SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
(Main)Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
This International Standard specifies one method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by comparative visual analysis.The purpose of this standard is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not intended to give information on the suitability of cast iron types and grades for any particular application.The particular material grade is specified by results from tensile tests or hardness testing, and in the case of austenitic cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material standard. The structure of the ferrous matrix (ferrite, pearlite, free cementite) has a significant effect on the material properties. Such an interpretation is not the purpose of this International Standard.
Bezeichnung der Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)
Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Klassifizierung der Mikrostruktur von Graphit in Gusseisenwerkstoffen durch vergleichende visuelle Auswertung fest.
Diese Norm bezweckt die Bereitstellung von Informationen zum Verfahren der Graphitklassifizierung. Es ist nicht beabsichtigt, Informationen hinsichtlich der Eignung von Gusseisenarten und sorten für eine bestimmte Anwendung zu geben.
Die spezielle Werkstoffsorte wird bestimmt durch die Ergebnisse der Zugfestigkeitsprüfung oder Härteprüfung, und bei austenitischem Gusseisen durch die chemische Zusammensetzung. Die Bewertung der Graphitform und größe erlaubt jedoch keine statistisch gesicherte Aussage im Hinblick auf die Erfüllung der Anforderungen die in der jeweiligen Werkstoffnorm festgelegt sind. Die Struktur der ferritischen Matrix (Ferrit, Perlit, freier Zementit) hat einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf die Werkstoffeigenschaften. Eine derartige Bewertung ist nicht Gegenstand dieser Internationalen Norm.
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2008)
L'ISO 945‑1:2008 spécifie une méthode de classification de la microstructure du graphite dans les fontes par une analyse visuelle comparative.
Le but de l'ISO 945‑1:2008 est de fournir des informations sur la méthode de classification du graphite. Elle n'est pas destinée à donner des informations sur l'aptitude des types et des nuances de fontes pour une application particulière.
La nuance particulière de matériau est spécifiée par les résultats des essais de traction ou de dureté et, dans le cas des fontes alliées, notamment des fontes austénitiques, par leur composition chimique. La reconnaissance de la forme, de la répartition et de la taille du graphite ne permet pas de prévoir d'une manière statistiquement valable que les exigences spécifiées dans la norme de matériau concernée seront satisfaites. La structure de la matrice à base de fer (par exemple ferrite, perlite) a une influence considérable sur les propriétés du matériau. Une telle prévision n'est pas le but de l'ISO 945‑1:2008.
Mikrostruktura železove litine - 1. del: Razvrščanje grafita z vizualno analizo (ISO 945-1:2008)
Ta del ISO 945 določa metodo za razvrščanje mikrostrukture grafita v železovih litinah s primerjalno vizualno analizo. Namen tega dela ISO 945 je zagotavljanje informacij o metodi razvrščanja grafita. Ne podaja informacij o ustreznosti vrst in razredov železovih litin za določen način uporabe. Posamezni razred materiala določajo rezultati nateznih preskusov ali preskusov trdote ter v primeru avstenitnih železnih litin njihova kemična sestava. Interpretacija oblike in velikosti grafita ne omogoča statistično veljavnih ugotovitev o izpolnjevanju zahtev, ki jih določa ustrezni standard za material. Struktura kovinske matrice (npr. feritne, perlitne) ima pomemben vpliv na lastnosti materiala. Takšna interpretacija ni namen tega dela ISO 945.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
01-januar-2009
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 945:1997
0LNURVWUXNWXUDåHOH]RYHOLWLQHGHO 5D]YUãþDQMHJUDILWD]YL]XDOQRDQDOL]R ,62
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis (ISO 945-
1:2008)
Bezeichnung der Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung durch
visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO
945-1:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 945-1:2008
ICS:
77.080.10 Železo Irons
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 945-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2008
ICS 77.080.10 Supersedes EN ISO 945:1994
English Version
Microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by
visual analysis (ISO 945-1:2008)
Microstructure des fontes - Partie 1: Classification du Mikrostruktur von Gusseisen - Teil 1: Graphitklassifizierung
graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO 945-1:2008) durch visuelle Auswertung (ISO 945-1:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 November 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 945-1:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
EN ISO 945-1:2008 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 945-1:2008) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25 "Cast iron and
pig iron" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 "Foundry technology", the secretariat of
which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by May 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 945:1994.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 945-1:2008 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 945-1:2008 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 945-1
First edition
2008-11-15
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
Microstructure des fontes —
Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
Reference number
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2008
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 General. 1
2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons. 1
2.2 Visual classification of graphite. 9
3 Sampling and preparation of samples. 10
3.1 Samples taken from a casting . 10
3.2 Sample preparation . 10
4 Procedure for graphite classification . 10
4.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite . 10
4.2 Evaluation of the analysis results. 10
5 Reference images . 11
5.1 General. 11
5.2 Reference images for graphite form. 11
5.3 Reference images for the distribution of graphite (form I). 11
5.4 Reference images for graphite size . 11
6 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size . 11
6.1 Designation system. 11
6.2 Designation of intermediate graphite sizes . 12
6.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and sizes. 12
6.4 Nodule count . 13
7 Report . 13
Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast-iron materials (Examples of photomicrographs). 15
Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (form I) (Examples of
photomicrographs).16
Annex C (informative) Common terminology and main occurrences concerning graphite in cast
irons . 17
Bibliography . 19
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved iii
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 945-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons.
