prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2022

Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 3-2: Determination of resistive properties (DC methods) - Surface resistance and surface resistivity

Dielektrische und resistive Eigenschaften fester Isolierstoffe - Teil 3-2: Bestimmung resistiver Eigenschaften (Gleichspannungsverfahren) - Oberflächenwiderstand und spezifischer Oberflächenwiderstand

Propriétés diélectriques et résistives des matériaux isolants solides - Partie 3-2: Détermination des propriétés résistives (méthodes en courant continu) - Résistance superficielle et résistivité superficielle

Dielektrične in uporovne lastnosti trdnih izolacijskih materialov - 3-2. del: Ugotavljanje uporovnih lastnosti (metode z enosmernim tokom) - Površinska upornost in površinska specifična upornost

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 16-Jun-2024
• ICS: 17.220.99 - Other standards related to electricity and magnetism
• ICS: 29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
• Technical Committee: CLC/SR 112 - Evaluation and qualification of electrical insulating materials and systems (to be defined)
• Drafting Committee: IEC/TC 112 - IEC_TC_112
• Current Stage: 4060 - Enquiry results established and sent to TC, SR, BTTF - Enquiry
• Start Date: 17-Feb-2023
• Completion Date: 17-Feb-2023
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023 - Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 3-2: Determination of resistive properties (DC methods) - Surface resistance and surface resistivity

Relations

• Revises: EN 62631-3-2:2016 - Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 3-2: Determination of resistive properties (DC Methods) - Surface resistance and surface resistivity
• Effective Date: 28-Sep-2021

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023
01-januar-2023
Dielektrične in uporovne lastnosti trdnih izolacijskih materialov - 3-2. del:
Ugotavljanje uporovnih lastnosti (metode z enosmernim tokom) - Površinska
upornost in površinska specifična upornost

Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 3-2: Determination of

resistive properties (DC methods) - Surface resistance and surface resistivity

Propriétés diélectriques et résistives des matériaux isolants solides - Partie 3-2:

Détermination des propriétés résistives (méthodes en courant continu) - Résistance

superficielle et résistivité superficielle
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2022
ICS:
17.220.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
elektriko in magnetizmom electricity and magnetism
29.035.01 Izolacijski materiali na Insulating materials in
splošno general
oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023 en

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023
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oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023
112/585/CDV
COMMITTEE DRAFT FOR VOTE (CDV)
PROJECT NUMBER:
IEC 62631-3-2 ED2
DATE OF CIRCULATION: CLOSING DATE FOR VOTING:
2022-11-25 2023-02-17
SUPERSEDES DOCUMENTS:
112/566/CD, 112/584/CC

IEC TC 112 : EVALUATION AND QUALIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS

SECRETARIAT: SECRETARY:
Germany Mr Bernd Komanschek
OF INTEREST TO THE FOLLOWING COMMITTEES: PROPOSED HORIZONTAL STANDARD:
TC 2,TC 10,TC 14,TC 15,SC 17A,TC 23,TC
36,TC 42,SC 45A,TC 55,TC 89,TC 96,TC 101,TC
Other TC/SCs are requested to indicate their interest, if
109,SC 121A
any, in this CDV to the secretary.
FUNCTIONS CONCERNED:
EMC ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSURANCE SAFETY

SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING NOT SUBMITTED FOR CENELEC PARALLEL VOTING

Attention IEC-CENELEC parallel voting
The attention of IEC National Committees, members of
CENELEC, is drawn to the fact that this Committee Draft
for Vote (CDV) is submitted for parallel voting.
The CENELEC members are invited to vote through the
CENELEC online voting system.

This document is still under study and subject to change. It should not be used for reference purposes.

Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of

which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
TITLE:

Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials - Part 3-2: Determination of

resistive properties (DC methods) - Surface resistance and surface resistivity
PROPOSED STABILITY DATE: 2026
NOTE FROM TC/SC OFFICERS:

Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this

electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.

