Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.

This European Standard is applicable to specify the requirements for the design and erection of earthing systems of electrical installations, in systems with nominal voltage above 1 kV a.c. and nominal frequency up to and including 60 Hz, so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended. For the purpose of interpreting this standard, an electrical power installation is considered to be one of the following: a) substation, including substation for railway power supply; b) electrical installations on mast, pole and tower; switchgear and/or transformers located outside a closed electrical operating area; c) one (or more) power station(s) located on a single site; the installation includes generators and transformers with all associated switchgear and all electrical auxiliary systems. Connections between generating stations located on different sites are excluded; d) the electrical system of a factory, industrial plant or other industrial, agricultural, commercial or public premises. The electrical power installation includes, among others, the following equipment: – rotating electrical machines; – switchgear; – transformers and reactors; – converters; – cables; – wiring systems; – batteries; – capacitors; – earthing systems; – buildings and fences which are part of a closed electrical operating area; – associated protection, control and auxiliary systems; – large air core reactor. NOTE In general, a standard for an item of equipment takes precedence over this standard. This European Standard does not apply to the design and erection of earthing systems of any of the following: – overhead and underground lines between separate installations; – electric railways; – mining equipment and installations; – fluorescent lamp installations; – installations on ships and off-shore installations; – electrostatic equipment (e.g. electrostatic precipitators, spray-painting units); – test sites; – medical equipment, e.g. medical X-ray equipment. This European Standard does not apply to the requirements for carrying out live working on electrical installations.

Erdung von Starkstromanlagen mit Nennwechselspannungen über 1 kV

Diese Europäische Norm ist anwendbar zur Festlegung von Anforderungen für die Projektierung und Errichtung von Erdungsanlagen für Starkstromanlagen in Netzen mit Nennwechselspannungen über 1 kV und einer Nennfrequenz bis einschließlich 60 Hz, um damit eine sichere und störungsfreie Funktion im bestimmungsgemäßen Betrieb sicherzustellen. Im Sinne dieser Norm gilt als eine Starkstromanlage eine der folgenden: a) Schalt- und Umspannanlagen, einschließlich Schaltanlagen zur Speisung von Bahnanlagen; b) elektrische Anlagen auf Masten oder in Türmen, Schaltgeräte und/oder Transformatoren außerhalb abgeschlossener elektrischer Betriebsstätten; c) eine (oder mehrere) Stromerzeugungsanlage(n) an einem räumlich begrenzten Ort; die Anlage enthält Generatoren und Transformatoren mit zugehörigen Schaltgeräten und elektrischen Hilfseinrichtungen. Verbindungen zwischen Stromerzeugungsanlagen an unterschiedlichen Orten sind ausgeschlossen; d) das elektrische Netz einer Fabrik, Industrieanlage oder anderer industrieller, landwirtschaftlicher, gewerblicher oder öffentlicher Räumlichkeiten. In Starkstromanlagen können unter anderem folgende Betriebsmittel vorkommen: - Drehende elektrische Maschinen; - Schaltgeräte; - Transformatoren und Reaktoren; - Stromrichter; - Kabel; - Verdrahtungen; - Batterien; - Kondensatoren; - Erdungsanlagen; - Gebäude und Umzäunungen, die zu einer abgeschlossenen elektrischen Betriebsstätte gehören; - zugehörige Schutz-, Steuerungs- und Hilfssysteme; - große Luftdrosselspulen. ANMERKUNG Grundsätzlich haben Festlegungen von Betriebsmittelnormen Vorrang vor dieser Norm. Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für die Projektierung und Errichtung von Erdungsanlagen für eine der folgenden: - Freileitungen und Kabeln zwischen getrennten Anlagen; - elektrische Bahnen; - Bergwerksausrüstungen und -anlagen; - Leuchtröhrenanlagen; - Anlagen auf Schiffen und off-shore-Plattformen; - elektrostatischen Einrichtungen (z.B. Elektrofilter, Pulverbeschichtungsanlagen); - Prüffeldern; - medizinischen Einrichtungen, zum Beispiel medizinischen Röntgeneinrichtungen. Diese Europäische Norm gilt nicht für die Anforderungen zur Durchführung von Arbeiten unter Spannung an elektrischen Anlagen.

Prises de terre des installations électriques en courant alternatif de puissance supérieure à 1 kV

Ozemljitev elektroenergetskih postrojev, ki presegajo 1 kV izmenične napetosti

Ta evropski standard vsebuje zahteve za načrtovanje in postavitev ozemljitve električnih inštalacij sistemov 111 v sisteme z nazivno napetostjo nad 1 kV izmeničnega toka, tako da 112 zagotavljajo varnost in primerno delovanje za predvideno uporabo.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
04-Nov-2010
Withdrawal Date
31-Oct-2013
Current Stage
9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
Start Date
10-Jan-2025
Completion Date
10-Jan-2025

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Frequently Asked Questions

EN 50522:2010 is a standard published by CLC. Its full title is "Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.". This standard covers: This European Standard is applicable to specify the requirements for the design and erection of earthing systems of electrical installations, in systems with nominal voltage above 1 kV a.c. and nominal frequency up to and including 60 Hz, so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended. For the purpose of interpreting this standard, an electrical power installation is considered to be one of the following: a) substation, including substation for railway power supply; b) electrical installations on mast, pole and tower; switchgear and/or transformers located outside a closed electrical operating area; c) one (or more) power station(s) located on a single site; the installation includes generators and transformers with all associated switchgear and all electrical auxiliary systems. Connections between generating stations located on different sites are excluded; d) the electrical system of a factory, industrial plant or other industrial, agricultural, commercial or public premises. The electrical power installation includes, among others, the following equipment: – rotating electrical machines; – switchgear; – transformers and reactors; – converters; – cables; – wiring systems; – batteries; – capacitors; – earthing systems; – buildings and fences which are part of a closed electrical operating area; – associated protection, control and auxiliary systems; – large air core reactor. NOTE In general, a standard for an item of equipment takes precedence over this standard. This European Standard does not apply to the design and erection of earthing systems of any of the following: – overhead and underground lines between separate installations; – electric railways; – mining equipment and installations; – fluorescent lamp installations; – installations on ships and off-shore installations; – electrostatic equipment (e.g. electrostatic precipitators, spray-painting units); – test sites; – medical equipment, e.g. medical X-ray equipment. This European Standard does not apply to the requirements for carrying out live working on electrical installations.

This European Standard is applicable to specify the requirements for the design and erection of earthing systems of electrical installations, in systems with nominal voltage above 1 kV a.c. and nominal frequency up to and including 60 Hz, so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended. For the purpose of interpreting this standard, an electrical power installation is considered to be one of the following: a) substation, including substation for railway power supply; b) electrical installations on mast, pole and tower; switchgear and/or transformers located outside a closed electrical operating area; c) one (or more) power station(s) located on a single site; the installation includes generators and transformers with all associated switchgear and all electrical auxiliary systems. Connections between generating stations located on different sites are excluded; d) the electrical system of a factory, industrial plant or other industrial, agricultural, commercial or public premises. The electrical power installation includes, among others, the following equipment: – rotating electrical machines; – switchgear; – transformers and reactors; – converters; – cables; – wiring systems; – batteries; – capacitors; – earthing systems; – buildings and fences which are part of a closed electrical operating area; – associated protection, control and auxiliary systems; – large air core reactor. NOTE In general, a standard for an item of equipment takes precedence over this standard. This European Standard does not apply to the design and erection of earthing systems of any of the following: – overhead and underground lines between separate installations; – electric railways; – mining equipment and installations; – fluorescent lamp installations; – installations on ships and off-shore installations; – electrostatic equipment (e.g. electrostatic precipitators, spray-painting units); – test sites; – medical equipment, e.g. medical X-ray equipment. This European Standard does not apply to the requirements for carrying out live working on electrical installations.

EN 50522:2010 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 29.120.50 - Fuses and other overcurrent protection devices. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

EN 50522:2010 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to HD 637 S1:1999, EN 50522:2022. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

You can purchase EN 50522:2010 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CLC standards.

Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2011
1DGRPHãþD
SIST HD 637 S1:1999
2]HPOMLWYHPRþQRVWQLKLQãWDODFLMNLSUHVHJDMRN9L]PHQLþQHQDSHWRVWL
Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.
Erdung von Starkstromanlagen mit Nennwechselspannungen über 1 kV
Prises de terre des installations électriques en courant alternatif de puissance supérieure
à 1 kV
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 50522:2010
ICS:
29.240.01 2PUHåMD]DSUHQRVLQ Power transmission and
GLVWULEXFLMRHOHNWULþQHHQHUJLMH distribution networks in
QDVSORãQR general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 50522
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2010
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 29.120.50 Supersedes HD 637 S1:1999 (partially)

English version
Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.

Prises de terre des installations Erdung von Starkstromanlagen mit
électriques en courant alternatif de Nennwechselspannungen über 1 kV
puissance supérieure à 1 kV
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2010-11-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.

Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels

© 2010 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 50522:2010 E
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 99X, Power
installations exceeding 1 kV a.c. (1,5 kV d.c.). It was submitted to formal vote and was accepted by
CENELEC as EN 50522 on 2010-11-01.
Together with EN 61936-1:2010 this document supersedes HD 637 S1:1999.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The following dates were fixed:
– latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
(dop) 2011-11-01
national standard or by endorsement

– latest date by which the national standards conflicting
with the EN have to be withdrawn (dow) 2013-11-01
NOTE The text identical with IEC 61936-1 is written in italics.
__________
– 3 – EN 50522:2010
Contents
1 Scope .6
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .8
3.1 General definitions .8
3.2 Definitions concerning installations .8
3.3 Definitions concerning safety measures against electric shock .9
3.4 Definitions concerning earthing .9
4 Fundamental requirements .18
4.1 General requirements .18
4.2 Electrical requirements .18
4.3 Safety criteria .19
4.4 Functional requirements .20
5 Design of earthing systems .20
5.1 General .20
5.2 Dimensioning with respect to corrosion and mechanical strength .20
5.3 Dimensioning with respect to thermal strength .21
5.4 Dimensioning with regard to touch voltages .23
6 Measures to avoid transferred potential .27
6.1 Transferred potential from High voltage systems to Low voltage systems .27
6.2 Transferred potentials to telecommunication and other systems .28
7 Construction of earthing systems .29
7.1 Installation of earth electrodes and earthing conductors .29
7.2 Lightning and transients .29
7.3 Measures for earthing on equipment and installations .30
8 Measurements .30
9 Maintainability .30
9.1 Inspections .30
9.2 Measurements .30
Annex A (normative) Method of calculating permissible touch voltages .31
Annex B (normative) Touch voltage and body current .32
B.1 Calculation of permissible touch voltage .32
B.2 Calculation of prospective permissible touch voltage .33
Annex C (normative) Type and minimum dimensions of earth electrode materials ensuring
mechanical strength and corrosion resistance .36
Annex D (normative) Current rating calculation of earthing conductors and earth electrodes .37
Annex E (normative) Description of the recognized specified measures M .41
Annex F (normative) Measures on earthing systems to reduce the effects of high frequency
interference .44
Annex G (normative) Detailed measures for earthing of equipment and installations .45
G.1 Fences around substation installations .45
G.2 Pipes .45
G.3 Traction rails .45
G.4 Pole mounted transforming and/or switching installations .45
G.5 Secondary circuits of instrument transformers .46

Annex H (normative) Measuring touch voltages .47
Annex I (informative) Reduction factors related to earth wires of overhead lines and metal
sheaths of underground cables .48
I.1 General .48
I.2 Typical values of reduction factors of overhead lines and cables (50 Hz) .48
Annex J (informative) Basis for the design of earthing systems .50
J.1 Soil resistivity .50
J.2 Resistance to earth .50
Annex K (informative) Installing the earth electrodes and earthing conductors .54
K.1 Installation of earth electrodes .54
K.2 Installation of earthing conductors .54
Annex L (informative) Measurements for and on earthing systems .56
L.1 Measurement of soil resistivities .56
L.2 Measurement of resistances to earth and impedances to earth .56
L.3 Determination of the earth potential rise .57
L.4 Elimination of interference and disturbance voltages for earthing measurements .58
Annex M (normative) Details on site inspection and documentation of earthing systems .61
Annex N (informative) The use of reinforcing bars in concrete for earthing purpose .62
Annex O (informative) Global Earthing System .63
Annex P (normative) Special national conditions .64
Annex Q (informative) A-deviations .65

Figure 1 - Example for the surface potential profile and for the voltages in case of current carrying
earth electrodes .14
Figure 2 - Example for currents, voltages and resistances for an earth fault in a transformer
substation with low impedance neutral earthing .15
Figure 3 - Essential components of earth fault currents in high voltage systems .17
Figure 4 - Permissible touch voltage .25
Figure 5 - Design of earthing systems, if not part of a global earthing system (C1 of 5.4.2 ), with
regard to permissible touch voltage U by checking the earth potential rise U or the touch voltage
Tp E
U .26
T
Figure B.1 - Scheme of the touching circuit .34
Figure B.2 - Examples for curves U = f (t ) for different additional resistances R = R + R .35
vTp f F F1 F2
Figure D.1 - Short circuit current density G for earthing conductors and earth electrodes relative to
the duration of the fault current t .38
F
Figure D.2 - Continuous current I for earthing conductors .40
D
Figure J.1 - Resistance to earth of horizontal earth electrodes (made from strip, round material or
stranded conductor) for straight or ring arrangement in homogeneous soil .51
Figure J.2 - Resistance to earth of earth rods, vertically buried in homogeneous soil .52
Figure J.3 - Typical values for the resistance to earth of a cable with earth electrode effect
depending on the length of the cable and the soil resistivity.53
Figure L.1 - Example for the determination of the impedance to earth by the heavy-current
injection method.60

– 5 – EN 50522:2010
Table 1 - Relevant currents for the design of earthing systems .22
Table 2 - Minimum requirements for interconnection of low voltage and high voltage earthing
systems based on EPR limits .28
Table B.1 - Permissible body current I depending on the fault duration t .32
B f
Table B.2 - Total human body impedance Z related to the touch voltage U for a current path
B T
hand to hand .32
Table B.3 - Calculated values of the permissible touch voltage U as a function of the fault
Tp
duration t .33
f
Table B.4 - Assumption for calculations with additional resistances .33
Table D.1 - Material constants .37
Table D.2 - Factors for conversion of continuous current from 300 °C final temperature to another
final temperature .38
Table E.1 - Conditions for the use of recognized specified measures M to ensure permissible
touch voltages U (see Figure 4) .41
Tp
Table J.1 - Soil resistivities for frequencies of alternating currents (Range of values, which were
frequently measured) .50

1 Scope
This European Standard is applicable to specify the requirements for the design and erection of earthing
systems of electrical installations, in systems with nominal voltage above 1 kV a.c. and nominal frequency
up to and including 60 Hz, so as to provide safety and proper functioning for the use intended.
For the purpose of interpreting this standard, an electrical power installation is considered to be one of the
following:
a) substation, including substation for railway power supply;
b) electrical installations on mast, pole and tower;
switchgear and/or transformers located outside a closed electrical operating area;
c) one (or more) power station(s) located on a single site;
the installation includes generators and transformers with all associated switchgear and all electrical
auxiliary systems. Connections between generating stations located on different sites are excluded;
d) the electrical system of a factory, industrial plant or other industrial, agricultural, commercial or public
premises.
The electrical power installation includes, among others, the following equipment:
– rotating electrical machines;
– switchgear;
– transformers and reactors;
– converters;
– cables;
– wiring systems;
– batteries;
– capacitors;
– earthing systems;
– buildings and fences which are part of a closed electrical operating area;
– associated protection, control and auxiliary systems;
– large air core reactor.
NOTE In general, a standard for an item of equipment takes precedence over this standard.
This European Standard does not apply to the design and erection of earthing systems of any of the
following:
– overhead and underground lines between separate installations;
– electric railways;
– mining equipment and installations;
– fluorescent lamp installations;
– installations on ships and off-shore installations;
– electrostatic equipment (e.g. electrostatic precipitators, spray-painting units);
– test sites;
– medical equipment, e.g. medical X-ray equipment.
This European Standard does not apply to the requirements for carrying out live working on electrical
installations.
– 7 – EN 50522:2010
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 60529, Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code) (IEC 60529)
EN 60909, Short-circuit currents in three-phase a.c. systems (IEC 60909)
HD 60364-1, Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general
characteristics, definitions (IEC 60364-1, modified)
HD 60364-4-41, Low-voltage electrical installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety – Protection against
electric shock (IEC 60364-4-41, modified)
IEC 60050(151):2001, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 151: Electrical and magnetic
devices
IEC 60050(195):1998, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 195: Earthing and protection
against electric shock
IEC 60050(601):1985, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 601: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity – General
IEC 60050(602):1983, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 602: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity – Generation
IEC 60050(604):1987, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 604: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity – Operation
IEC 60050(605):1983, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 605: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity – Substations
IEC 60050(826):2004, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 826: Electrical installations
IEC 60287-3-1, Electric cables – Calculation of the current rating – Part 3-1: Sections on operating
conditions – Reference operating conditions and selection of cable type
IEC/TS 60479-1:2005, Effects of current on human beings and livestock – Part 1: General aspects
IEC 60949:1988, Calculation of thermally permissible short-circuit currents, taking into account non-
adiabatic heating effects
IEC/TS 61000-5-2, Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) – Part 5: Installation and mitigation
guidelines – Section 2: Earthing and cabling

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1 General definitions
3.1.1
electrical equipment
item used for such purposes as generation, conversion, transmission, distribution or utilization of electric
energy, such as electric machines, transformers, switchgear and controlgear, measuring instruments,
protective devices, wiring systems, current-using equipment
[IEV 826-16-01]
3.1.2
rated value
value of a quantity used for specification purposes, established for a specified set of operating conditions
of a component, device, equipment, or system
[IEV 151-16-08]
3.1.3
high voltage
voltage exceeding 1 000 V a.c.
3.1.4
low voltage
voltage not exceeding 1 000 V a.c.
3.1.5
operation
all activities, including both electrical and non-electrical work activities, necessary to permit the power
installation to function
NOTE These activities include switching, controlling, monitoring and maintenance
3.2 Definitions concerning installations
3.2.1
closed electrical operating area
room or location for operation of electrical installations and equipment to which access is intended to be
restricted to skilled or instructed persons or to lay personnel under the supervision of skilled or instructed
persons, e.g. by opening of a door or removal of protective barrier only by the use of a key or tool, and
which is clearly marked by appropriate warning signs
3.2.2
substation
part of a power system, concentrated in a given place, including mainly the terminations of transmission or
distribution lines, switchgear and housing and which may also include transformers. It generally includes
facilities necessary for system security and control (e.g. the protective devices)
NOTE According to the nature of the system within which the substation is included, a prefix may qualify it.
EXAMPLES: transmission substation (of a transmission system), distribution substation, 400 kV substation, 20 kV substation.
[IEV 605-01-01]
– 9 – EN 50522:2010
3.2.3
power station
installation whose purpose is to generate electricity and which includes civil engineering works, energy
conversion equipment and all the necessary ancillary equipment
[IEV 602-01-01]
3.2.4
installations of open design
installations where the equipment does not have protection against direct contact
3.2.5
installations of enclosed design
installations where the equipment has protection against direct contact
NOTE For degrees of enclosure protection see EN 60529.

