prEN 13001-3-1
(Main)Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof competence of steel structure
Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof competence of steel structure
This document specifies limit states, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards in steel structures of cranes by design and theoretical proof of competence.
The significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during intended use are identified in Annex L. Clauses 4 to 8 of this document provide requirements and methods to reduce or eliminate these risks:
a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) exceeding temperature limits of material or components;
c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
This document is not applicable to cranes which are designed before the date of its publication as EN and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types (see Annex K).
NOTE This document deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015.
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von Stahltragwerken
Dieses Dokument legt Grenzzustände, Anforderungen und Verfahren zur Vermeidung mechanischer Gefährdungen in Stahlkonstruktionen von Kranen durch Konstruktion und theoretischen Sicherheitsnachweis fest.
Die signifikanten Gefährdungssituationen und Gefährdungsereignisse, die bei bestimmungsgemäßer Verwendung zu Gefährdungen von Personen führen können, sind in Anhang L. aufgeführt. Abschnitt 4 bis Abschnitt 8 dieses Dokuments enthalten Anforderungen und Verfahren zur Verringerung oder Beseitigung dieser Risiken:
a) Überschreiten der Festigkeitsgrenzwerte (Fließen, Bruch, Ermüdung);
b) Überschreiten der Temperaturgrenzwerte des Werkstoffs oder der Komponenten;
c) elastische Instabilität des Krans oder seiner Teile (Knicken, Beulen).
Dieses Dokument gilt nicht für Krane, die vor dem Datum der Veröffentlichung dieser Norm als EN konstruiert werden, und dient als Referenzgrundlage für Europäische Normen für spezielle Krantypen (siehe Anhang K).
ANMERKUNG Dieses Dokument behandelt nur die Methode der Grenzzustände entsprechend EN 13001-1:2015.
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-1 : Etats limites et vérification d'aptitude des charpentes en acier
Le présent document spécifie les états limites, les prescriptions et les méthodes pour prévenir les phénomènes dangereux mécaniques dans les structures en acier des appareils de levage à charge suspendue par la conception et la vérification d'aptitude théorique.
Les situations et phénomènes dangereux significatifs qui pourraient entraîner des risques pour les personnes lors de l'usage prévu sont identifiés à l'Annexe L. Les Articles 4 à 8 du présent document fournissent des prescriptions et des méthodes visant à réduire ou éliminer ces risques :
a) dépassement des limites de résistance (élasticité, rupture, fatigue) ;
b) dépassement des limites de température du matériau ou des composants ;
c) instabilité élastique de l’appareil de levage à charge suspendue ou de ses parties (flambage, voilement).
Le présent document ne s’applique pas aux appareils de levage à charge suspendue conçus avant sa date de publication en EN, et fait office de référence pour les Normes européennes relatives aux types particuliers d’appareils de levage à charge suspendue (voir Annexe K).
NOTE Le présent document traite uniquement de la méthode des États Limites conformément à
l’EN 13001-1:2015.
Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-1. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti jeklene nosilne konstrukcije
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 13001-3-1:2022
01-julij-2022
Žerjavi - Konstrukcija, splošno - 3-1. del: Mejna stanja in dokaz varnosti jeklene
nosilne konstrukcije
Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof competence of steel structure
Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1: Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von
Stahltragwerken
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception générale - Partie 3-1 : Etats
limites et vérification d'aptitude des charpentes en acier
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 13001-3-1
ICS:
53.020.20 Dvigala Cranes
oSIST prEN 13001-3-1:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 13001-3-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2022
ICS 53.020.20 Will supersede EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018
English Version
Cranes - General design - Part 3-1: Limit states and proof
competence of steel structure
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Conception Krane - Konstruktion allgemein - Teil 3-1:
générale - Partie 3-1 : Etats limites et vérification Grenzzustände und Sicherheitsnachweis von
d'aptitude des charpentes en acier Stahltragwerken
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 147.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 13001-3-1:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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Contents Page
European foreword . 4
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 9
4 General . 12
4.1 Documentation . 12
4.2 Materials for structural members . 13
4.3 Bolted connections . 18
4.4 Pinned connections . 19
4.5 Welded connections . 20
4.6 Proof of competence for structural members and connections . 20
5 Proof of static strength . 21
5.1 General . 21
5.2 Limit design stresses and forces . 21
5.3 Execution of the proof . 35
6 Proof of fatigue strength . 38
6.1 General . 38
6.2 Assessment methods . 39
6.3 Stress histories . 43
6.4 Execution of the proof . 46
6.5 Determination of the limit design stress range. 47
7 Proof of static strength of hollow section girder joints . 49
8 Proof of elastic stability . 49
8.1 General . 49
8.2 Lateral buckling of members loaded in compression . 50
8.3 Buckling of plate fields subjected to compressive and shear stresses . 54
8.4 Lateral-torsional stability of beams . 60
8.5 Execution of the proof . 64
Annex A (informative) Limit design shear force F per bolt and per shear plane for
v,Rd
multiple shear plane connections . 66
Annex B (informative) Preloaded bolts. 67
B.1 Tightening torques . 67
B.2 Limit design slip force F . 69
S,Rd
Annex C (normative) Design weld stresses . 70
Annex D (normative) Values of slope constant m and characteristic fatigue strength Δσ ,
c
Δτ . 76
c
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Annex E (informative) Calculated values of limit design stress ranges Δσ and Δσ . 98
Rd Rd,1
Annex F (informative) Evaluation of stress cycles (example) . 100
Annex G (informative) Calculation of stiffnesses for connections loaded in tension . 102
Annex H (informative) Hollow sections . 105
Annex J (informative) General formula for elastic critical moment in lateral-torsional
buckling of a simple beam . 121
Annex K (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application . 125
Annex L (informative) List of hazards . 126
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered . 127
Bibliography . 128
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European foreword
This document (prEN 13001-3-1:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 147
“Cranes - Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018.
This document has been prepared under a Standardization Request given to CEN by the European
Commission and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU
Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
CEN/TC 147 WG 2 has reviewed EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018 to adapt the document to technical
progress. The main changes are:
— Design values for bolt materials were changed (Table 5);
— Limit design values for welded connection were changed (5.2.5);
— Static proof of welded connections was changed (5.3.4 and Annex C);
— Proof of fatigue strength was revised to include additional modern methods (6.1);
— Fatigue strength specific resistance factors were modified (Table 9);
— The geometric stress (Hot Spot) method was added (6.2.4 and Annex I);
— The effective notch method was added (6.2.5);
— Lateral torsional stability of beams was added (8.4 and 8.5.3 and Annex J);
— Recommended tightening torques for preloaded bolts were modified (Annex B);
— Characteristic fatigue strengths for plates in shear were modified (Table D.1);
— Annex L with a list of hazards was inserted;
— Annex ZA was significantly revised.
This European Standard is one part of the EN 13001 series of standards. The other parts are:
— Part 1: General principles and requirements;
— Part 2: Load actions;
— Part 3-2: Limit states and proof of competence of wire ropes in reeving systems;
— Part 3-3: Limit states and proof of competence of wheel/rail contacts;
— Part 3-4: Limit states and proof of competence of machinery;
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— Part 3-5: Limit states and proof of competence of forged hooks.
— Part 3-6: Limit states and proof of competence of hydraulic cylinders.
This European Standard is intended to be used together with EN 13001-2:2021 as well as pertinent
crane type product EN standards, see Annex K.
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Introduction
This document has been prepared to be a harmonized standard to provide one means for the
mechanical design and theoretical verification of cranes to conform to the essential health and safety
requirements of the Machinery Directive, as amended.
This document is a type-C standard as stated in EN ISO 12100:2010.
This document is of relevance, in particular, for the following stakeholder groups representing the
market players with regard to machinery safety:
— machine manufacturers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— health and safety bodies (regulators, accident prevention organizations, market surveillance, etc.).
Others can be affected by the level of machinery safety achieved with the means of the document by the
above-mentioned stakeholder groups:
— machine users/employers (small, medium and large enterprises);
— machine users/employees (e.g. trade unions, organizations for people with special needs);
— service providers, e.g. for maintenance (small, medium and large enterprises);
— consumers (in case of machinery intended for use by consumers).
The above-mentioned stakeholder groups have been given the possibility to participate in the drafting
process of this document.