You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without

permission in writing from IEC.
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oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023
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1 CONTENTS

3 FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................... 4

4 1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 6

5 2 Normative references ...................................................................................................... 6

6 3 Terms and definitions ...................................................................................................... 6

7 4 Significance ..................................................................................................................... 8

8 5 Method of test ................................................................................................................. 8

9 5.1 General ................................................................................................................... 8

10 5.2 Voltage ................................................................................................................... 9

11 5.3 Equipment .............................................................................................................. 9

12 5.3.1 General ........................................................................................................... 9

13 5.3.2 Accuracy ......................................................................................................... 9

14 5.3.3 Voltage source ................................................................................................ 9

15 5.3.4 Electrode arrangements ................................................................................... 9

16 5.3.5 Electrode arrangement B – Small line electrodes ........................................... 11

17 5.3.6 Electrode arrangement C – Annular electrodes .............................................. 11

18 5.3.7 Electrode arrangement D – Line electrodes ................................................... 13

19 5.3.8 Electrode arrangement E – Line electrodes for small plates ........................... 13

20 5.4 Test circuit ............................................................................................................ 13

21 5.5 Calibration ............................................................................................................ 14

22 5.6 Test specimen ...................................................................................................... 14

23 5.6.1 Recommended dimensions of test specimen and electrode

24 arrangements ................................................................................................ 14

25 5.6.2 Manufacturing of test specimen ..................................................................... 14

26 5.6.3 Number of test specimen ............................................................................... 15

27 5.6.4 Application of conductive means .................................................................... 15

28 5.6.5 Conditioning and pre-treatment of test specimen ........................................... 15

29 5.7 Test procedure...................................................................................................... 16

30 6 Calculation of surface resistivity .................................................................................... 16

31 6.1 For electrode arrangements A, B, D and E ............................................................ 16

32 6.2 For electrode arrangement C ................................................................................ 16

33 7 Test report ..................................................................................................................... 17

34 8 Repeatability and reproducibility .................................................................................... 17

35 Annex A (informative) Specimen dimensions and electrode arrangement ............................. 18

36 Annex B (informative) Comparative verification study on surface resistivities using

37 different electrode arrangements (type C and type E) .................................................... 19

38 B.1 General ................................................................................................................. 19

39 B.2 Inter-laboratory trial conditions.............................................................................. 19

40 B.2.1 Test specimens ............................................................................................. 19

41 B.2.2 Electrode types, conductive materials and test voltage .................................. 19

42 B.2.3 Test conditions .............................................................................................. 20

43 B.3 Summary of the test results .................................................................................. 20

44 B.4 Inter-laboratory trial outcomes and suggestions for IEC 62631-3-2 ....................... 21

45 B.5 Detailed inter-laboratory results ............................................................................ 21

46 B.5.1 Laboratories results by different groups Electrode types / Conductive

47 materials ....................................................................................................... 22

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48 B.5.2 Laboratory 2 results comparing different electrode types and conductive

49 materials ....................................................................................................... 28

50 B.5.3 Laboratory 3 results – Electrodes type C with and without use of

51 conductive silver paint ................................................................................... 30

52 Bibliography .......................................................................................................................... 32

54 Figure 1 – Electrode arrangement A (example) ..................................................................... 11

55 Figure 2 – Collector electrode for electrode arrangement B (example) .................................. 11

56 Figure 3 – Electrode arrangement C ..................................................................................... 12

57 Figure 4 – Connection diagram of measurement with two – and three-terminal

58 electrode arrangements ........................................................................................................ 14

59 Figure B.1 – Surface resistivity equations for the used electrodes ......................................... 20

61 Table 1 – Typical electrode dimensions for electrode arrangement C .................................... 12

62 Table A.1 – Recommended test specimen dimensions and electrode arrangements for

63 specific products ................................................................................................................... 18

64 Table B.1 – Test specimens characteristics .......................................................................... 19

65 Table B.2 – Test conditions per specific participant............................................................... 20

