EN IEC 61970-452:2021

• Abstract:

  This document is one of the IEC 61970-450 to 499 series that, taken as a whole, defines at an abstract level the content and exchange mechanisms used for data transmitted between control centres and/or control centre components, such as power systems applications. The purpose of this document is to define the subset of classes, class attributes, and roles from the CIM necessary to execute state estimation and power flow applications. The North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) Data Exchange Working Group (DEWG) Common Power System Modelling group (CPSM) produced the original data requirements, which are shown in Annex E. These requirements are based on prior industry practices for exchanging power system model data for use primarily in planning studies. However, the list of required data has been extended starting with the first edition of this standard to facilitate a model exchange that includes parameters common to breaker-oriented applications. Where necessary this document establishes conventions, shown in Clause 6, with which an XML data file must comply in order to be considered valid for exchange of models. This document is intended for two distinct audiences, data producers and data recipients, and may be read from two perspectives. From the standpoint of model export software used by a data producer, the document describes a minimum subset of CIM classes, attributes, and associations which must be present in an XML formatted data file for model exchange. This standard does not dictate how the network is modelled, however. It only dictates what classes, attributes, and associations are to be used to describe the source model as it exists.

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 02-Dec-2021
• ICS: 33.200 - Telecontrol. Telemetering
• Technical Committee: CLC/TC 57 - Power systems management and associated information exchange
• Drafting Committee: IEC/TC 57 - IEC_TC_57
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 05-Jan-2026
• Completion Date: 25-Aug-2026
• Ref Project: SIST EN IEC 61970-452:2022 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 452: CIM static transmission network model profiles

• Replaces: EN 61970-452:2017 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 452: CIM static transmission network model profiles
• Effective Date: 25-Aug-2020
• Refers: EN IEC 61970-301:2020 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 301: Common information model (CIM) base
• Effective Date: 03-Feb-2026
• Referred By: EN IEC 61970-401:2022 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 401: Profile framework
• Effective Date: 03-Feb-2026
• Referred By: EN 61970-456:2013 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 456: Solved power system state profiles
• Effective Date: 03-Feb-2026
• Referred By: EN IEC 61968-13:2021 - Application integration at electric utilities - System interfaces for distribution management - Part 13: Common distribution power system model profiles
• Effective Date: 03-Feb-2026
• Referred By: EN IEC 61970-456:2022 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 456: Solved power system state profiles
• Effective Date: 03-Feb-2026
• Referred By: EN IEC 61970-457:2024 - Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 457: Dynamics profile
• Effective Date: 03-Feb-2026

Overview

EN IEC 61970-452:2021 (IEC 61970-452) is part of the EMS‑API family (IEC 61970-450 to -499) and defines CIM static transmission network model profiles for exchanging power system models between control centres and control‑centre components. The standard specifies the subset of Common Information Model (CIM) classes, attributes and associations necessary to support state estimation and power flow applications. It also establishes XML conventions (see Clause 6) that an export file must follow to be considered a valid model exchange.

Key points:

• Focus: static transmission network model profiles for EMS‑API.
• Purpose: enable interoperable model exchange for state estimation, power‑flow and related studies.
• Origin: data requirements based on NERC DEWG CPSM (Annex E), extended to support breaker‑oriented applications.
• Audience: data producers (model export tools) and data recipients (analysis and control applications).

Key technical topics and requirements

• CIM subset specification: defines required classes, class attributes and roles from CIM to represent the network model for state estimation and power flow without mandating modelling practices.
• Profiles: includes Core Equipment Profile and specialized profiles (Operation, Short‑Circuit, etc.) that describe which CIM elements must be present.
• XML model exchange rules: conventions and constraints for XML‑formatted data files to ensure validity and interoperability (Clause 6).
• Transformer modelling & modelling authorities: guidance on how transformer data and authoritative sources are referenced for consistent exchanges.
• Use of measurements, regulation and curves: treatment of measurement classes, voltage/active power regulation, and curve/schedule definitions relevant to dynamic limits and generator reactive capability.
• Extensibility for breaker‑oriented applications: expanded data list to support models represented at breaker and terminal granularity.

Practical applications and who uses this standard

• Utility model export/import workflows for state estimation, power‑flow studies, short‑circuit analysis, and planning studies.
• Developers of EMS, SCADA, and network modeling tools who implement CIM‑based model exchange and XML export/import.
• System integrators, consultants and transmission planners aiming to achieve interoperability between vendor systems and control centres.
• Organizations implementing regulated data exchange protocols (e.g., regional reliability councils) and those harmonizing legacy formats to CIM.