3.3 Definitions concerning safety measures against electric shock
3.3.1
protection against direct contact
measures which prevent persons coming into hazardous proximity to live parts or those parts which could
carry a hazardous voltage, with parts of their bodies or objects (reaching the danger zone)
3.3.2
protection in case of indirect contact
protection of persons from hazards which could arise, in event of fault, from contact with exposed
conductive parts of electrical equipment or extraneous conductive parts
3.3.3
enclosure
part providing protection of equipment against certain external influences and, in any direction, protection
against direct contact
3.4 Definitions concerning earthing
3.4.1
(local) earth
part of the Earth which is in electric contact with an earth electrode and the electric potential of which is
not necessarily equal to zero
NOTE The conductive mass of the earth, whose electric potential at any point is conventionally taken as equal to zero.
[IEV 195-01-03, modified]
3.4.2
reference earth
(remote earth)
part of the Earth considered as conductive, the electric potential of which is conventionally taken as zero,
being outside the zone of influence of the relevant earthing arrangement
NOTE The concept “Earth” means the planet and all its physical matter.
[IEV 195-01-01, modified]
3.4.3
earth electrode
conductive part, which may be embedded in a specific conductive medium, e.g. in concrete or coke, in
electric contact with the Earth
[IEV 195-02-01]
3.4.4
earthing conductor
conductor which provides a conductive path, or part of the conductive path, between a given point in a
system or in an installation or in equipment and an earth electrode
[IEV 195-02-03]
NOTE Where the connection between part of the installation and the earth electrode is made via a disconnecting link,
disconnecting switch, surge arrester counter, surge arrester control gap etc., then only that part of the connection permanently
attached to the earth electrode is an earthing conductor.
3.4.5
protective bonding conductor
protective conductor for ensuring equipotential bonding
3.4.6
earthing system
arrangement of connections and devices necessary to earth equipment or a system separately or jointly
[IEV 604-04-02]
3.4.7
earth rod
earth electrode consisting of a metal rod driven into the ground
[IEV 604-04-09]
3.4.8
structural earth electrode
metal part, which is in conductive contact with the earth or with water directly or via concrete, whose
original purpose is not earthing, but which fulfils all requirements of an earth electrode without impairment
of the original purpose
NOTE Examples of structural earth electrodes are pipelines, sheet piling, concrete reinforcement bars in foundations and the
steel structure of buildings, etc.
3.4.9
electric resistivity of soil, 
E
resistivity of a typical sample of soil
3.4.10
resistance to earth, R
E
real part of the impedance to earth
3.4.11
impedance to earth, Z
E
impedance at a given frequency between a specified point in a system or in an installation or in equipment
and reference earth
NOTE The impedance to earth is determined by the directly connected earth electrodes and also by connected overhead earth
wires and wires buried in earth of overhead lines, by connected cables with earth electrode effect and by other earthing systems
which are conductively connected to the relevant earthing system by conductive cable sheaths, shields, PEN conductors or in
another way.
3.4.12
earth potential rise (EPR), U
E
voltage between an earthing system and reference earth
3.4.13
potential
voltage between an observation point and reference earth

– 11 – EN 50522:2010
3.4.14
(effective) touch voltage, U
T
voltage between conductive parts when touched simultaneously
NOTE The value of the effective touch voltage may be appreciably influenced by the impedance of the person in electric contact
with these conductive parts.
[IEV 195-05-11, modified]
3.4.15
prospective touch voltage, U
vT
voltage between simultaneously accessible conductive parts when those conductive parts are not being
touched
[IEV 195-05-09, modified]
3.4.16
step voltage, U
S
voltage between two points on the earth’s surface that are 1 m distant from each other, which is
considered to be the stride length of a person
[IEV 195-05-12]
3.4.17
transferred potential
potential rise of an earthing system caused by a current to earth transferred by means of a
connected conductor (for example a metallic cable sheath, PEN conductor, pipeline, rail) into areas
with low or no potential rise relative to reference earth resulting in a potential difference occurring
between the conductor and its surroundings (Figure 1).
NOTE The definition also applies where a conductor, which is connected to reference earth, leads into the area of the potential
rise.
3.4.18
stress voltage
voltage appearing during earth fault conditions between an earthed part or enclosure of equipment or
device and any other of its parts and which could affect its normal operation or safety
3.4.19
global earthing system
equivalent earthing system created by the interconnection of local earthing systems that ensures, by the
proximity of the earthing systems, that there are no dangerous touch voltages
NOTE 1 Such systems permit the division of the earth fault current in a way that results in a reduction of the earth potential rise at
the local earthing system. Such a system could be said to form a quasi equipotential surface
NOTE 2 The existence of a global earthing system may be determined by sample measurements or calculation for typical
systems. Typical examples of global earthing systems are in city centres; urban or industrial areas with distributed low- and high-
voltage earthing (see Annex O).
3.4.20
multi-earthed HV neutral conductor
neutral conductor of a distribution line connected to the earthing system of the source transformer and
regularly earthed
3.4.21
exposed-conductive-part
conductive part of equipment which can be touched and which is not normally live, but which can become
live when basic insulation fails
[IEV 826-12-10]
3.4.22
extraneous-conductive-part
conductive part not forming part of the electrical installation and liable to introduce an electric potential,
generally the electric potential of a local earth
[IEV 826-12-11, modified]
3.4.23
PEN conductor
conductor combining the functions of both protective earthing conductor and neutral conductor
[IEV 826-13-25]
3.4.24
earth fault
fault caused by a conductor being connected to earth or by the insulation resistance to earth becoming
less than a specified value
[IEV 151-03-40:1978]
NOTE Earth faults of two or several phase conductors of the same system at different locations are designated as double or
multiple earth faults.
3.4.25
system with isolated neutral
system in which the neutrals of transformers and generators are not intentionally connected to earth,
except for high impedance connections for signalling, measuring or protection purposes
[IEV 601-02-24, modified]
3.4.26
system with resonant earthing
system in which at least one neutral of a transformer or earthing transformer is earthed via an arc
suppression coil and the combined inductance of all arc suppression coils is essentially tuned to the earth
capacitance of the system for the operating frequency
NOTE 1 In case of no self-extinguishing arc fault there are two different operation methods used:
- automatic disconnection;
- continuous operation during fault localisation process.
In order to facilitate the fault localisation and operation there are different supporting procedures:
- short term earthing for detection;
- short term earthing for tripping;
- operation measures, such as disconnection of coupled busbars;
- phase earthing.
NOTE 2 Arc suppression coil may have high ohmic resistor in parallel to facilitate fault detection.
3.4.27
system with low-impedance neutral earthing
system in which at least one neutral of a transformer, earthing transformer or generator is earthed directly
or via an impedance designed such that due to an earth fault at any location the magnitude of the fault
current leads to a reliable automatic tripping due to the magnitude of the fault current
[IEV 601-02-25, 601-02-26]
3.4.28
earth fault current, I
F
current which flows from the main circuit to earth or earthed parts at the fault location (earth fault location)
(Figure 2 and Figure 3)
NOTE 1 For single earth faults, this is,
– in systems with isolated neutral, the capacitive earth fault current;
– in systems with high resistive earthing, the RC composed earth fault current;
– in systems with resonant earthing, the earth fault residual current;
– in systems with solid or low impedance neutral earthing, the line-to-earth short-circuit current.
NOTE 2 Further earth fault current may result from double earth fault and line to line to earth.

– 13 – EN 50522:2010
3.4.29
current to earth, I
E
current flowing to earth via the impedance to earth (see Figure 2)
NOTE The current to earth is the part of the earth fault current I , which causes the potential rise of the earthing system. For the
F
determination of I see also Annex L.
E
3.4.30
reduction factor, r
factor r of a three phase line is the ratio of the current to earth over the sum of the zero sequence currents
in the phase conductors of the main circuit (r = I / 3 I ) at a point remote from the short-circuit location
E 0
and the earthing system of an installation
3.4.31
circulating transformer neutral current
portion of fault current which flows back to the transformer neutral point via the metallic parts and/or the
earthing system without ever discharging into soil
3.4.32
horizontal earth electrode
electrode which is generally buried at a depth of up to approximately 1 m. It can consist of strip, round bar
or stranded conductor and can be laid out to form a radial, ring or mesh earth electrode or a combination
of these
3.4.33
cable with earth electrode effect
cable whose sheaths, screens or armourings have the same effect as a strip earth electrode
3.4.34
foundation earth electrode
conductive structural embedded in concrete which is in conductive contact with the earth via a large
surface
[IEV 826-13-08, modified]
3.4.35
potential grading earth electrode
conductor which due to shape and arrangement is principally used for potential grading rather than for
establishing a certain resistance to earth

U
vT

U U U
E vT vS
Reference earth
(in sufficient
B
A
distance)
E E E
S1
S2
S3
1m
Cable having a continous metallic
1m 1m
sheath insulated throughout but with
Without     With      both ends exposed. Sheath is
potential grading potential grading connected to earth at the substation.

E Earth electrode U Earth potential rise
E
S1, S2, S3 Potential grading earth U Prospective step voltage
vS
electrodes (e.g. ring earth U Prospective touch voltage
vT
electrodes), connected to A Prospective touch voltage resulting
the earth electrode E  from transferred potential in case of
single side cable sheath earthing
B Prospective touch voltage resulting
from transferred potential in case of
cable sheath earthed on both sides
 Earth surface potential
Figure 1 - Example for the surface potential profile and for the voltages
in case of current carrying earth electrodes

– 15 – EN 50522:2010
(1- r ) 3 I
E 0
3 I
I I
N F
R R U R
ET ES E ET
I
RS
Reference earth
3 I
Phase conductor
Equivalent circuit
I
F
I
N (1- r ) 3 I
E 0
Earth wire
Earthing system
I
E
U
E
Z R Z
oo ES oo
I
RS
Reference earth
I = 3 I + I 1
F 0 N
For equal earth wire tower
Z =
E
I = r · (I – I ) footing impedances of the
E E F N 1 1
+ n
overhead lines
R Z
U = I · Z ES oo
E E E
3 I Three times zero sequence current of the line
I Current via neutral earthing of the transformer
N
I Earth fault current
F
I Current to earth (cannot be measured directly)
E
I Current via the resistance to earth of the mesh earth electrode
RS
r Reduction factor of the overhead line
E
R Resistance to earth of the mesh earth electrode
ES
R Resistance to earth of the tower
ET
Z Chain impedance (earth wire/tower footing) of the overhead line assumed to be
infinite
Z Impedance to earth
E
U Earth potential rise
E
n Number of overhead lines leaving the substation (here: n = 2)

Figure 2 - Example for currents, voltages and resistances for an earth fault
in a transformer substation with low impedance neutral earthing

L3
L2
L1
I I
C-L2 C-L3
I
C C C
e e
I = I
F C
NOTE I may include ohmic component.
C
a) Earth fault current in a system with isolated neutral

L3
L2
L1
I I
L C C C
e e
I  = I  = (I – I ) + I  + I
F RES C L R H
2 2
/I / /I / I I  I
F RES C L H
b) Earth fault current in a system with resonant earthing

L3
L2
L1
I’’
k1
I = I’’
F k1
c) Earth fault current in a system with low impedance neutral earthing

NOTE If I is in the same order as I” this current has to be considered additionally.
C k1
– 17 – EN 50522:2010
L3
L2
L1
I
RES
C C
e e
L
( I’’ )
k1
I’’
k1
I = I   after a short time I’’
F RES k1
d) Earth fault current in a system with resonant earthing
and temporary low impedance neutral earthing