66 Table B.3 – Summary of the test results................................................................................ 20

67 Table B.4 – PBT results – Electrode type C with conductive rubber ...................................... 22

68 Table B.5 – PA66 results – Electrode type C with conductive rubber ..................................... 23

69 Table B.6 – PBT results – Electrodes type C with silver paint ............................................... 24

70 Table B.7 – PA66 results – Electrodes type C with silver paint .............................................. 25

71 Table B.8 – PBT results – Electrodes type E with conductive silver paint .............................. 26

72 Table B.9 – PA66 results – Electrodes type E with conductive silver paint ............................ 27

73 Table B.10 – Laboratory 2 results – PBT different electrodes and conductive materials ........ 28

74 Table B.11 – Laboratory 2 results – PA66 different electrodes and conductive materials....... 29

75 Table B.12 – Laboratory 3 results – PBT electrodes type C with and without silver paint....... 30

76 Table B.13 – Laboratory 3 results – PA66 electrodes type C with and without silver

77 paint ..................................................................................................................................... 31

Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this

electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.

You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without

permission in writing from IEC.
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oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023
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81 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
82 ____________
84 DIELECTRIC AND RESISTIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLID INSULATING
85 MATERIALS
87 Part 3-2: Determination of resistive properties (DC methods) –
88 Surface resistance and surface resistivity
90 FOREWORD

91 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising

92 all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international

93 co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and

94 in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,

95 Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their

96 preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with

97 may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising

98 with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for

99 Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.

100 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international

101 consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all

102 interested IEC National Committees.

103 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National

104 Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC

105 Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any

106 misinterpretation by any end user.

107 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications

108 transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between

109 any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.

110 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity

111 assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any

112 services carried out by independent certification bodies.

113 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.

114 7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and

115 members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or

116 other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and

117 expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC

118 Publications.

119 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is

120 indispensable for the correct application of this publication.

121 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent

122 rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

123 IEC 62631-3-2 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 12: Evaluation and qualification

124 of electrical insulating materials and systems. It is an International Standard.

125 This 2nd edition cancels and replaces the 1st edition published in 2015-12-04. This edition

126 constitutes a technical revision.

127 This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous

128 edition:
129 a) Clarified descriptions of the electrode arrangements;
130 b) Added new descriptions of the conductive means;

131 c) Added new informative Annex B summarizing the results of the comparative verification

132 study on surface resistivities using different electrode arrangements.
133 The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
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Draft Report on voting
112/304/FDIS 112/351/RVD
134

135 Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in

136 the above table.

137 The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.

138 This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in

139 accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available

140 at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are

141 described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/publications.

142 A list of all parts in the IEC 62631 series, published under the general title Dielectric and Resistive

143 properties of solid insulating materials, can be found on the IEC website.

144 The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the

145 stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the

146 specific document. At this date, the document will be
147 • reconfirmed,
148 • withdrawn,
149 • replaced by a revised edition, or
150 • amended.

Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this

electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.

You may not copy or "mirror" the file or printed version of the document, or any part of it, for any other purpose without

permission in writing from IEC.
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151 DIELECTRIC AND RESISTIVE PROPERTIES OF SOLID INSULATING
152 MATERIALS
153
154 Part 3-2: Determination of resistive properties (DC methods) – Surface
155 resistance and surface resistivity
156
157
158
159 1 Scope

160 This part of IEC 62631 describes methods of test for the determination of surface resistance

161 and surface resistivity of electrical insulation materials by applying DC voltage.

162 2 Normative references

163 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

164 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.

165 For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any

166 amendments) applies.