Together with ISO 945-2, this first edition of ISO 945-1 cancels and replaces ISO 945:1975, which has been
technically revised to take into account the expanding range of cast-iron alloys available. In addition,
photomicrographs have been included together with schematic images to aid classification.
ISO 945 consists of the following parts, under the general title Microstructure of cast irons:
⎯ Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis
Graphite classification by image analysis will be the subject of a future Part 2.
iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Introduction
Microstructure designation is a useful feature that provides a means of classifying the graphite form,
distribution and size in cast irons.
Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well-established method which is well recognized within the
foundry industry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast-iron casting.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved v
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 945-1:2008(E)
Microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
1 Scope
This part of ISO 945 specifies a method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this part of ISO 945 is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is
not intended to give information on the suitability of cast-iron types and grades for any particular application.
The particular material grade is specified by results from tensile tests or hardness testing and, in the case of
austenitic cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not
allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material
standard. The structure of the metallic matrix (e.g. ferrite, pearlite) has a significant effect on the material
properties. Such an interpretation is not the purpose of this part of ISO 945.
2 General
2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons
When cast-iron materials are examined under a microscope in accordance with this part of ISO 945, the
graphite shall be classified by
a) its form, designated by Roman numerals I to VI (see Figure 1 and Annex A);
b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E (see Figure 2 and Annex B); the graphite distribution
designation is only specified for grey cast iron (form I);
c) its size, designated by Arabic numerals 1 to 8 (see Figures 3, 4 and 5 and Table 1).
NOTE Figures 1 to 5 show only the outlines and not the structure of the graphite.
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 1
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
FORM
Magnification ×100
Figure 1 — Principal graphite forms in cast-iron materials — Reference images
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
DISTRIBUTION
Magnification ×100
Figure 2 — Reference images for graphite distribution (form I)
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 3
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
SIZE
Magnification ×100
a) Sizes 1 to 4
Figure 3 — Reference images for graphite size (form I)
4 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
SIZE
Magnification ×100
b) Sizes 5 to 8
Figure 3 — Reference images for graphite size (form I)
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 5
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
SIZE
Magnification ×100
a) Sizes 3 to 6
Figure 4 — Reference images for graphite size (forms IV to VI)
6 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
SIZE
Magnification ×100
b) Sizes 7 and 8
Figure 4 — Reference images for graphite size (forms IV to VI)
© ISO 2008 – All rights reserved 7
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
SIZE
Magnification ×100
a) Sizes 3 to 6
Figure 5 — Reference images for graphite size (form III)
8 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 945-1:2009
ISO 945-1:2008(E)
SIZE
Magnification ×100
b) Size 7
Figure 5 — Reference image for graphite size (form III)
2.2 Visual classification of graphite
The reference images given in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 provide a basis for classifying graphite forms,
distribution and size. The characteristic features
...
SLOVENSKI oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2006
PREDSTANDARD
september 2006
Označevanje mikrostrukture železove litine – 1. del: Razvrščanje grafita z
vizualno analizo (ISO/DIS 945-1:2006)
Designation of microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite classification by visual
analysis (ISO/DIS 945-1:2006)
ICS 77.080.10 Referenčna številka
oSIST prEN ISO 945-1:2006(en)
© Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje ali kopiranje celote ali delov tega dokumenta ni dovoljeno
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
DRAFT
prEN ISO 945-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2006
ICS Will supersede EN ISO 945:1994
English Version
Designation of microstructure of cast irons - Part 1: Graphite
classification by visual analysis (ISO/DIS 945-1:2006)
Désignation de la microstructure des fontes - Partie 1:
Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle (ISO/DIS
945-1:2006)
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for parallel enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 190.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which
stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language
made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to
provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without notice and
shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN ISO 945-1:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
prEN ISO 945-1:2006 (E)
Foreword
This document (prEN ISO 945-1:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC
25 "Cast iron and pig iron" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 190 "Foundry
technology", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This document is currently submitted to the parallel Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN ISO 945:1994.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/DIS 945-1:2006 has been approved by CEN as prEN ISO 945-1:2006 without
any modifications.
