihre Einschränkung auf Gase, die in Wasser unlöslich sind. Dies stellt sicher, dass die angewandten Methoden für eine Vielzahl von industriellen Anwendungen, in denen Wasser und seine Lösungsmittel nicht relevant sind, umso bedeutender sind. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Norm EN ISO 4080:2009 eine umfassende und methodisch fundierte Grundlage für die Bestimmung der Gaspermeabilität von Gummi- und Kunststoffschläuchen bietet. Ihre Relevanz erstreckt sich über verschiedene industrielle Anwendungen, was sie zu einem unverzichtbaren Referenzdokument macht.
SIST EN ISO 4080:2010 표준은 고무 및 플라스틱 호스와 호스 조립체의 가스 투과성을 측정하기 위한 세 가지 방법을 명시하고 있습니다. 이 표준의 주요 강점 중 하나는 다양한 응용 분야에 맞춘 세부적인 접근 방식을 제공한다는 점입니다. 첫 번째 방법은 호스나 튜브의 전체 길이에 대한 가스의 투과성을 결정하며, 이를 통해 전체 호스의 성능을 평가할 수 있습니다. 두 번째 방법은 호스와 피팅 인터페이스에서의 투과성을 검증하며, 이는 호스의 덮개가 손상되지 않은 경우에 특히 중요한 측정입니다. 마지막으로, 세 번째 방법은 호스 또는 호스 조립체의 표면적을 기준으로 가스의 투과성을 정확하게 측정할 수 있게 해줍니다. 이러한 다양한 방법들은 사용자가 특정 상황에 맞춰 적절한 측정 방법을 선택할 수 있게 하여, 산업 전반에 걸쳐 호스의 신뢰성과 안전성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 또한, 이 표준은 물에 용해되지 않는 가스를 대상으로 하고 있어, 다양한 산업 분야에서의 활용 가능성을 확장시킵니다. 각 방법별로 제공되는 명확한 기준과 절차는, 사용자가 신뢰할 수 있는 측정 결과를 확보할 수 있게 돕고, 이로 인해 제품 개발과 품질 보증 과정에서의 중요성이 더욱 부각됩니다. 따라서 SIST EN ISO 4080:2010 표준은 고무 및 플라스틱 호스의 가스 투과성 특성을 평가하는 데 있어 필수적이며, 산업계에서의 보편적인 기준으로 자리 잡을 수 있는 충분한 근거를 가지고 있습니다.
La norme EN ISO 4080:2009, intitulée « Hoses en caoutchouc et plastiques et ensembles de tuyaux - Détermination de la perméabilité au gaz », présente un cadre rigoureux pour l'évaluation de la perméabilité des tuyaux en caoutchouc et en plastiques. Cette norme est particulièrement pertinente pour les fabricants et les utilisateurs de tuyaux, offrant des méthodes précises pour mesurer la diffusion des gaz à travers les matériaux, garantissant ainsi la sécurité et l'efficacité des applications industrielles. Le principal point fort de cette norme réside dans ses trois méthodes distinctes de mesure de la perméabilité, adaptées selon les besoins spécifiques de l'application. La Méthode 1 permet une évaluation globale de la perméabilité d'un tuyau complet, sans accessoires, facilitant ainsi une compréhension claire de son comportement face au gaz test. La Méthode 2, quant à elle, s’intéresse à l’interface tuyau/accessoire, ce qui est crucial pour les tuyaux présentant des couvertures non perforées où les gaz peuvent s'échapper au niveau des extrémités. Cela permet d'obtenir des données pertinentes sur l'impact de la conception sur la perméabilité. Enfin, la Méthode 3 se concentre sur la mesure précise de la perméabilité en relation avec la surface intérieure du tuyau, fournissant des résultats qui peuvent être essentiels pour des applications sensibles. La norme EN ISO 4080:2009 est particulièrement utile car les méthodes qu'elle définit s'appliquent exclusivement aux gaz insolubles dans l'eau, à une époque où la manipulation de tels gaz devient de plus en plus courante dans diverses industries. Cela renforce la pertinence de la norme et en fait un outil indispensable pour garantir une évaluation précise et fiable des propriétés de perméabilité des tuyaux en caoutchouc et en plastiques. En somme, EN ISO 4080:2009 est une norme essentielle qui aligne les pratiques de l'industrie sur des critères standardisés pour la détermination de la perméabilité au gaz, soutenant ainsi l'innovation et la sécurité dans la conception des tuyaux et des systèmes associés.
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