167 IEC 60212, Standard conditions for use prior to and during the testing of solid electrical

168 insulating materials

169 IEC 62631-3-1, Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials – Part 3-1:

170 Determination of resistive properties (DC Methods) – Volume resistance and volume resistivity

171 – General method

172 IEC 62631-3-3, Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials – Part 3-3:

173 Determination of resistive properties (DC Methods) – Insulation resistance
174 3 Terms and definitions

175 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

176 ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following

177 addresses:
178 • IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
179 • ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
180 3.1
181 electrode arrangement
182 electrical conductive bodies on the surface of a test specimen

183 Note 1 to entry: The arrangement of electrodes should include procedures to ascertain sufficient contact to the

184 surface (e.g. by means of conducting paint) and/or the use of adequate mechanical system applying the necessary

185 contact force to the test specimen's surface.
186 3.1.1
187 annular electrodes

188 central circular planar electrode with a surrounding ring electrode separated by a gap as shown

189 in Figure 3

190 Note 1 to entry: Guard electrode systems as described in IEC 62321-3-1 are of similar shape. In the case of surface

191 resistance, the ring electrode does not have the function of a guard; guard functionality, however, is provided by the

192 opposite electrode.
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193 3.1.2
194 line electrodes

195 electrode arrangement provided by two parallel lines, separated by a gap, applied to the test

196 specimen's surface using a conductive material as shown in Figure 2
197 3.1.3
198 spring loaded electrodes

199 line electrode system using two parallel lines of conducting spring tongues with sharp edges,

200 separated by a gap as shown in Figure 1
201 3.2
202 measured resistance

203 ratio of DC voltage applied to an electrode arrangement in contact with a test specimen to the

204 current between them measured with sufficient precision

205 Note 1 to entry: A three terminal electrode arrangement may be used to exclude undesired volume currents from

206 the determination of the measured resistance.

207 Note 2 to entry: A Wheatstone bridge may also be used to compare the measured resistance with a standard

208 resistor. However, Wheatstone bridges are not commonly used anymore.

209 Note 3 to entry: According to IEC 60050-121: Electromagnetism, "conductivity" is defined as "scalar or tensor

210 quantity, the product of which by the electric field strength in a medium is equal to the electric current density" and

211 "resistivity" as "the inverse of the conductivity when this inverse exists". Measured in this way, the surface resistivity

212 is an average of the resistivity over possible heterogeneities in the volume incorporated in the measurement; it

213 includes the effect of possible polarization phenomena at the electrodes.
214 3.3
215 surface resistance
216 R

217 measured resistance between any electrode arrangement defined by this standard

218 , R , R , R or R with

Note 1 to entry: Dependent on the electrode arrangement used it is designated as R

SA SB SC SD SE
219 surface resistance, R expressed by the unit Ω.

220 Note 2 to entry: An indeterminable part of the resistance inside the material is also included in surface resistance

221 during measurement of this resistance.
222 3.4
223 surface resistance between annular electrodes
224 R

225 measured resistance between the inner circular area of an annular electrode system and the

226 outer circular ring electrode
227 3.5
228 surface resistance between line electrodes
229 R
230 measured resistance between line electrodes
231 3.6
232 surface resistance between line electrodes for small plates
233 R
234 measured resistance between line electrodes for small plates
235 3.7
236 surface resistance between small line electrodes
237 R
238 measured resistance between small line electrodes

Copyright © 2022 International Electrotechnical Commission, IEC. All rights reserved. It is permitted to download this

electronic file, to make a copy and to print out the content for the sole purpose of preparing National Committee positions.

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oSIST prEN IEC 62631-3-2:2023
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239 3.8
240 surface resistance between spring load electrodes
241 R
242 measured resistance between spring loaded electrodes
243 3.9
244 surface resistivity
245 σ/square
246 surface resistance reduced to a squared value.

247 Note 1 to entry: The numerical value of surface resistivity is independent of the size of the square.

248 Note 2 to entry: Surface resistance R , R , R , R and R referred to a square, are expressed as σ , σ , σ ,

SA SB SC SD SE A B C
249 σ and σ respectively.
D E

250 Note 3 to entry: Surface resistivity is often expressed by the non-standardized unit Ω per square, to show that the

251 electrode dimension has been taken into account by calculating the specific value.