The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards, hazardous situations or hazardous events
are covered are indicated in the scope of this document.
When provisions of this type-C standard are different from those which are stated in type-A
or B standards, the provisions of this type-C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for machines that have been designed and built according to the provisions of this type-C
standard.
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1 Scope
This document specifies limit states, requirements and methods to prevent mechanical hazards in steel
structures of cranes by design and theoretical proof of competence.
The significant hazardous situations and hazardous events that could result in risks to persons during
intended use are identified in Annex L. Clauses 4 to 8 of this document provide requirements and
methods to reduce or eliminate these risks:
a) exceeding the limits of strength (yield, ultimate, fatigue);
b) exceeding temperature limits of material or components;
c) elastic instability of the crane or its parts (buckling, bulging).
This document is not applicable to cranes which are designed before the date of its publication as EN
and serves as reference base for the European Standards for particular crane types (see Annex K).
NOTE This document deals only with the limit state method in accordance with EN 13001-1:2015.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 1993-1-8:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints
EN 10025-2:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for non-
alloy structural steels
EN 10025-3:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 3: Technical delivery conditions for
normalized/normalized rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10025-4:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 4: Technical delivery conditions for
thermomechanical rolled weldable fine grain structural steels
EN 10025-6:2019, Hot rolled products of structural steels - Part 6: Technical delivery conditions for flat
products of high yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition
EN 10029:2010, Hot-rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above - Tolerances on dimensions and shape
EN 10088-2:2014, Stainless steels - Part 2: Technical delivery conditions for sheet/plate and strip of
corrosion resisting steels for general purposes
EN 10149-2:2013, Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 2:
Technical delivery conditions for thermomechanically rolled steels
EN 10149-3:2013, Hot rolled flat products made of high yield strength steels for cold forming - Part 3:
Technical delivery conditions for normalized or normalized rolled steels
EN 10160:1999, Ultrasonic testing of steel flat product of thickness equal or greater than 6 mm (reflection
method)
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EN 10163-1:2004, Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and
sections - Part 1: General requirements
EN 10163-2:2004, Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and
sections - Part 2: Plate and wide flats
EN 10163-3:2004, Delivery requirements for surface condition of hot-rolled steel plates, wide flats and
sections - Part 3: Sections
EN 10164:2018, Steel products with improved deformation properties perpendicular to the surface of the
product - Technical delivery conditions
EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes - General design - Part 1: General principles and requirements
EN 13001-2:2021, Crane safety - General design - Part 2: Load actions
EN 20273:1991, Fasteners - Clearance holes for bolts and screws (ISO 273:1979)
EN ISO 148-1:2016, Metallic materials - Charpy pendulum impact test - Part 1: Test method
(ISO 148-1:2016)
EN ISO 286-2:2010, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) - ISO code system for tolerances on linear
sizes - Part 2: Tables of standard tolerance classes and limit deviations for holes and shafts
(ISO 286-2:2010)
EN ISO 898-1:2013, Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon steel and alloy steel - Part 1: Bolts,
screws and studs with specified property classes - Coarse thread and fine pitch thread (ISO 898-1:2013)
EN ISO 5817:2014, Welding - Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) - Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2014)
EN ISO 9013:2017, Thermal cutting - Classification of thermal cuts - Geometrical product specification
and quality tolerances (ISO 9013:2017)
EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery - General principles for design - Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)
EN ISO 17659:2004, Welding - Multilingual terms for welded joints with illustrations (ISO 17659:2002)
ISO 4306-1:2007, Cranes - Vocabulary - Part 1: General
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100:2010 apply. For the
definitions of loads, Clause 6 of ISO 4306-1:2007 applies.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
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3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this document are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviations
Symbols, Description
abbreviations
A cross section
A net cross section