L3
L2
L1
I’’ I’’
kEE kEE
Fault location 1 Fault location 2
I = I’’
F kEE
e) Double earth fault current in a system with isolated neutral or resonant earthing

I Earth fault current
F
I Capacitive earth fault current (complex value, including ohmic component)
C
I Sum of the currents of the parallel arc-suppression coils (complex value, including ohmic
L
component)
I Harmonic current (different frequencies)
H
I Earth fault residual current
RES
I“ Initial symmetrical short-circuit current for a line-to-earth short circuit
k1
I“ Double earth fault current
kEE
NOTE I is the ohmic part of the complex value of (I + I ).
R C L
Figure 3 - Essential components of earth fault currents in high voltage systems

4 Fundamental requirements
4.1 General requirements
This standard provides the criteria for design, installation, testing and maintenance of an earthing system
such that it operates under all conditions and ensures the safety of human life in any place to which
persons have legitimate access. It also provides the criteria to ensure that the integrity of equipment
connected and in proximity to the earthing system is maintained.
Installations and equipment shall be capable of withstanding electrical, mechanical, climatic and
environmental influences anticipated on site.
The design shall take into account
– the purpose of the installation,
– the users requirements such as power quality, reliability, availability, and ability of the electrical
network to withstand the effects of transient conditions such as starting of large motors, short power
outages and re-energization of the installation,
– the safety of the operators and the public,
– the environmental influence,
– the possibility for extension (if required) and maintenance.
4.2 Electrical requirements
4.2.1 Methods of neutral earthing
The method of neutral earthing strongly influences the fault current level and the fault current duration.
Further more the neutral earthing method is important with regard to the following:
– selection of insulation level;
– characteristics of overvoltage limiting devices such as spark gaps or surge arresters;
– selection of protective relays;
– design of earthing system.
The following are examples of neutral earthing methods:
– isolated neutral;
– resonant earthing;
– high resistive earthing;
– solid (low impedance) earthing.
The choice of the type of neutral earthing is normally based on the following criteria:
– local regulations (if any);
– continuity of supply required for the network;
– limitation of damage to equipment caused by earth faults;
– selective elimination of faulty sections of the network;
– detection of fault location;
– touch and step voltages;
– inductive interference;
– operation and maintenance aspects.

– 19 – EN 50522:2010
One galvanically connected system has only one method of neutral earthing. Different galvanically
independent systems may have different methods of neutral earthing. If different neutral earthing
configurations can occur during normal or abnormal operating conditions, equipment and protective
system shall be designed to operate under these conditions.
4.2.2 Short-circuit current
Installations shall be designed, constructed and erected to safely withstand the mechanical and thermal
effects resulting from short-circuit currents.
The objective is to determine the worst case fault scenario for every relevant aspect of the functional
requirements, as these may differ. The following types of fault shall be examined at each voltage level
present in the installation:
a) three phases to earth;
b) two phases to earth;
c) single phase to earth;
d) phase to phase via earth (cross country earth fault).
Faults within and outside the installation site shall be examined to determine the worst fault location.
Simultaneous faults in different voltage systems are not considered.
Installations shall be protected with automatic devices to disconnect three-phase and phase-to-phase
short-circuits.
Installations shall be protected either with automatic devices to disconnect earth faults or to indicate the
earth fault condition. The selection of the device is dependent upon the method of neutral earthing.
The standard value of rated duration of the short-circuit is 1,0 s.
NOTE 1 If a value other than 1 s is appropriate, recommended values would be 0,5 s, 2,0 s and 3,0 s.
NOTE 2 The rated duration should be determined taking into consideration the fault switching time.
4.3 Safety criteria
The hazard to human beings is that a current will flow through the region of the heart which is sufficient to
cause ventricular fibrillation. The current limit, for power-frequency purposes is derived from the
appropriate curve in IEC/TS 60479-1. This body current limit is translated into voltage limits for
comparison with the calculated step and touch voltages taking into account the following factors:
- proportion of current flowing through the region of the heart;
- body impedance along the current path;
- resistance between the body contact points and e.g. metal structure to hand including glove, feet to
remote earth including shoes or gravel;
- fault duration.
It must also be recognized that fault occurrence, fault current magnitude, fault duration and presence of
human beings are probabilistic in nature.
For installation design, the curve shown in Figure 4 is calculated according to the method defined in
Annex A and Annex B.
NOTE The curve is based on data extracted from IEC/TS 60479-1:
- body impedance from Table 1 of IEC/TS 60479-1(not exceeded by 50 % of the population);
- permissible body current corresponding to the c2 curve in Figure 20 and Table 11 of IEC/TS 60479-1 (probability of ventricular
fibrillation is less than 5 %);
- heart current factor according to Table 12 of IEC/TS 60479-1.

The curve in Figure 4, which gives the permissible touch voltage, should be used.
As a general rule meeting the touch voltage requirements satisfies the step voltage requirements,
because the tolerable step voltage limits are much higher than touch voltage limits due to the different
current path through the body.
For installations where high voltage equipment is not located
...


SLOVENSKI SIST EN 50522
STANDARD
januar 2011
Ozemljitev elektroenergetskih postrojev, ki presegajo 1 kV izmenične
napetosti
Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c.

Prises de terre des installations électriques en courant alternatif de puissance
supérieureŕ 1 kV
Erdung von Starkstromanlagen mit Nennwechselspannungen über 1 kV

Referenčna oznaka
ICS 29.240.01 SIST EN 50522:2011 (sl)

Nadaljevanje na straneh II in III ter od 1 do 64

© 2015-04. Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST EN 50522 : 2011
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST EN 50522 (sl), Ozemljitev elektroenergetskih postrojev, ki presegajo 1 kV izmenične
napetosti, 2011, ima status slovenskega standarda in je istoveten evropskemu standardu EN 50522
(en), Earthing of power installations exceeding 1 kV a.c., 2010.

NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Evropski standard EN 50522:2010 je pripravil tehnični odbor CLC/TC 99X Elektroenergetski postroji,
ki presegajo 1 kV a. c. (1,5 kV d.c.).

Slovenski standard SIST EN 50522:2011 je prevod evropskega standarda EN 50522:2010. V primeru
spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je odločilen izvirni evropski standard v
angleškem jeziku. Slovensko izdajo standarda je potrdil Strokovni svet za področja elektrotehnike,
informacijske tehnologije in telekomunikacij.

Odločitev za privzem tega standarda je v novembru 2010 sprejel Strokovni svet SIST za področja
elektrotehnike, informacijske tehnologije in telekomunikacij.

ZVEZA Z NACIONALNIMI STANDARDI

S privzemom tega evropskega standarda veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen standarda, ki je že sprejet v nacionalno standardizacijo:
SIST EN 60529 Stopnja zaščite, ki jo zagotavlja ohišje (koda IP) (IEC 60529:1989)
SIST EN 60909 Kratkostični toki v trifaznih izmeničnih sistemih
SIST HD 60364-1 Nizkonapetostne električne inštalacije – 1. del: Temeljna načela,
ocena splošnih karakteristik, definicije (IEC 60364-1:2005,
spremenjen)
SIST HD 60364-4-41 Nizkonapetostne električne inštalacije – 4-41. del: Zaščitni ukrepi –
Zaščita pred električnim udarom (IEC 60364-4-41:2005, spremenjen)
SIST IEC 60050-151:2006 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 151: Električne in magnetne
naprave
SIST IEC 60050-195:2001 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 195: Ozemljitev in zaščita
pred električnim udarom (in pri njem)
SIST IEC 60050(602):1999 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 602: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje električne energije – Proizvodnja
SIST IEC 60050-604:1997 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 604: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje električne energije – Obratovanje
SIST IEC 60050(605):1999 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 605: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje električne energije – Postaje
SIST IEC 60050-826:2006 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – 826. del: Električne inštalacije
SIST-TS IEC/TS 60479-1:2006 Vplivi električnega toka na človeka in živali – 1. del: Splošno
SIST IEC/TR 61000-5-2:1998 Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) – 5. del: Smernice za namestitev in
ublažitev – 2. razdelek: Ozemljevanje in kabljenje

OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– privzem standarda EN 50522:2010

II
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
PREDHODNA IZDAJA
– SIST HD 637 S1:1999, Elektroenergetske naprave nad 1 kV izmenične napetosti

OPOMBE
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “evropski standard”, v SIST EN 50522:2011
to pomeni “slovenski standard”.

– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.

– Ta nacionalni dokument je istoveten EN 50522:2010 in je objavljen z dovoljenjem

CEN/CENELEC
Upravni center
Avenue Marnix 17
B-1000 Bruselj
This national document is identical with EN 50522:2010 and is published with the permission of

CEN /CENELEC
Management Centre
Avenue Marnix 17
B -1000 Brussels
III
SIST EN 50522 : 2011

IV
EVROPSKI STANDARD EN 50522
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM november 2010

ICS 29.120.50 Nadomešča HD 637 S1:1999 (delno)

Slovenska izdaja
Ozemljitev elektroenergetskih postrojev, ki presegajo 1 kV izmenične napetosti

Earthing of power installations Prises de terre des installations Erdung von Starkstromanlagen mit
exceeding 1 kV a.c. électriques en courant alternatif de Nennwechselspannungen uber 1 kV
puissance supérieureŕ 1 kV
Ta evropski standard je CENELEC sprejel 1. novembra 2010. Člani CENELEC morajo izpolnjevati
notranje predpise CEN/CENELEC, ki določajo pogoje, pod katerimi dobi ta standard status
nacionalnega standarda brez kakršnih koli sprememb.
Najnovejši seznami teh nacionalnih standardov in njihovi bibliografski podatki se na zahtevo lahko
dobijo pri Centralnem sekretariatu ali katerem koli članu CENELEC.
Ta evropski standard obstaja v treh uradnih izdajah (angleški, francoski in nemški). Izdaje v drugih
jezikih, ki jih člani CENELEC na lastno odgovornost prevedejo in izdajo ter prijavijo pri Centralnem
sekretariatu, veljajo kot uradne izdaje.
Člani CENELEC so nacionalni organi za standarde Avstrije, Belgije, Bolgarije, Cipra, Češke republike,
Danske, Estonije, Finske, Francije, Grčije, Hrvaške, Islandije, Irske, Italije, Latvije, Litve,
Luksemburga, Madžarske, Malte, Nemčije, Nizozemske, Norveške, Poljske, Portugalske, Romunije,
Slovaške, Slovenije, Španije, Švedske, Švice in Združenega kraljestva.