2
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 945-1
ISO/TC 25 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2006-06-29 2006-11-29
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
Designation of microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
Désignation de la microstructure des fontes —
Partie 1: Classification du graphite par analyse visuelle
(Revision of ISO 945:1975)
ICS 77.080.10
ISO/CEN PARALLEL ENQUIRY
The CEN Secretary-General has advised the ISO Secretary-General that this ISO/DIS covers a subject
of interest to European standardization. In accordance with the ISO-lead mode of collaboration as
defined in the Vienna Agreement, consultation on this ISO/DIS has the same effect for CEN
members as would a CEN enquiry on a draft European Standard. Should this draft be accepted, a
final draft, established on the basis of comments received, will be submitted to a parallel two-month FDIS
vote in ISO and formal vote in CEN.
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication
stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
© International Organization for Standardization, 2006
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 945-1
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall
not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the
unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO's
member body in the country of the requester.
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
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Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
©
ii ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 General.1
2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons .1
2.2 Visual classification of graphite .10
3 Sampling and preparation of samples .10
3.1 Samples taken from a casting.10
3.2 Sample preparation.10
4 Procedure for graphite classification.10
4.1 Procedure for visual classification of graphite .10
4.2 Evaluation of the analysis results .11
5 Reference images.11
5.1 General .11
5.2 Reference images for the graphite form .11
5.3 Reference images for the distribution of graphite (Form I).11
5.4 Reference images for the graphite size .11
6 Designation of graphite by form, distribution and size.12
6.1 Designation system.12
6.2 Designation of intermediate graphite size.12
6.3 Designation of mixed graphite forms, distributions and sizes.13
6.4 Nodule count.13
7 Report.14
Annex A (informative) Typical graphite forms in cast iron materials (Examples of
photomicrographs).15
Annex B (informative) Distribution of flake (lamellar) graphite (Form I) (Examples of
photomicrographs).17
Annex C (informative) Common terminology and main occurrences about graphite in cast irons.18
Bibliography.20
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Inter-
national Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an Interna-
tional Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 945-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons, Working Group 1.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 945:1975), [clause(s) / subclause(s) / table(s) /
figure(s) / annex(es)] of which [has / have] been technically revised.
ISO 945 consists of the following parts, under the general title Designation of microstructure of cast irons:
⎯ Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis
⎯ Part 2: Graphite classification by image analysis [under preparation]
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
Introduction
Microstructure designation is a useful feature that provides a means of classifying the graphite form, distribu-
tion and size in cast irons.
Graphite classification by visual analysis is a well established method, well recognized within the foundry in-
dustry as a means of quickly determining the overall graphite microstructure of a cast iron casting.
This revision takes into account the expanding range of cast iron alloys available.
Photomicrographs have been included together with schematic images to aid classification.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
Designation of microstructure of cast irons —
Part 1:
Graphite classification by visual analysis
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies one method of classifying the microstructure of graphite in cast irons by
comparative visual analysis.
The purpose of this standard is to provide information about the method of graphite classification. It is not
intended to give information on the suitability of cast iron types and grades for any particular application.
The particular material grade is specified by results from tensile tests or hardness testing, and in the case of
austenitic cast irons, by their chemical composition. The interpretation of graphite form and size does not
allow a statistically valid statement on the fulfilment of the requirements specified in the relevant material
standard. The structure of the ferrous matrix (ferrite, pearlite, free cementite) has a significant effect on the
material properties. Such an interpretation is not the purpose of this International Standard.
2 General
2.1 Designation system for classifying graphite in cast irons
When cast iron materials are examined under a microscope, the graphite shall be classified by
a) its form, designated by Roman numerals I to VI, see Figure 1 and Annex A (informative);
b) its distribution, designated by capital letters A to E, see Figure 2 and Annex B (informative). Graphite dis-
tribution designation is only specified for grey cast iron (Form I);
c) its size, designated by Arabic numerals 1 to 8, see Figures 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3.
NOTE Figures 1 to 3 show only the outlines and not the structure of the graphite.
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ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
FORM
Figure 1 — Principal graphite forms in cast iron materials — reference images
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ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
DISTRIBUTION
Figure 2 — Reference images for the graphite distribution (Form I)
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ISO/DIS 945-1:2005
1 2
3 4
Figure 3.1 — Reference images for the graphite size (Form I)
(magnification × 100) — Sizes 1 to 4
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ISO/DIS 945-1:20
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