Benefits:

• Improved interoperability and reduced manual rework when exchanging network models.
• Clear minimum data requirements to ensure state estimation and power flow applications receive all essential model attributes.

Related standards

• IEC 61970‑301 (CIM base)
• IEC 61970‑1
• IEC/TS 61970‑2
• IEC 61970‑456, IEC 61970‑501, IEC 61970‑552
• IEC 61968‑13 (integration with distribution / enterprise systems)

Keywords: IEC 61970‑452, SIST EN IEC 61970‑452, EMS‑API, CIM static transmission network model, state estimation, power flow, model exchange, XML, NERC CPSM, breaker‑oriented modelling, control centre interoperability.

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2022
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 61970-452:2018
Aplikacijski programski vmesnik za sistem upravljanja z energijo (EMS-API) - 452.
del: Profili CIM za statični model prenosnega omrežja
Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) - Part 452: CIM
static transmission network model profiles
Schnittstelle für Anwendungsprogramme für Netzführungssysteme (EMS-API) - Teil 452:
CIM-Statische-Übertragungsnetzwerk-Modell-Profile
Interface de programmation d'application pour système de gestion d'énergie (EMS-API) -
Partie 452: Profils du modèle de réseau de transport statique CIM
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 61970-452:2021
ICS:
29.240.30 Krmilna oprema za Control equipment for electric
elektroenergetske sisteme power systems
35.200 Vmesniška in povezovalna Interface and interconnection
oprema equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 61970-452

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
December 2021
ICS 33.200 Supersedes EN 61970-452:2017 and all of its
amendments and corrigenda (if any)
English Version
Energy management system application program interface
(EMS-API) - Part 452: CIM static transmission network model
profiles
(IEC 61970-452:2021)
Interface de programmation d'application pour système de Schnittstelle für Anwendungsprogramme für
gestion d'énergie (EMS-API) - Partie 452: Profils du modèle Netzführungssysteme (EMS-API) - Teil 452: CIM-Statische-
de réseau de transport statique CIM Übertragungsnetzwerk-Modell-Profile
(IEC 61970-452:2021) (IEC 61970-452:2021)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2021-12-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 61970-452:2021 E

European foreword
The text of document 57/2400/FDIS, future edition 4 of IEC 61970-452, prepared by IEC/TC 57
“Power systems management and associated information exchange” was submitted to the IEC-
CENELEC parallel vote and approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 61970-452:2021.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2022–09–01
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2024–12–01
document have to be withdrawn
This document supersedes EN 61970-452:2017 and all of its amendments and corrigenda (if any).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61970-452:2021 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards
indicated:
IEC 61968-13 NOTE Harmonized as EN IEC 61968-13
IEC 61970-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61970-1
IEC/TS 61970-2 NOTE Harmonized as CLC/TS 61970-2
IEC 61970-456 NOTE Harmonized as EN IEC 61970-456
IEC 61970-501 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61970-501
IEC 61970-552 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61970-552
Annex ZA
(normative)
Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1 Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by
(mod), the relevant EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is
available here: www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 61970-301 2020 Energy management system application EN IEC 61970-301 2020
program interface (EMS-API) - Part 301:
Common information model (CIM) base

IEC 61970-452 ®
Edition 4.0 2021-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Energy management system application program interface (EMS-API) –