CENELEC
Evropski komite za standardizacijo v elektrotehniki
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Upravni center: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Bruselj

© 2010 CENELEC Lastnice avtorskih pravic so vse države članice CENELEC Ref. oznaka EN 50522:2010 E

SIST EN 50522 : 2011
Predgovor
Ta evropski standard je pripravil tehnični odbor CENELEC/TC 99X Elektroenergetski postroji, ki
presegajo 1 kV izmenične napetosti (1,5 kV enosmerne napetosti). Standard je bil predložen v
formalno glasovanje in ga je CENELEC sprejel 1. novembra 2010 kot EN 50522.

Ta dokument skupaj z EN 61936-1:2010 nadomešča HD 637 S1:1999.

Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da bi lahko bil kateri od elementov tega mednarodnega standarda
predmet patentnih pravic. CEN in CENELEC ne odgovarjata za identifikacijo nobene od teh patentnih
pravic.
Določena sta bila naslednja datuma:

– zadnji datum, do katerega mora EN dobiti status
nacionalnega standarda bodisi z objavo istovetnega
besedila ali z razglasitvijo (dop) 2011-11-01
– zadnji datum, ko je treba razveljaviti nacionalne
standarde, ki so z EN v nasprotju (dow) 2013-11-01

OPOMBA: Besedilo, ki je enako z IEC 61936-1, je zapisano poševno.

__________
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor . 2
1 Področje uporabe . 6
2 Zveze s standardi . 7
3 Izrazi in definicije . 7
3.1 Splošne definicije . 7
3.2 Definicije v zvezi s postroji . 8
3.3 Definicije v zvezi z varnostnimi ukrepi proti električnemu udaru. 9
3.4 Definicije v zvezi z ozemljitvijo . 9
4 Osnovne zahteve . 18
4.1 Splošne zahteve . 18
4.2 Električne zahteve . 18
4.3 Varnostna merila . 19
4.4 Funkcionalne zahteve . 20
5 Načrtovanje ozemljitvenih sistemov . 20
5.1 Splošno . 20
5.2 Dimenzioniranje glede na korozijo in mehansko trdnost . 20
5.3 Dimenzioniranje glede na toplotno obremenitev . 21
5.4 Dimenzioniranje glede na napetosti dotika . 22
6 Ukrepi za preprečitev prenosa potenciala . 27
6.1 Preneseni potencial z visokonapetostnega omrežja na nizkonapetostno omrežje . 27
6.2 Preneseni potenciali v telekomunikacijske in druge sisteme . 28
7 Gradnja ozemljitvenih sistemov . 29
7.1 Namestitev ozemljil in ozemljitvenih vodnikov . 29
7.2 Strela in prehodni pojavi. 29
7.3 Ukrepi za ozemljitev na opremi in napravah . 30
8 Meritve. 30
9 Vzdrževalnost . 30
9.1 Pregledi . 30
9.2 Meritve . 30
Dodatek A (normativni): Metoda izračuna dopustnih napetosti dotika . 31
Dodatek B (normativni): Napetost dotika in tok skozi telo . 32
B.1 Izračun dopustne napetosti dotika . 32
B.2 Izračun pričakovane dopustne napetosti dotika . 33
Dodatek C (normativni): Vrste materialov in najmanjše mere ozemljil, ki zagotavljajo mehansko
trdnost in korozijsko odpornost . 36
Dodatek D (normativni): Izračun tokovne obremenljivosti ozemljitvenih vodnikov in ozemljil . 37
Dodatek E (normativni): Opis priznanih posebnih ukrepov M . 41
Dodatek F (normativni): Ukrepi na ozemljitvenih sistemih za zmanjšanje vplivov
visokofrekvenčnega motenja . 43
Dodatek G (normativni): Posebni ukrepi za ozemljitev opreme in postrojev . 44
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
G.1 Ograje okrog postrojev postaje . 44
G.2 Cevovodi . 44
G.3 Tračnice . 44
G.4 Jamborski transformatorski in/ali stikalni postroji . 44
G.5 Sekundarni tokokrogi instrumentnih transformatorjev . 45
Dodatek H (normativni): Meritve napetosti dotika . 46
Dodatek I (informativni): Redukcijski faktorji zaščitnih vrvi nadzemnih vodov in kovinskih
zaslonov podzemnih kablov . 47
I.1 Splošno . 47
I.2 Tipične vrednosti redukcijskih faktorjev za nadzemne vode in kable (50 Hz) . 47
Dodatek J (informativni): Osnove za načrtovanje ozemljitvenih sistemov. . 49
J.1 Upornost zemlje . 49
J.2 Upornost proti zemlji . 49
Dodatek K (informativni): Vgradnja ozemljil in ozemljitvenih vodnikov . 53
K.1 Vgradnja ozemljil . 53
K.2 Vgradnja ozemljitvenih vodnikov . 53
Dodatek L (informativni): Meritve za ozemljitvene sisteme in na njih . 55
L.1 Meritve upornosti zemlje . 55
L.2 Meritev upornosti proti zemlji in impedanc proti zemlji . 55
L.3 Določitev dviga ozemljitvenega potenciala . 56
L.4 Odpravljanje motenja in motilnih napetosti pri meritvah ozemljitve . 57
Dodatek M (normativni): Podrobnosti o gradbenem nadzoru in dokumentaciji
ozemljitvenih sistemov . 59
Dodatek N (informativni): Uporaba armaturnega jekla v betonu v ozemljitvene namene . 60
Dodatek O (informativni): Globalni ozemljitveni sistem . 61
Dodatek P (normativni): Posebni nacionalni pogoji . 62
Dodatek Q (informativni): A-deviacije . 63

Slika 1: Primer poteka potenciala na površini zemlje in napetosti, kadar skozi ozemljilo teče tok . 14
Slika 2: Primer tokov, napetosti in upornosti pri zemeljskem stiku v transformatorski postaji
z nizkoimpedančno ozemljitvijo nevtralne točke . 15
Slika 3: Bistvene komponente tokov zemeljskega stika v visokonapetostnih omrežjih . 17
Slika 4: Dopustna napetost dotika . 25
Slika 5: Načrtovanje ozemljitvenih sistemov, če niso del globalnega ozemljitvenega sistema
(5.4.2, C1), glede na dopustno napetost dotika U s preverjanjem dviga ozemljitvenega
Tp
potenciala U ali napetosti dotika U . . 26
E T
Slika B.1: Nadomestna shema za dotikalni tokokrog . 34
Slika B.2: Primeri krivulj UvTp= f (tf) pri različnih dodatnih upornostih RF = RF1 + RF2 . 35

Slika D.1: Gostota kratkostičnega toka G za ozemljitvene vodnike in ozemljila glede na trajanje
toka okvare tf . 38
Slika D.2: Trajni tok I za ozemljitvene vodnike . 40
D
Slika J.1: Upornost proti zemlji vodoravnih ozemljil (iz traku, okroglega materiala ali vrvi)
pri ravnem polaganju ali krožno v homogeni zemljini . 50
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
Slika J.2: Upornost proti zemlji paličnih ozemljil, navpično zakopanih v homogeno zemljino . 51
Slika J.3: Tipične vrednosti za upornost proti zemlji kabla z ozemljitvenim učinkom v odvisnosti
od dolžine kabla in upornosti zemlje . 52
Slika L.1: Primer ugotavljanja impedance proti zemlji po tokovno-napetostni metodi . 58

Preglednica 1: Toki, ki se upoštevajo za načrtovanje ozemljitvenih sistemov . 22
Preglednica 2: Minimalne zahteve za medsebojno povezavo nizko- in visokonapetostnega
ozemljitvenega sistema na podlagi omejitve dviga ozemljitvenega potenciala (EPR) . 28
Preglednica B.1: Dopustni tok skozi telo IB v odvisnosti od trajanja okvare tf . 32
Preglednica B.2: Skupna impedanca človeškega telesa Z v odvisnosti od napetosti dotika U
T T
za pot toka od roke do roke . 33
Preglednica B.3: Izračunane vrednosti dopustne napetosti dotika U v odvisnosti
Tp
od trajanja okvare tf . 33
Preglednica B.4: Predpostavke za računanje z dodatnimi upornostmi . 33
Preglednica D.1: Konstante materialov . 37
Preglednica D.2: Faktorji za pretvorbo trajnega toka s končne temperature 300 ºC
na drugo končno temperaturo . 38
Preglednica E.1: Pogoji za uporabo priznanih posebnih ukrepov M za zagotovitev dopustnih
napetosti dotika UTp (glej sliko 4) . 41
Preglednica J.1: Upornosti zemlje za frekvence izmeničnih tokov (območje pogosto izmerjenih
vrednosti) . 49

SIST EN 50522 : 2011
1 Področje uporabe
Ta evropski standard se uporablja pri določanju zahtev za načrtovanje in gradnjo ozemljitvenih
sistemov elektroenergetskih postrojev v omrežjih z nazivno napetostjo nad 1 kV izmenično in nazivno
frekvenco z vključno 60 Hz, da bi bilo zagotovljeno varno in primerno delovanje pri predvideni uporabi.

Za tolmačenje tega standarda se šteje, da je elektroenergetski postroj eden od naslednjih:
a) transformatorska postaja, vključno z železniškimi napajalnimi postajami,
b) električni postroj na stebru, drogu in stolpu; stikalna oprema in/ali transformatorji, postavljeni
zunaj zaprtega električnega obratovališča,
c) ena elektrarna (ali več elektrarn), postavljena(-e) na enem mestu; postroj vključuje generatorje in
transformatorje z vsemi pripadajočimi stikalnimi napravami in vsemi električnimi pomožnimi
sistemi. Povezave med postroji za proizvodnjo električne energije na različnih mestih so
izključene,
d) električno omrežje tovarne, industrijskega obrata ali drugih industrijskih, kmetijskih, obrtnih ali
javnih prostorov.
Elektroenergetski postroj vključuje, med drugim, naslednjo opremo:
– električne rotacijske stroje,
– stikalno opremo,
– transformatorje in dušilke,
– pretvornike,
– kable,
– sisteme ožičenja,
– baterije,
– kondenzatorje,
– ozemljitvene sisteme,
– stavbe in ograje, ki so del zaprtega električnega obratovališča,
– pripadajoče zaščitne, krmilne in pomožne sisteme,
– velike dušilke z zračnim jedrom.

