EN ISO 12236:1996
(Main)Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Static puncture test (CBR-Test) (ISO 12236:1996)
Geotextiles and geotextile-related products - Static puncture test (CBR-Test) (ISO 12236:1996)
This European standard specifies the determination of the puncture resistance by measuring the force required to push a flat ended plunger through geotextiles and geotextile-related products. The test is normally carried out and dry specimens conditioned in the specified atmosphere. Alternatively, on request, the test can be carried out on wet specimens. The test is applicable to most types of products, but not to materials with apertures greater than 10 mm.
Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte - Stempeldurchdrückversuch (CBR-Versuch) (ISO 12236:1996)
Diese Europäische Norm beschreibt die Bestimmung des Durchdrückwiderstandes durch Messung der Kraft beim Durchdrücken eines stumpfen Stempels durch Geotextilien und geotextilverwandte Produkte. Der Versucht wird normalerweise mit trockenen Meßproben durchgeführt, die dem angegebenen Klima angeglichen wurden. Alternativ kann der Versuch auch an nassen Meßproben durchgeführt werden, wenn dies verlangt wird. Das Versuch ist auf die meisten Produkttypen anwendbar, jedoch nicht auf Materialien mit Öffnungen größer als 10 mm.
Géotextiles et produits apparentés - Essai de poinçonnement statique (essai CBR) (ISO 12236:1996)
La présente norme européenne décrit la détermination de la résistance au poinçonnement par la mesure de la force nécessaire à enfoncer un poinçon plat au travers de géotextiles et produits apparentés. L'essai est normalement réalisé sur des éprouvettes sèches conditionnées selon l'atmosphère spécifiée. Sur demande, cependant, l'essai peut être réalisé sur des éprouvettes mouillées. L'essai est applicable à la plupart des types de géotextiles, mais n'est pas applicable aux matériaux présentant des ouvertures supérieures à 10 mm.
Geotekstilije in geotekstilijam sorodni izdelki - Statični prebojni preskus z žigom (CBR preskus) (ISO 12236:1996)
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Wasserbeschaffenheit - Bestimmung von Ammoniumstickstoff mit der Fließanalysis (CFA und FIA) und spektrometrischer Detektion (ISO 11732:1997)Qualité de l'eau - Détermination de l'azote ammoniacal par analyse de l'écoulement (CFA et FIA) et détection spectrométrique (ISO 11732:1997)Water quality - Determination of ammonium nitrogen by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection (ISO 11732:1997)13.060.50VQRYLExamination of water for chemical substances13.060.30Odpadna vodaSewage waterICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 11732:1997SIST EN ISO 11732:1999en01-marec-1999SIST EN ISO 11732:1999SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
INTER NAL STANDARD IS0 11732 First edition 1997-07-01 Water quality - Determination of ammonium nitrogen by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection Qualit de I’eau - Determination de I’azote ammoniacal par analyse en flux (CFA et F/A) et dbtection spectrombtrique Reference number IS0 11732:1997(E) SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
IS0 11732: 1997(E) Foreword lS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non- governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 11732 was prepared by Technical Committee ISORC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Physical, chemical and biochemical methods. Annexes A to D of this International Standard are for information only. 0 IS0 1997 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Internet central @ iso.ch x.400 c=ch; a=4OOnet; p=iso; o=isocs; s=central Printed in Switzerland ii SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
IS0 11732: 1997(E) Introduction Methods using flow analysis are automatized wet chemical procedures and are therefore particularly suitable for the processing of large sample series at a high analysis frequency (up to 100 samples per hour). One differentiates between flow injection analysis (FIA) [l], [2] and continuous flow analysis (CFA) [3]. Both methods include the automatic dosage of the sample into a flow system (manifold) in which the analytes in the sample react with the reagent solutions on their way through the manifold. The sample preparation may be integrated in the manifold. The reaction product is analysed spectrometrically in a flow detector. . . . III SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD @ IS0 IS0 11732:1997(E) Water quality - Determination of ammonium nitrogen by flow analysis (CFA and FIA) and spectrometric detection 1 Determination of ammonium nitrogen by flow injection analysis (FIA) and spectrometric detection 1.1 Scope 1 A.1 Field of application This International Standard specifies a method suitable for the determination of ammonium nitrogen in various types of waters (such as ground, drinking, surface and waste waters) in mass concentrations ranging from 0,l to 10 mg/l (in the undiluted sample). In particular cases, the range of application may be adapted by varying the operating conditions. 