n
A stress area of a bolt
S
A shear area of the tear-out section (pinned connections)
S
a length of plate in buckling
a throat thickness of fillet welds
a effective weld thickness
r
b width of plate
c edge stress ratio factor (buckling)
D , D outer, inner diameter of hollow pin
o i
d diameter (shank of bolt, pin)
d diameter of hole
o
E modulus of elasticity
F tensile force in bolt
b
F limit force
d
F characteristic value (force)
k
F preloading force in bolt
p
F limit design force
Rd
F external tensile force on bolted connection
e,t
F limit design bearing force
b, Rd
F ; F design bearing force
b, Sd bi, Sd
F limit design tensile force
cs, Rd
F design preloading force
p, d
F reduction in compression force due to external tension
cr
F limit design tensile force in bolt
t, Rd
external tensile force per bolt
F
t,Sd
F design shear force per bolt and shear plane
v, Sd
F limit design shear force per pin and shear plane
vp, Rd
F design shear force per pin and shear plane
vp, Sd
F limit design slip force per bolt and shear plane
s,Rd
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Symbols, Description
abbreviations
F limit design shear force of the connected part
vs, Rd
F design force in the connected part
vd, Sd
F limit design tensile force of the connected part
vt, Rd
F acting normal/shear force
σ,τ
f maximum imperfection
f limit stress
d
f characteristic value (stress)
k
f limit design stress
Rd
f ultimate strength of material
u
f ultimate strength of bolts
ub
f limit design weld stress
w, Rd
f limit design weld stress with respect to the weld material
w, Rd,1
f limit design weld stress with respect to the material of the connected members
w, Rd,2
f yield stress of material, specified or measured
y
f yield stress of bolts
yb
f yield stress of pins, specified or measured
yp
h distance between weld and contact level of acting load
d
I, I moments of inertia of members
i
k stress concentration factor (pinned connections)
K stiffness of bolt
b
K stiffness of connected parts
c
k* specific spectrum ratio factor
k stress spectrum factor based on m of the detail under consideration
m
k stress spectrum factor based on m = 3
3
k , k k buckling factors
σx σy, τ
L element length (buckling)
l gauge length
m
l relevant weld length
r
l weld length
W
M limit design bending moment
Rd
M design bending moment
Sd
m slope constant of log Δσ/log N-curve
N compressive force (buckling)
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Symbols, Description
abbreviations
NC notch class
N critical buckling load
k
N reference number of cycles
ref
min σ, max σ extreme values of stresses
P probability of survival
S
p penetration of weld
Q shear (evaluation of stress cycles)
q impact toughness parameter
i
α cross section parameter (lateral buckling)
α characteristic factor for bearing connection
b
α load introduction factor (bolted connection)
L
α characteristic factor for limit weld stress
w
γ general resistance factor
m
γ fatigue strength specific resistance factor
mf
γ partial safety factor
p
γ resulting resistance factor
R
γ specific resistance factor
S
γ resulting resistance factor of bolt
Rb
γ , γ , γ specific resistance factors of bolted connections
sbb sbs sbt
γ resulting resistance factor of members
Rm
γ specific resistance factor of members
sm
γ resulting resistance factor of pins
Rp
γ γ γ γ specific resistance factors of pins
spm, sps, spb, spt
γ resulting resistance factor of slip-resistance connection
Rs
γ specific resistance factor of slip-resistance connection
ss
γ resulting resistance factor for tension on section with holes
Rc
γ specific resistance factor for tension on section with holes
st
γ resulting resistance factor of welding connection
Rw
γ specific resistance factor of welding connection
sw
δ elongation from preloading
p
ϕ dynamic factor
2
κ dispersion angle (wheel pressure)
κ, κ , κ , κ reduction factors (buckling)
x y τ
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Symbols, Description
abbreviations
λ width of contact area in weld direction
λ , λ , λ non-dimensional plate slenderness (buckling)
x y τ
Ψ edge stress ratio (buckling)
ΔF additional force
b
Δδ additional elongation
t
µ slip factor
ν relative total number of stress cycles
ν ratio of diameters
D
Δσ characteristic value of stress range (normal stress)
c
Δτ characteristic value of stress range (shear stress)
c
σ reference stress (buckling)
e
σ lower extreme value of stress range
b
σ upper extreme value of stress range
u
σ design stress (normal)
Sd
τ design stress (shear)
Sd
σ design weld stress (normal)
w, Sd
design weld stress (shear)
τ
w, Sd
limit design stress range (normal)
Δσ
Rd
Δσ limit design stress range for k* = 1
Rd,1
Δτ limit design stress range (shear)
Rd
Δσ design stress range (normal)
Sd
Δτ design stress range (shear)
Sd
4 General
4.1 Documentation
The documentation of the proof of competence shall include:
— design assumptions including calculation models,
— applicable loads and load combinations,
— material grades and qualities,
— weld quality levels, in accordance with EN ISO 5817:2014,
— materials of connecting elements,
— relevant limit states,
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— results of the proof of competence calculation and tests when applicable.