252 Note 4 to entry: The surface resistivity is often used to compare one kind of surface characteristic of a sample

253 material with those of other materials. It can be compared for materials only if identical standardized dimensions of

254 the electrodes are used. Recommended dimensions are given in 5.3.
255 4 Significance

256 Insulating materials are used in general to electrically isolate components of an electrical

257 system from each other and from the earth. Solid insulating materials can also provide

258 mechanical support. For the purpose it is generally desirable to have the insulation resistance

259 as high as possible, consistent with acceptable mechanical, chemical and heat resistance

260 properties.

261 Surface resistance is, as volume resistance, a part of the insulating resistance.

262 Insulating resistance shall be determined according to IEC 62631-3-3 and volume resistance

263 according to IEC 62631-3-1.

264 Surface resistance supplies information on the electrical resistances of the surface of materials

265 and products. The surface resistance also permits monitoring of changes in the resistance by

266 external effects. Surface resistance, however, for its major part is not a materials property.

267 Surface resistance depends mainly on processing parameters, environmental conditions,

268 surface ageing phenomena and pollution, etc.

269 NOTE Depending on the specific application, different electrode arrangements can be preferable.

270 5 Method of test
271 5.1 General

272 This general method describes common values for general measurements. If a method for a

273 specific type of material is described in this standard, the specific method shall be used.

274 Different types of electrodes can be used, depending on the specific measurement or product

275 demands. For instance, on surfaces with a curved shape, a small line electrode can be

276 advantageous. Spring loaded electrodes provide measurements with low effort on products and

277 are optimal for materials which have to be conditioned before the test. If not already stipulated

278 by a product standard, the choice of the electrode arrangement shall be made considering the

279 typical application.
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280 If test specimens are made from materials (e.g. soft rubber) changing their dimensions

281 significantly when applying force by electrodes on them, these electrodes are not applicable

282 and an alternative arrangement shall be used.

283 If no information about the application is available, small line electrodes (R ) are recommended.

284 5.2 Voltage
285 The measuring voltage shall preferably be
286 10 V, 100 V, 500 V, 1 000 V, 10 000 V.

287 If not otherwise specified by the relevant product standard, a voltage of 100 V shall be used.

288 Technical committee shall specify the preferred test voltage when referring to this standard.

289 NOTE 1 Partial discharge can lead to erroneous measurements when a specific inception voltage is exceeded. In

290 air, below 340 V, no partial discharges will occur.

291 NOTE 2 The ripple of the voltage source is important. A typical value for 100 V is < 5 x 10 peak to peak.

292 5.3 Equipment
293 5.3.1 General

294 Care should be taken that the surface resistance is not negatively influenced by parasitic

295 resistances parallel to the electrode arrangement, such as the resistance of test supports or

296 cable isolation.

297 To prevent measuring errors for measured resistances higher than 10 Ω, shielded cables and

298 shielded measuring cabinets shall be used.

299 For the determination of surface resistance and surface resistivity different electrode

300 arrangements can be used. The evaluation of surface resistivity is dependent on the selected

301 electrode arrangement.
302 5.3.2 Accuracy

303 Any suitable equipment can be used. The measuring device shall be capable of determining the

304 unknown resistance with an overall accuracy of at least
305 • ± 10 % for resistances less than 10 Ω;
10 14
306 • ± 20 % for resistances between 10 Ω and 10 Ω; and
307 • ± 50 % for resistance higher than 10 Ω.
308 5.3.3 Voltage source

309 A source of steady direct voltage is required. This can be provided either by batteries or by

310 rectified and stabilized power supply. The degree of stability required is such that the change

311 in current due to any change in voltage is negligible compared with the current to be measured.

312 5.3.4 Electrode arrangements

313 Electrode arrangements consist of the combination of electrodes and conductive means. The

314 conductive means shall be applied to the test specimen before performing the measurements.

315 Electro
...