1 A.2 interferences Volatile amines will diffuse through the membrane and lead to a pH shift. If the concentrations of the volatile amines (e.g. methylamine or ethylamine) are equal to those of the ammonium, erroneously high results may be expected WI. In significant cases, prior to analysis an (online) distillation of the sample, adjusted to a pH of 5,8 may be necessary. Interferences may occur in exceptional cases when the sample does not reach a pH at least 12 after the addition of the alkaline reagent, since then ammonium will not be converted quantitatively into ammonia. In particular, this may occur with strongly acidic or buffered samples. In such cases the pH of the sample should be adjusted to 3 to 5 by the addition of sodium hydroxide solution (1.4.1 or 1.4.2). High concentrations of metal ions which may precipitate as hydroxides will give poorly reproducible results. The addition of a suitable complexing agent, such as (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid, disodium salt, to the alkaline reaction solution (1.4.17) in a sufficiently large concentration will prevent interference by Cu, Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg and Al; up to individual metal concentrations of 0,2 mg/l, a concentration of 30 g/l of ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid, disodium salt, in solution RI (see 1.4.17) is adequate. For samples containing particulate matter, see 1.6 (last paragraph). Samples with a total salt concentration of > 10 g/l should be diluted prior to measurement. 1.2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards. IS0 3696: 1987, Water for analytical and laboratory use - Specification and test methods. IS0 5667-1 :1980, Water quality - Sampling - Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes. SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
IS0 11732:1997(E) @ IS0 IS0 5667.2:1991, W’ater quality - Sampling - Part 2: Guidance on sampling techniques. IS0 5667-3:1994, Water quality - Sampling - Part 3: Guidance on the preservation and handling of samples. 1.3 Principle The test sample containing ammonium is injected into a continuous carrier stream by means of an injection valve, and is mixed with a continuous flow of an alkaline solution. The ammonia formed is separated in a diffusion cell from the solution over a hydrophobic semipermeable membrane and taken up by a streaming recipient flow containing a pH indicator. Due to the resulting pH shift, the indicator solution will change colour; the colour change is monitored continuously in a flow spectrophotometer. Additional information concerning this analytical technique is given in [4], j51, PI, 171 and PI. 1.4 Reagents Apart from the reagents listed in II .4.4 to 1.4.6, use only reagents of analytical grade quality for the determination of nitrogen or, if not available, those of recognized analytical grade quality and water of grade 1 (in accordance with IS0 3696), freshly prepared. The ammonium content of the blank shall be checked regularly (see 1.7.3). 1.4.1 Sodium hydroxide solution I, c(NaOH) = 5 mol/l. 1.4.2 Sodium hydroxide solution II, c(NaOH) = 0,Ol mol/l. 1.4.3 Ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid (EDTA), disodium salt, monohydrate, Na2C10H14N2Cso H20. 1.4.4 Bromcresol purple, C21 H16Br&S. 1.4.5 Bromthymol blue, C27H2sBr2CsS. 1.4.6 Cresol red, C21 H1805S 1.4.7 Ammonium chloride, NH&I, dried at 105 “C to constant weight. 1.4.8 Potassium chloride, KCI. 1.4.9 Boric acid, HaBOa. 1.4.10 Ethanol, CzHsOH, 95 % mass fraction. 1.4.11 Hydrochloric acid I, c(HCI) = 0,Ol mol/l. 1.4.12 Hydrochloric acid II, c(HCI) = 0,l mol/l. 1.4.13 Hydrochloric acid Ill, c(HCI) = 1,O mol/l. 1.4.14 Sulfuric acid, p(H2SO4) = 1,84 g/ml. 1.4.15 Mixed indicator. In a mortar prepare a dry mixture consisting of 10 g of Bromcresol purple (1.4.4), 5 g of Bromthymol blue (1.4.5), 2,5 g of Cresol red (1.4.6) and 45 g of potassium chloride (1.4.8). The given quantities can be reduced (e.g. by one-tenth), maintaining the ratio. 1.4.16 Carrier solution, C (see figure 1). Use grade 1 water (IS0 3696), degassed by reduced pressure. SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