Part 452: CIM static transmission network model profiles

Interface de programmation d'application pour système de gestion d'énergie

(EMS-API) –
Partie 452: Profils du modèle de réseau de transport statique CIM

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.200 ISBN 978-2-8322-1032-8

– 2 – IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 23
INTRODUCTION . 25
1 Scope . 26
2 Normative references . 26
3 Terms and definitions . 26
4 Application profile specification. 27
4.1 General . 27
4.2 Version information . 27
4.2.1 Core equipment profile . 27
4.2.2 Operation profile . 27
4.2.3 Short-Circuit profile. 28
4.3 Requirements and constraints . 28
4.4 Transformer modelling . 40
4.5 Modelling authorities . 41
4.6 Use of measurement classes . 41
4.6.1 General . 41
4.6.2 ICCP data exchange . 42
4.7 Voltage or active power regulation . 42
4.8 Use of curves . 42
4.8.1 General . 42
4.8.2 Generating unit reactive power limits . 42
4.9 Definition of schedules . 42
5 Detailed profile specification . 43
5.1 General . 43
5.2 Core Equipment Profile . 43
5.2.1 General . 43
5.2.2 (abstract) EarthFaultCompensator . 66
5.2.3 (abstract) EnergyArea . 67
5.2.4 (abstract) EnergyConnection . 67
5.2.5 EnergyConsumer . 68
5.2.6 EnergySchedulingType . 69
5.2.7 TapSchedule . 69
5.2.8 EnergySource . 70
5.2.9 (abstract) Equipment . 71
5.2.10 (abstract) EquipmentContainer . 72
5.2.11 (abstract) ACDCConverter . 72
5.2.12 ACDCConverterDCTerminal . 73
5.2.13 (abstract) ACDCTerminal . 74
5.2.14 ACLineSegment . 75
5.2.15 ActivePowerLimit . 76
5.2.16 ApparentPowerLimit . 76
5.2.17 AsynchronousMachine . 77
5.2.18 (abstract) AuxiliaryEquipment . 78
5.2.19 BaseVoltage . 78
5.2.20 (abstract) BasicIntervalSchedule . 78
5.2.21 BatteryUnit . 79

IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021 – 3 –
5.2.22 Bay . 79
5.2.23 Breaker. 80
5.2.24 BusbarSection . 81
5.2.25 BusNameMarker . 81
5.2.26 CAESPlant . 82
5.2.27 Clamp . 82
5.2.28 ConformLoadSchedule . 83
5.2.29 CogenerationPlant . 84
5.2.30 CombinedCyclePlant . 84
5.2.31 (abstract) ConductingEquipment . 84
5.2.32 (abstract) Conductor . 85
5.2.33 ConformLoad . 86
5.2.34 ConformLoadGroup . 86
5.2.35 ConnectivityNode . 87
5.2.36 (abstract) ConnectivityNodeContainer . 87
5.2.37 (abstract) Connector . 88
5.2.38 ControlArea . 88
5.2.39 ControlAreaGeneratingUnit . 89
5.2.40 CsConverter . 90
5.2.41 CurrentLimit . 92
5.2.42 CurrentTransformer . 92
5.2.43 (abstract) Curve . 93
5.2.44 CurveData root class . 93
5.2.45 Cut . 94
5.2.46 DayType . 95
5.2.47 (abstract) DCBaseTerminal . 95
5.2.48 DCBreaker . 96
5.2.49 DCBusbar . 97
5.2.50 DCChopper . 97
5.2.51 (abstract) DCConductingEquipment . 98
5.2.52 DCConverterUnit . 98
5.2.53 DCDisconnector. 99
5.2.54 (abstract) DCEquipmentContainer . 99
5.2.55 DCGround . 100
5.2.56 DCLine . 100
5.2.57 DCLineSegment . 101
5.2.58 DCNode . 102
5.2.59 RegulationSchedule . 102
5.2.60 DCSeriesDevice . 103
5.2.61 DCShunt . 104
5.2.62 DCSwitch . 104
5.2.63 DCTerminal . 105
5.2.64 Disconnector . 105
5.2.65 DisconnectingCircuitBreaker . 106
5.2.66 EquivalentBranch . 107
5.2.67 (abstract) EquivalentEquipment . 108
5.2.68 EquivalentInjection . 108
5.2.69 EquivalentNetwork . 109
5.2.70 EquivalentShunt . 110