4.2 Materials for structural members
4.2.1 Grades and qualities
For structural members, steels in accordance with the following European Standards shall be used:
a) Non-alloy structural steels EN 10025-2:2019;
b) Weldable fine grain structural steels in conditions:
1) normalized (N) EN 10025-3:2019;
2) thermomechanical (M) EN 10025-4:2019;
c) High yield strength structural steels in the quenched and tempered condition EN 10025-6:2019;
d) High yield strength steels for cold forming in conditions:
1) thermomechanical (M) EN 10149-2:2013;
2) normalized (N) EN 10149-3:2013.
e) Austenitic stainless steels EN 10088-2:2014.
Alternatively, grades and qualities other than those mentioned in the above standards and in Table 2
may be used, if the mechanical properties and the chemical composition are specified in a manner
corresponding to relevant European standard, and the following conditions are fulfilled:
— the design value of f is limited to f /1,05 for materials with f /f < 1,05;
y u u y
— the percentage elongation at fracture A ≥ 7 % on a gauge length Ls5,65× (where S is the
0
00
original cross-sectional area);
— the weldability or non-weldability of the material is specified and, if intended for welding,
weldability is demonstrated;
— if the material is intended for cold forming, the pertinent parameters are specified.
Where stainless steels are welded, special attention should be given to the welding process and
corrosion effects. Only austenitic stainless steels are covered by this standard.
Table 2 shows specific values for the nominal value of strength f , f For limit design stresses f see
u y. Rd
5.2. The values given are applicable for temperatures up to 100 °C for stainless steels and up to 150 °C
for all other steels. For more information see the specific European Standard.
To allow the use of nominal values of plate thicknesses in the proof calculations, the minus tolerance of
the plate shall be equal or better than that of class A of EN 10029:2010. Otherwise, the actual minimum
value of plate thickness shall be used. Nominal dimensions for other steel products than plates may be
used, provided those products comply with their standardized minus tolerances.
Where it is deemed necessary to check for internal defects, classes of EN 10160:1999 should be
specified.
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Table 2 — Specific values of steels for structural members
Nominal strength
Thickness
f f
y u
Steel Standard t
yield ultimate
mm
2 2
N/mm N/mm
t ≤ 16 235
16 < t ≤ 40 225
S235 340
40 < t ≤ 100 215
100 < t ≤ 150 195
t ≤ 16 275
16 < t ≤ 40 265
40 < t ≤ 63 255
S275 430
63 < t ≤ 80 245
EN 10025-2:2019
80 < t ≤ 100 235
100 < t ≤ 150 225
t ≤ 16 355
16 < t ≤ 40 345
40 < t ≤ 63 335
S355 490
63 < t ≤ 80 325
80 < t ≤ 100 315
100 < t ≤ 150 295
t ≤ 16 355
16 < t ≤ 40 345
40 < t ≤ 63 335
S355 450
63 < t ≤ 80 (N) 325
80 < t ≤ 100 (N) 315
100 < t ≤ 150 (N) 295
t ≤ 16 420
EN 10025-3:2019
16 < t ≤ 40 400
(N)
EN 10025-4:2019
40 < t ≤ 63 390
(M)
S420 500
63 < t ≤ 80 (N) 370
80 < t ≤ 100 (N) 360
100 < t ≤ 150 (N) 340
t ≤ 16 460
16 < t ≤ 40 440
S460 530
40 < t ≤ 63 430
63 < t ≤ 80 (N) 410
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Nominal strength
Thickness f f
y u
Steel Standard t
yield ultimate
mm
2 2
N/mm N/mm
80 < t ≤ 100 (N) 400
3 < t ≤ 50 460
S460 550
50 < t ≤ 100 440
3 < t ≤ 50 500
S500 590
50 < t ≤ 100 480
3 < t ≤ 50 550
S550 640
50 < t ≤ 100 530
EN 10025
...
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