OPOMBA: Na splošno ima standard za posamezno opremo prednost pred tem standardom.

Ta evropski standard se ne uporablja za načrtovanje in gradnjo ozemljitvenih sistemov za nobenega
od naslednjih:
– nadzemne in podzemne vode med krajevno ločenimi postroji,
– električne železnice,
– rudniško opremo in naprave,
– naprave s fluorescenčnimi sijalkami,
– naprave na ladjah in naprave na morju,
– elektrostatično opremo (npr. elektrostatične filtre, enote za lakiranje z brizganjem),
– preskuševališča,
– medicinsko opremo, npr. medicinsko rentgensko opremo.

Ta evropski standard se ne uporablja za zahteve za izvajanje montažnih del na električnih postrojih
pod napetostjo.
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
2 Zveze s standardi
Spodaj navedeni standardi so nujno potrebni pri uporabi tega dokumenta. Pri datiranem sklicevanju
se upoštevajo samo navedene izdaje. Pri nedatiranem sklicevanju se upoštevajo zadnje izdaje
navedenih dokumentov (vključno s popravki in dopolnili).

EN 60529 Stopnje zaščite, ki jo zagotavlja ohišje (koda IP) (IEC 60529)
EN 60909 Kratkostični toki v trifaznih izmeničnih sistemih (IEC 60909)
HD 60364-1 Nizkonapetostne električne inštalacije – 1. del: Temeljna načela, ocena
splošnih karakteristik, definicije (IEC 60364-1:2005, spremenjen)
HD 60364-4-41 Nizkonapetostne električne inštalacije – 4-41. del: Zaščitni ukrepi – Zaščita
pred električnim udarom (IEC 60364-4-41:2005, spremenjen))
IEC 60050(151):2001 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 151: Električne in magnetne
naprave
IEC 60050(195):1998 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 195: Ozemljitev in zaščita pred
električnim udarom (in pri njem)
IEC 60050(601):1985 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 601: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje elektrike – Splošno
IEC 60050(602):1983 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 602: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje elektrike – Proizvodnja
IEC 60050(604):1987 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 604: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje elektrike – Obratovanje
IEC 60050(605):1983 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – Poglavje 605: Proizvodnja, prenos in
razdeljevanje elektrike – Postaje
IEC 60050(826):2004 Mednarodni elektrotehniški slovar – 826. del: Električne inštalacije
IEC 60287-3-1 Električni kabli – Izračun tokovne obremenljivosti – 3-1. del: Sekcije za
obratovalne pogoje – Referenčni obratovalni pogoji in izbira tipa kabla
IEC/TS 60479-1:2005 Vplivi električnega toka na človeka in živali – 1. del: Splošno
IEC 60949:1988 Izračun toplotno dopustnega kratkostičnega toka, upoštevaje neadiabatno
segrevanje
IEC/TS 61000-5-2 Elektromagnetna združljivost (EMC) – 5. del: Smernice za namestitev in
ublažitev – 2. razdelek: Ozemljevanje in kabljenje

3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem dokumentu se uporabljajo naslednji izrazi in definicije.

3.1 Splošne definicije
3.1.1
električna oprema
predmet, ki se uporablja za proizvodnjo, pretvarjanje, prenos, razdeljevanje ali uporabo električne
energije, kot so (električni) stroji, transformatorji, stikalne in krmilne naprave, merilni instrumenti, zaščitne
naprave, oprema za inštalacijski sistem in električni porabniki
[IEV 826-16-01]
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
3.1.2
naznačena vrednost
vrednost veličine, ki se uporablja za navajanje specifikacij in ustreza določenemu naboru obratovalnih
pogojev za sestavni del, napravo, opremo ali sistem
[IEV 151-16-08]
3.13
visoka napetost
izmenična napetost, ki presega 1 000 V
3.1.4
nizka napetost
izmenična napetost, ki ne presega 1 000 V
3.1.5
obratovanje
vse dejavnosti, vključno z električnimi in tudi neelektričnimi, ki so potrebne za funkcioniranje
elektroenergetskega postroja
OPOMBA: Te dejavnosti vključujejo preklapljanje, krmiljenje, spremljanje in vzdrževanje.
3.2 Definicije v zvezi s postroji

3.2.1
zaprto električno obratovališče
prostor ali lokacija za obratovanje električnih postrojev in opreme, do katere je dostop omejen in
dovoljen samo strokovnim ali poučenim osebam ali osebam pod nadzorom strokovnih ali poučenih
oseb, npr. z odprtjem vrat ali z odstranitvijo zaščitne pregrade samo z uporabo ključa ali ustreznega
orodja, in ki je jasno označena z ustreznimi opozorilnimi znaki
3.2.2
postaja
del električnega omrežja, ki zaseda določen prostor in vsebuje v glavnem priključke prenosnih ali
distribucijskih vodov, stikalne aparate in ohišja, ki lahko vsebujejo transformatorje. Na splošno vsebuje
postrojenja za varnost in vodenje omrežja (npr. zaščitne naprave)

OPOMBA: Predpona lahko določa transformatorsko postajo glede na vrsto omrežja, v katero je vključena.

PRIMER: Prenosna postaja (prenosnega omrežja), razdelilna (distribucijska) postaja, 400 kV postaja, 20 kV postaja.
[IEV 605-01-01]
3.2.3
elektrarna
postroj za proizvodnjo elektrike, ki obsega gradbene objekte, opremo za pretvarjanje energije in vso
potrebno pomožno opremo
[IEV 602-01-01]
3.2.4
postroji odprte izvedbe
postroji, kjer oprema ni zaščitena pred neposrednim dotikom
3.2.5
postroji zaprte izvedbe
postroji, kjer je oprema zaščitena pred neposrednim dotikom
OPOMBA: Za stopnje zaščite ohišij glej EN 60529.
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
3.3 Definicije v zvezi z varnostnimi ukrepi proti električnemu udaru

3.3.1
zaščita pred neposrednim dotikom
ukrepi, ki preprečujejo osebam, da bi z deli svojih teles ali predmetov prišle v nevarno bližino delov
pod napetostjo ali tistih delov, ki bi lahko bili pod nevarno napetostjo (doseganje nevarnega območja)
3.3.2
zaščita pri posrednem dotiku
zaščita oseb pred nevarnostjo, ki lahko nastane ob okvari zaradi stika z izpostavljenimi prevodnimi
deli električne opreme ali tujimi prevodnimi deli
3.3.3
ohišje
del, ki zagotavlja zaščito opreme pred določenimi zunanjimi vplivi in v vseh smereh zaščito pred
neposrednim dotikom
3.4 Definicije v zvezi z ozemljitvijo

3.4.1
(okolna) zemlja
del Zemlje, ki je v električnem stiku z ozemljilom in katerega električni potencial ni nujno enak nič
OPOMBA: Prevodna masa zemlje, za katero se električni potencial v kateri koli točki dogovorno šteje, da je enak nič.
[IEV 195-01-03, spremenjeno]
3.4.2
referenčna zemlja
(oddaljena zemlja)
del Zemlje, ki se obravnava kot prevoden, katerega električni potencial je po dogovoru nič in je zunaj
vplivnega območja drugih ozemljitvenih naprav
OPOMBA: Pojem Zemlja pomeni planet in vse njegove fizikalne zadeve.
[IEV 195-01-01, spremenjeno]
3.4.3
ozemljilo
prevodni del, ki je lahko zakopan v poseben prevodni medij, npr. beton ali zemljino, in je v električnem
stiku z Zemljo
[IEV 195-02-01]
3.4.4
ozemljitveni vodnik
vodnik, ki zagotavlja prevodno pot ali del prevodne poti med dano točko v omrežju ali v inštalaciji ali v
opremi in ozemljilom
[IEV 195-02-03]
OPOMBA: Kjer je povezava med delom inštalacije in ozemljilom izvedena z ločljivo povezavo, ločilnom stikalom, števcem
odvedenih prenapetosti, iskrilom prenapetostnega odvodnika itd., je ozemljitveni vodnik samo tisti del
povezave, ki je trajno povezan z ozemljilom.
3.4.5
vodnik za zaščitno izenačitev potencialov
zaščitni vodnik, ki zagotavlja izenačitev potencialov
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
3.4.6
ozemljitveni sistem
ureditev povezav in naprav, potrebna za ločeno ali združeno ozemljitev opreme ali sistema
[IEV 604-04-02]
3.4.7
palično ozemljilo
ozemljilo iz kovinskega droga, zabitega v tla
[IEV 604-04-09]
3.4.8
strukturno ozemljilo
kovinski del, ki je v prevodnem stiku z zemljo ali vodo neposredno ali posredno preko betona in
katerega prvotni namen ni ozemljitev, vendar pa izpolnjuje vse zahteve ozemljila, ne da bi se zato
poslabšala prvotna namembnost
OPOMBA: Primeri strukturnih ozemljil so cevovodi, zagatne stene, armirne palice v temeljih, jeklene konstrukcije stavb itd.
3.4.9
električna upornost zemlje (E )
upornost tipičnega vzorca zemlje
3.4.10
upornost proti zemlji (R )
E
realni del impedance proti zemlji
3.4.11
impedanca proti zemlji (ZE)
impedanca pri dani frekvenci med določeno točko v sistemu ali postroju ali opremi in referenčno
zemljo
OPOMBA: Impedanca proti zemlji se ugotavlja z neposredno povezanimi ozemljili ter tudi s povezanimi zaščitnimi vrvmi
nadzemnih vodov in vrvmi nadzemnih vodov, zakopanimi v zemljo, s povezanimi kabli, ki imajo učinek
ozemljila, in z drugimi ozemljitvenimi sistemi, ki so prevodno povezani z relevantnim ozemljitvenim sistemom s
prevodnimi kabelskimi plašči, oklepi, PEN-vodniki ali na kakšen drug način.
3.4.12
dvig ozemljitvenega potenciala (EPR) (UE)
napetost med ozemljitvenim sistemom in referenčno zemljo
3.4.13
potencial
napetost med opazovano točko in referenčno zemljo
3.4.14
(efektivna) napetost dotika (UT)
napetost med prevodnimi deli, ki se jih je mogoče dotakniti hkrati