@ IS0 IS0 11732:1997(E) 1.4.17 Alkaline reaction solution, RI (see figure 1). Dissolve in a graduated flask, nominal capacity 1 000 ml, 30 g of EDTA disodium salt (1.4.3) in approximately 800 ml of water, and add 12,4 g of boric acid (1.4.9). Add dropwise to the suspension 100 ml of sodium hydroxide solution I (1.4.1), and make up to volume with water. Degas the solution by filtering it through a membrane filter assembly (see 1.5.2). The pH of the solution will be approximately 13. When stored in a polyethylene bottle at room temperature, it will be stable for 1 month. 1.4.18 Indicator solution In a graduated flask, nominal capacity 200 ml, dissolve 1 g of the mixed indicator (1.4.15) in a mixture sodium hydroxide solution II (1.4.2) and 10 ml of ethanol (1.4.10). of 10 ml of Add approximately 150 ml of water. The solution should have a bright orange-red colour. If it has a blue colour, add hydrochloric acid I I I dropwise (1.4.13) until the colour changes. Make up to volume with water. Filter off any undissolved particles. This solution can be stored without deterioration at room temperature for 3 months in a brown glass bottle. 1.4.19 Ammonia recipient solution, R2 (see figure 1) Dilute 10 ml of the indicator solution (1.4.18) with approximately 480 ml of water. Add dropwise sodium hydroxide solution II (1.4.2) until an absorbance value of 0,45 to 0,6 (pathlength 10 mm, wavelength 590 nm) is obtained. Make up to a volume of 500 ml with water. Degas and purify the solution using the membrane filter assembly (see 1.5.2), pour it into the reagent reservoir and let it stand for at least 2 h. Immediately before starting the measurement (1.7), check the absorbance again and adjust, if need be, to the absorbance range specified above by adding sodium hydroxide solution II (1.4.2) or hydrochloric acid I, II or Ill (1.4.11 to 1.4.13). This solution can be stored without deterioration at room temperature for 2 weeks in a glass bottle. 1.4.20 Ammonium stock solution, ps(N) = 1 000 mg/l. In a graduated flask, nominal capacity 1 000 ml, dissolve, 3,819 g of ammonium chloride (1.4.7) in approximately 900 ml water, acidify with sulfuric acid (1.4.14) to pH 2, and make up to volume with water. This solution can be stored without deterioration in a refrigerator for at least 3 months. 1.4.21 Ammonium standard solution I, /Q(N) = 100 mg/l. Pipette 10 ml of the ammonium stock solution (1.4.20) into a graduated flask, nominal capacity 100 ml, add approximately 80 ml water, acidify with sulfuric acid (1.4.14) to pH 2, and make up to volume with water. This solution can be stored without deterioration in a refrigerator for at least 1 week. 1.4.22 Ammonium standard solution II, p(N) = 10 mg/l. Pipette 1 ml of the ammonium stock solution (1.4.20) or 10 ml of the ammonium standard solution I (1.4.21) into a graduated flask, nominal capacity 100 ml, add approximately 80 ml water, acidify with sulfuric acid (1.4.14) to pH 2, and make up to volume with water. SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
IS0 11732:1997(E) @ IS0 This solution can be stored without deterioration in a refrigerator for at least 1 week. 1.4.23 Calibration solutions Prepare the calibration solutions by diluting the ammonium standard solution I or II (1.4.21 or 1.4.22). At least five calibration standards per working range are recommended. Proceed for the working range I or II respectively, as follows: a) Working range I [for mass concentrations ~B(N) = 1 mg/l to 10 mg/l]: Pipette into a series of graduated flasks, nominal capacity 100 ml each, 1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 7 ml and 9 ml respectively of ammonium standard solution I (1.4.21), and make up to volume with water. The mass concentrations of ammonium, expressed as nitrogen, in these calibration solutions are respectively 1 mg/l, 3 mg/l, 5 mg/l, 7 mg/l and 9 mg/l. b) Working range II [for mass concentrations ~B(N) = 0,l mg/l to 1,O mg/l]: Pipette into a series of graduated flasks, nominal capacity 100 ml each, 1 ml, 3 ml, 5 ml, 7 ml and 9 ml respectively of the ammonium standard solution II (1.4.22), and make up to volume with water. The mass concentrations of ammonium, expressed as nitrogen, in these calibration solutions are respectively 0,l mg/l, 0,3 mg/l, 0,5 mg/l, 0,7 mg/l and 0,9 mg/l. All calibration solutions shall freshly be prepared before use. 1.5 Apparatus 1.5.1 Flow injection system In general, the flow