OPOMBA: Na vrednost efektivne napetosti dotika lahko v znatni meri vpliva impedanca osebe v električnem stiku s temi
prevodnimi deli.
[IEV 195-05-11, spremenjeno]
3.4.15
pričakovana napetost dotika (UvT)
napetost med hkrati dosegljivimi prevodnimi deli, kadar se jih nihče ne dotika
[IEV 195-05-09, spremenjeno]
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
3.4.16
napetost koraka, U
S
napetost med dvema točkama na površini Zemlje, ki sta med seboj oddaljeni 1 m, kar se šteje za
dolžino koraka osebe
[IEV 195-05-12]
3.4.17
preneseni potencial
dvig potenciala ozemljitvenega sistema zaradi ozemljitvenega toka, prenesenega po povezanem
vodniku (npr. po kovinskem kabelskem plašču, PEN-vodniku, cevovodu, tirnici) v območja z nizkim
dvigom potenciala ali brez njega glede na referenčno zemljo, ki povzroči nastanek potencialne razlike
med vodnikom in njegovo okolico
OPOMBA: Definicija velja tudi, kadar vodnik, ki je povezan z referenčno zemljo, vodi v območje dviga potenciala.
3.4.18
stresna napetost
napetost, ki se pojavi v pogojih zemeljskih stikov med ozemljenim delom ali ohišjem opreme ali postroja in
katerimi koli njegovimi drugimi deli in ki bi lahko vplivala na njegovo normalno obratovanje ali varnost
3.4.19
globalni ozemljitveni sistem
ekvivalentni ozemljitveni sistem, ustvarjen z medsebojno povezavo lokalnih ozemljitvenih sistemov, ki
zagotavlja, da zaradi medsebojne bližine ozemljitvenih sistemov ne nastopajo nevarne napetosti dotika
OPOMBA 1: Takšni sistemi omogočajo tako delitev toka zemeljskega stika, da se zniža dvig ozemljitvenega potenciala na
lokalnem ozemljitvenem sistemu. Reči je mogoče, da takšen sistem tvori kvaziekvipotencialno ploskev.
OPOMBA 2: Obstoj globalnega ozemljitvenega sistema je mogoče izmeriti z vzorčenjem ali izračunati za tipičen sistem.
Tipični primeri globalnih ozemljitvenih sistemov so v središčih večjih mest, urbanih ali industrijskih območjih s
porazdeljeno nizko- in visokonapetostno ozemljitvijo.
3.4.20
večkratno ozemljeni visokonapetostni nevtralni vodnik
nevtralni vodnik razdelilnega (distribucijskega) voda, ki je povezan z ozemljitvenim sistemom
napajalnega transformatorja in je ozemljen v skladu s pravili
3.4.21
izpostavljeni prevodni deli
prevodni del električne opreme, ki se ga je mogoče dotakniti in ki normalno ni pod napetostjo, a lahko ob
okvari osnovne izolacije pride pod napetost
[IEV 826-12-10]
3.4.22
tuji prevodni del
prevodni del, ki ni del električne inštalacije, a lahko privede električni potencial, navadno električni potencial
zemlje okolice
[IEV 826-12-11, spremenjeno]
3.4.23
vodnik PEN, zaščitno-nevtralni vodnik
vodnik, v katerem sta združeni funkciji zaščitnega ozemljitvenega in nevtralnega vodnika

[IEV 826-13-25]
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
3.4.24
zemeljski stik
okvara, ki nastane zaradi povezave vodnika z zemljo ali zaradi padca izolacijske upornosti proti zemlji
pod določeno vrednost
[IEV 151-03-40:1978]
OPOMBA: Zemeljski stiki dveh ali več faznih (linijskih) vodnikov istega sistema na različnih lokacijah so opredeljeni kot
dvojni ali večkratni zemeljski stiki.
3.4.25
omrežje z izolirano nevtralno točko
sistem/omrežje, pri katerem nevtralne točke transformatorjev in generatorjev niso namerno povezane
z zemljo, razen povezav z visoko impedanco za signalne, merilne ali zaščitne namene

[IEV 601-02-24, spremenjen]
3.4.26
omrežje z resonančno ozemljitvijo
sistem/omrežje, pri katerem je vsaj ena nevtralna točka transformatorja ali ozemljitvenega
transformatorja ozemljena s pomočjo gasilne dušilke zemeljskega stika, pri tem pa je skupna
induktivnost vseh gasilnih dušilk dobro uglašena na dozemno kapacitivnost omrežja za njegovo
obratovalno frekvenco
OPOMBA 1: Če ni samougasljivega obločnega stika, se uporabljata dve različni obratovalni metodi:
– samodejni izklop,
– neprekinjeno obratovanje med postopkom lokaliziranja okvare.
Za lažje lokaliziranje okvare in obratovanje se uporabljajo različni podporni postopki:
– kratkotrajna ozemljitev za zaznavanje,
– kratkotrajna ozemljitev za izklop,
– obratovalni ukrepi, kot je ločitev spojnih zbiralk,
– ozemljitev faze.
OPOMBA 2: Gasilna dušilka ima lahko vzporedno vezan visokoohmski upor, da se omogoči zaznavanje okvare.

3.4.27
omrežje z nizkoimpedančno ozemljitvijo nevtralne točke
sistem/omrežje, pri katerem je vsaj ena nevtralna točka transformatorja, ozemljitvenega
transformatorja ali generatorja ozemljena neposredno ali z impedanco, ki je dimenzionirana tako, da
zemeljski stik na kateri koli lokaciji zaradi velikosti toka na mestu okvare zanesljivo vodi do
samodejnega odklopa
[IEV 601-02-25, 601-02-26]
3.4.28
tok zemeljskega stika, I
F
tok, ki teče iz glavnega tokokroga proti zemlji ali ozemljenim delom na mestu okvare (mesto zemeljskega stika)
OPOMBA 1: Za enojne zemeljske stike je to
– v omrežjih z izolirano nevtralno točko: kapacitivni tok zemeljskega stika,
– v omrežjih z visokouporovno ozemljitvijo: RC sestavljeni tok zemeljskega stika,
– v omrežjih z resonančno ozemljitvijo: preostali tok zemeljskega stika
– v omrežjih z neposredno ali nizkoimpedančno ozemljitvijo nevtralne točke: tok kratkega stika faze proti zemlji
OPOMBA 2: Poleg tega lahko tok zemeljskega stika nastane zaradi dvojnega zemeljskega stika in dvofaznega zemeljskega stika.
3.4.29
tok proti zemlji (IE)
tok, ki teče po impedanci proti zemlji (glej sliko 2)

OPOMBA: Tok proti zemlji je del toka zemeljskega stika I , ki povzroči dvig potenciala ozemljitvenega sistema. Za
F
določitev I glej tudi dodatek L.
E
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
3.4.30
redukcijski faktor, r
faktor r trifaznega linijskega sistema je razmerje med tokom proti zemlji in vsoto ničelnih tokov v
linijskih (faznih) vodnikih obratovalnega tokokroga (r = I /3 I ) v točki, ki je ustrezno oddaljena od
E 0
mesta kratkega stika in od ozemljitvenega sistema postroja

3.4.31
krožeči tok transformatorjeve nevtralne točke
del toka okvare, ki teče nazaj proti nevtralni točki transformatorja skozi kovinske dele ali/in
ozemljitveni sistem, ne da bi kjer koli odtekel v zemljino
3.4.32
vodoravno ozemljilo
ozemljilo, ki je na splošno zakopano v zemljo v globini približno 1 m. Sestoji lahko iz traku, okrogle
palice ali vrvnega vodnika in je lahko izvedeno kot radialno, obročasto ali zazankano ozemljilo ali kot
njihova kombinacija
3.4.33
kabel z ozemljilnim učinkom
kabel, katerega plašči, zasloni ali armature imajo enak učinek kot tračno ozemljilo

3.4.34
temeljsko ozemljilo
prevodni del konstrukcije, vlit v beton, ki je po veliki površini v stiku z zemljino
[IEV 826-13-08, spremenjen]
3.4.35
ozemljilo za porazdelitev potenciala
vodnik, ki je zaradi oblike in razporeditve uporabljen bolj za porazdelitev potenciala kot pa za
doseganje določene upornosti proti zemlji

SIST EN 50522 : 2011
Referenčna
zemlja
(v zadostni
oddaljenosti)
Kabel z neprekinjenim vseskozi

izoliranim kovinskim plaščem, vendar

Brez porazdelitve z izpostavljenima obema
Z oblikovanjem
koncema. Plašč je v postaji povezan
potenciala potenciala
z zemljo
E ozemljilo U dvig ozemljitvenega potenciala
E
S1, S2, S3 ozemljila za porazdelitev potenciala UvS pričakovana napetost koraka
(npr. obročasta ozemljila), povezana
UvT pričakovana napetost dotika
z ozemljilom E
A pričakovana napetost dotika, ki se pojavi
zaradi prenosa potenciala pri enostranski
ozemljitvi kabelskega plašča
B pričakovana napetost dotika, ki se pojavi
zaradi prenosa potenciala pri obojestranski
ozemljitvi kabelskega plašča
 potencial površine zemlje
Slika 1: Primer poteka potenciala na površini zemlje in napetosti, kadar skozi ozemljilo teče tok

SIST EN 50522 : 2011
Referenčna zemlja
Zunanji vodnik
Nadomestna
stikalna shema
Zaščitna vrv
Ozemljitveni sistem
Referenčna zemlja
Za nadomestno
impedanco tokokrogov
nadzemnih vodov
3 I0 trikratni homopolarni tok voda
I tok, ki teče skozi ozemljitev nevtralne točke transformatorja
N
lF tok zemeljskega stika
IE tok proti zemlji (ni neposredno merljiv)
I tok, ki teče po upornosti zazankanega ozemljila proti zemlji
RS
rE redukcijski faktor nadzemnega voda
R upornost zazankanega ozemljila proti zemlji
ES
R upornost stebra proti zemlji
ET
Z verižna impedanca (zaščitna vrv/temelji stebra) nadzemnega voda, prevzeta kot neskončno
ZE impedanca proti zemlji
U dvig ozemljitvenega potenciala
E
n število nadzemnih vodov, ki vodijo iz postaje (tukaj: n = 2)