injection system consists of the following components (see figure 1): reagent reservoirs; - low pulsation pump; - suitable pump tubes, if required; - injection valve with a suitable injection volume; - diffusion cell with hydrophobic semipermeable membrane [e.g. made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)]. NOTE - Example of a typical membrane: - thickness: 150 pm to 200 pm; - pore size: 0,5 pm to 2,0 pm; - porosity: 75 %. - transport tubes and reaction coils, internal diameter 0,5 mm to 0,8 mm, tube connections and T-connections of inert plastic and with minimum dead volumes; - spectrophotometric detector with flow cell, normal path length 10 mm to 50 mm, wavelength range 580 nm to 600 nm; - recording unit (e.g. strip chart recorder, integrator or printer/plotter). In general peak height signals are evaluated; autosampler, if required. SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
@ IS0 IS0 11732:1997(E) 2 3 4 C 23 4 R 1 OB ----------- R 2 zo Waste Waste - Typical injection time: 20 s to 25 s Typical residence time: approx. 45 s Key C Carrier solution 2 Sample injection valve RI Alkaline reagent solution R2 Ammonia recipient solution 400 ~1 [working range I: m(N) = 1 mg/l to 10 mg/l] 40 yl [working range II: m(N) = 0,l mg/l to 1,O mg/l] 3 Reaction coil D Detector for 580 nm to 600 nm length: 30 cm/0 int. 0,5 mm to 0,8 mm I Pump (ml/min) 4 Gas diffusion cell 5 PTFE membrane Figure 1 - Example of a flow injection system for ammonium nitrogen concentrations for 0,l mg/l to 10 mg/l 1 S.2 Additional apparatus - graduated flasks, nominal capacity 100 ml, 200 ml and 1 000 ml; - graduated pipettes, nominal capacity 1 ml to 10 ml; - membrane filter assembly with membrane filters, pore size 0,45 pm. 1.6 Sampling Containers of glass, polyalkylenes and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are suitable for sample collection. All containers coming in contact with the sample shall be cleaned thoroughly with hydrochloric acid I, II or Ill (1.4.11 to 1.4.13) and shall be rinsed several times with water. Analyze the samples immediately after collection. Alternatively, add sulfuric acid (1.4.14) to adjust to a pH of approximately 2, store at 2 “C to 5 “C in the dark, and analyze within the next 24 h. In exceptional cases, the sample may be stored up to 2 weeks provided it has been membrane-filtered after acidification. The applicability of this preservation procedure shall be checked for each individual case. If there is a risk of clogging the injection system transport tubes, the samples shall be filtered before analysis. 1.7 Procedure 1.7.1 Preparation of the measurement Prior to measurement, continuously run the reagent solutions C, R1 and R2 for approximately 10 min through the flow injection system, record and zero the baseline. The system is ready when the baseline no longer shows any drift. A satisfactory signal-to-noise ratio should be obtained. Check the reagent blank and the operation of the membrane in accordance with 1.7.3. Calibrate the system as described in 1.7.4. SIST EN ISO 11732:1999
IS0 11732: 1997(E) @ IS0 1.7.2 Quality requirements for the measuring system In the measuring system being calibrated for working range I, a calibration solution (1.4.23) with mass concentration 0,5 mg/l shall give an absorbance of at least 0,040 per 10 mm pathlength. NOTE - If the spectrophotometric detector does not give any absorbance readings, the absorbance may then be determined by comparing with an external absorbance-measuring spectrometer. 1.7.3 Checking reagent blank Wait for the baseline to stabilize. Instead of the alkaline reagent solution RI, run water through the system until a stable signal is obtained. Record the change in absorbance. If the absorbance changes by more than 0,l per 10 mm pathlength, either the water being used or the alkaline reagent solution may be contaminated with ammonium, or the semipermeable membrane may be faulty. Appropriate measures shall then be taken to remedy the fault. Run the reagent solutions again. 1.7.4 Calibration Select working range I or II and prepare the calibration solutions for the selected working range (1.4.23). Perform a separate calibration for each working range. For working range I, use an injection volume of 40 ~1, for working range II a volume of 400 ~1. Prior to the calibration, zero the system, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, if necessary. Calibrate by alternately injecting calibration solutions and blank solution. Determine the measur
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