Slika 2: Primer tokov, napetosti in upornosti pri zemeljskem stiku v transformatorski postaji z
nizkoimpedančno ozemljitvijo nevtralne točke
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
L3
L2
L1
I I
C-L2 C-L3
I
C C C
e e
I = I
F C
OPOMBA: I lahko vsebuje ohmsko komponento.
C
a) Tok zemeljskega stika v omrežju z izolirano nevtralno točko

b) Tok zemeljskega stika v omrežju z resonančno ozemljitvijo

OPOMBA: Če je I enak I" je treba ta tok dodatno upoštevati.
C k1,
c) Tok zemeljskega stika v omrežju z nizkoimpedančno ozemljitvijo nevtralne točke

SIST EN 50522 : 2011
L3
L2
L1
I
RES
C C
e e
L ( )
I’’
k1
I’’
k1
I = I  I’’
F RES po kratkem času k1
d) Tok zemeljskega stika v omrežju z resonančno ozemljitvijo in začasno nizkoimpedančno
ozemljeno nevtralno točko
L3
L2
L1
I’’ I’’
kEE kEE
Mesto okvare 1 Mesto okvare 2
I = I’’
F kEE
e) Tok dvojnega zemeljskega stika v omrežju z izolirano nevtralno točko ali resonančno
ozemljitvijo
IF tok zemeljskega stika
IC kapacitivni tok zemeljskega stika (skupna vrednost, vključno z ohmsko komponento)
I vsota tokov vzporednih gasilnih dušilk zemeljskega stika (skupna vrednost, vključno z ohmsko
L
komponento)
I harmonski tok (različne frekvence)
H
I preostali tok zemeljskega stika
RES
I"k1 začetni simetrični kratkostični tok pri kratkem stiku linija-zemlja
I" tok dvojnega zemeljskega stika
kEE
OPOMBA: I je ohmska komponenta skupnega toka (I + I ).
R C L
Slika 3: Bistvene komponente tokov zemeljskega stika v visokonapetostnih omrežjih
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
4 Osnovne zahteve
4.1 Splošne zahteve
Ta standard zagotavlja merila za načrtovanje, namestitev, preskušanje in vzdrževanje ozemljitvenega
sistema, tako da obratuje pri vseh pogojih in zagotavlja varnost za človeka povsod, kamor osebe
lahko prosto dostopajo. Prav tako podaja tudi merila, ki zagotavljajo celovitost priključene opreme
skupaj z vzdrževanjem ozemljitvenega sistema.

Postroji in oprema morajo biti odporni proti na mestu postavitve pričakovanim električnim, mehanskim,
klimatskim in okoljskim vplivom.

Načrtovanje mora upoštevati:
– namen postroja,
– zahteve uporabnikov, kot so kakovost električne energije, zanesljivost, razpoložljivost in
sposobnost električnega omrežja, da vzdrži učinke prehodnih pojavov, kot so zagon velikih
motorjev, kratkotrajni izpadi napetosti in ponovne vključitve napetosti,
– varnost operaterjev in javnosti,
– vplive na okolje,
– možnost širitve (če je to potrebno) in vzdrževanje.

4.2 Električne zahteve
4.2.1 Načini ozemljitve nevtralne točke

Način ozemljitve nevtralne točke močno vpliva na višino in trajanje okvarnega toka. Nadalje je način
ozemljitve nevtralne točke pomemben za:
– izbor nivoja izolacije,
– karakteristike naprav za omejevanje prenapetosti – kot so iskrišča ali prenapetostni odvodniki,
– izbor zaščitnih relejev,
– zasnovo ozemljitvenega sistema.
Primeri načinov ozemljitve nevtralne točke so naslednji:
– izolirana nevtralna točka,
– resonančna ozemljitev,
– visokoohmska ozemljitev,
– neposredna (nizkoimpedančna) ozemljitev.
Izbira načina ozemljitve nevtralne točke je ponavadi odvisna od naslednjih meril:
– lokalnih predpisov (če obstajajo),
– zahtevanega neprekinjenega napajanja,
– omejitve škode na opremi, ki jo povzročajo zemeljski stiki,
– selektivnega izločanja odsekov omrežja, ki so v okvari,
– odkrivanja mesta okvare,
– napetosti dotika in koraka,
– induktivnega motenja,
– obratovalnih in vzdrževalnih vidikov.
SIST EN 50522 : 2011
Vsako galvansko povezano omrežje ima samo en način ozemljitve nevtralne točke. Različna
galvansko neodvisna omrežja imajo lahko različne načine ozemljitve nevtralne točke. Če med
normalnim ali nenormalnim obratovanjem lahko nastopijo različne konfiguracije ozemljitve nevtralne
točke, morata biti oprema in zaščitno omrežje zasnovana za obratovanje v takšnih pogojih.
4.2.2 Kratkostični tok
Postroji morajo biti zasnovani, konstruirani in zgrajeni tako, da varno vzdržijo mehanske in toplotne
učinke, ki nastanejo zaradi kratkostičnih tokov.
Cilj je ugotoviti najslabši primer scenarija okvare za vsak bistveni vidik funkcionalnih zahtev, ker se te
med seboj lahko razlik
...

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SIST EN 50522:2011は、1 kV以上の交流電力設備の接地に関する欧州標準であり、この文書は特に設計および設置の要件を明確に規定しています。この標準は、名目電圧が1 kVを超え、かつ60 Hzまでの周波数に対応する電気インフラの接地システムの設計において、安全性と正常な機能を確保するために重要な役割を果たしています。 この標準の大きな強みは、さまざまな電力設備の範囲をカバーしている点です。具体的には、変電所、送電塔、発電所、工場の電気システムなどが含まれるため、広範な適用性があります。これにより、異なる設置状況でも参照可能な共通の基準を提供し、技術者や設計者にとって非常に便利です。 また、接地システムに関する具体的な要件が定義されているため、安全基準を満たしつつ、効率的な運用が可能となります。特に、回転電気機械やスイッチギア、トランスフォーマーなど、関連する機器に関する仕様が詳細に説明されていることは、実務においても大きな助けとなります。 さらに、SIST EN 50522:2011は、特定の設備(例:電気鉄道、地下鉱業装置、医療機器等)については適用外と明記しています。これにより、利用者は適材適所での適用が可能であり、無駄な混乱を避けることができます。 この標準は、電気分野での確固たる基盤を提供し、接地システム設計における国際的な調和を促進します。特に電力インフラの安全性が求められる現代において、その重要性はますます高まっています。

The standard EN 50522:2010 is a pivotal European Standard established to delineate requirements for the design and installation of earthing systems specifically for electrical installations operating at nominal voltages greater than 1 kV a.c. and up to 60 Hz. Its comprehensive scope emphasizes safety and functionality, ensuring that electrical installations are reliable and secure for their intended use. One of the strengths of this standard lies in its explicit categorization of electrical power installations. It encompasses various setups, including substations, outdoor switchgear, power stations, and installations within industrial and commercial premises. This extensive inclusion helps provide a tailored approach to earthing systems, facilitating adherence to safety protocols across diverse applications. Another significant feature of EN 50522:2010 is its clear specification regarding the types of equipment involved in the installations covered. The standard details various components such as rotating electrical machines, transformers, cables, and earthing systems, which enables designers and engineers to have a focused understanding of the elements requiring adequate earthing solutions. Moreover, the standard stipulates clear exclusions, ensuring that practitioners are aware of its limitations. By excluding certain installations such as overhead and underground lines between installations, electric railways, and medical equipment, the standard helps maintain clarity and allows for the application of more relevant standards tailored to those specific contexts. The relevance of EN 50522:2010 in today’s electrical engineering landscape is substantial, as it aims to enhance safety and reliability in high-voltage systems. As the energy sector continues to evolve with innovations in power installations, adherence to this standard will be crucial for engineers and designers striving to ensure compliance and operational efficiency in their projects. The documentation provided in SIST EN 50522:2011 further reinforces the applicability of these guidelines, solidifying its role as a significant reference point for industry professionals. In summary, EN 50522:2010 stands out with its detailed and clear directives about earthing systems for high voltage electrical installations, promoting safety and effectiveness in power supply infrastructures. Its comprehensive scope, well-defined equipment parameters, and relevant exclusions contribute to its strength as an essential standard in the realm of electrical engineering.

표준 EN 50522:2010은 1 kV 이상의 교류 전압을 가진 전력 설치의 접지 시스템 설계와 설치에 대한 요구 사항을 명확히 규정하고 있습니다. 이 문서는 60 Hz 이하의 정격 주파수를 포함하여 전기 설치의 접지 시스템의 안전성과 적절한 기능을 보장하기 위해 마련되었습니다. 이 표준의 적용 범위는 다양한 전력 설치를 포함하며, 변전소, 전신주 및 타워 상의 전기 설치, 발전소, 산업 및 상업 시설의 전기 시스템 등이 있습니다. EN 50522:2010의 주요 강점은 전력 설치의 다양한 구성 요소와 접지 시스템을 포괄적으로 다룬다는 점입니다. 회전 전기 기계, 변압기, 스위치기어, 케이블 등을 포함한 모든 중요한 장비의 접지 요건을 명확히 하며, 안전과 효율적인 운영을 위한 기준을 제공합니다. 또한, 이 표준은 현장 조건에 맞춰 접근할 수 있는 유연성을 가지고 있으며, 각기 다른 전력 시스템의 요구 사항을 충족하기 위해 미세 조정이 가능합니다. 이 표준은 접지 시스템의 설계와 설치에 대한 신뢰할 수 있는 가이드라인을 제공하며, 여러 산업 분야의 요구 사항을 반영하고 있습니다. 따라서 전기 설치의 안전성을 높이고 전력 시스템의 신뢰성을 확보하는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 합니다. EN 50522:2010은 산업, 농업 및 상업 부문에서 실질적으로 적용 가능하며, 관련 분야의 기술자 및 엔지니어들에게 필수적인 기준으로 자리 잡고 있습니다. 마지막으로, 이 표준은 다른 장비에 대한 별도의 표준보다 우선 적용되며, 특정한 조건 하에 전기 설치에서의 생전 작업에 대한 요구 사항은 포함되어 있지 않은 점도 주목해야 합니다. 이러한 명확한 범위와 요구 사항은 해당 표준의 실용성을 더욱 높이며, 전력 산업의 지속적인 발전에 기여하고 있습니다.