– 4 – IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021
5.2.71 ExternalNetworkInjection . 110
5.2.72 FaultIndicator . 111
5.2.73 FossilFuel . 112
5.2.74 Fuse . 112
5.2.75 GeneratingUnit . 113
5.2.76 GeographicalRegion . 115
5.2.77 GrossToNetActivePowerCurve . 115
5.2.78 Ground . 116
5.2.79 GroundDisconnector . 116
5.2.80 GroundingImpedance . 117
5.2.81 HydroGeneratingUnit . 118
5.2.82 HydroPowerPlant . 119
5.2.83 HydroPump . 119
5.2.84 (abstract) IdentifiedObject root class . 120
5.2.85 Jumper . 120
5.2.86 Junction . 121
5.2.87 Line . 121
5.2.88 LinearShuntCompensator . 122
5.2.89 LoadArea . 122
5.2.90 LoadBreakSwitch . 123
5.2.91 (abstract) LoadGroup . 123
5.2.92 LoadResponseCharacteristic . 124
5.2.93 NonConformLoad. 125
5.2.94 NonConformLoadGroup . 126
5.2.95 NonConformLoadSchedule . 127
5.2.96 NonlinearShuntCompensator . 127
5.2.97 NonlinearShuntCompensatorPoint root class . 128
5.2.98 NuclearGeneratingUnit . 129
5.2.99 (abstract) OperationalLimit . 130
5.2.100 OperationalLimitSet . 130
5.2.101 OperationalLimitType . 131
5.2.102 PetersenCoil . 131
5.2.103 (abstract) PhaseTapChanger . 132
5.2.104 PhaseTapChangerAsymmetrical . 133
5.2.105 PhaseTapChangerLinear . 134
5.2.106 (abstract) PhaseTapChangerNonLinear . 135
5.2.107 PhaseTapChangerSymmetrical . 136
5.2.108 PhaseTapChangerTable . 137
5.2.109 PhaseTapChangerTablePoint . 137
5.2.110 PhaseTapChangerTabular . 137
5.2.111 PhotoVoltaicUnit . 138
5.2.112 PostLineSensor . 139
5.2.113 PotentialTransformer . 139
5.2.114 PowerElectronicsConnection . 140
5.2.115 (abstract) PowerElectronicsUnit . 141
5.2.116 PowerElectronicsWindUnit . 141
5.2.117 (abstract) PowerSystemResource . 142
5.2.118 PowerTransformer . 142
5.2.119 PowerTransformerEnd . 143

IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021 – 5 –
5.2.120 (abstract) ProtectedSwitch . 144
5.2.121 RatioTapChanger . 145
5.2.122 RatioTapChangerTable . 146
5.2.123 RatioTapChangerTablePoint . 146
5.2.124 ReactiveCapabilityCurve . 147
5.2.125 (abstract) RegulatingCondEq . 147
5.2.126 RegulatingControl . 148
5.2.127 RegularTimePoint root class . 149
5.2.128 (abstract) RegularIntervalSchedule . 150
5.2.129 ReportingGroup . 150
5.2.130 (abstract) RotatingMachine . 150
5.2.131 Season . 151
5.2.132 (abstract) Sensor . 152
5.2.133 (abstract) SeasonDayTypeSchedule . 152
5.2.134 SeriesCompensator . 153
5.2.135 (abstract) ShuntCompensator . 153
5.2.136 SolarGeneratingUnit . 154
5.2.137 StaticVarCompensator . 155
5.2.138 StationSupply . 156
5.2.139 SubGeographicalRegion . 157
5.2.140 SubLoadArea . 158
5.2.141 Substation . 158
5.2.142 SurgeArrester . 159
5.2.143 Switch . 159
5.2.144 SwitchSchedule . 160
5.2.145 SynchronousMachine. 161
5.2.146 (abstract) TapChanger . 161
5.2.147 TapChangerControl . 162
5.2.148 (abstract) TapChangerTablePoint root class . 163
5.2.149 Terminal . 164
5.2.150 ThermalGeneratingUnit . 165
5.2.151 TieFlow. 166
5.2.152 (abstract) TransformerEnd . 166
5.2.153 VoltageLevel . 167
5.2.154 VoltageLimit . 168
5.2.155 VsCapabilityCurve . 168
5.2.156 VsConverter . 169
5.2.157 WaveTrap . 170
5.2.158 WindGeneratingUnit . 170
5.2.159 ControlAreaTypeKind enumeration . 171
5.2.160 Currency enumeration . 172
5.2.161 CurveStyle enumeration . 175
5.2.162 DCConverterOperatingModeKind enumeration . 176
5.2.163 DCPolarityKind enumeration . 176
5.2.164 FuelType enumeration . 176
5.2.165 GeneratorControlSource enumeration . 177
5.2.166 HydroEnergyConversionKind enumeration . 177
5.2.167 HydroPlantStorageKind enumeration . 177
5.2.168 HydroTurbineKind enumeration. 178

– 6 – IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021
5.2.169 OperationalLimitDirectionKind enumeration . 178
5.2.170 PhaseCode enumeration . 178
5.2.171 RegulatingControlModeKind enumeration . 179
5.2.172 SynchronousMachineKind enumeration . 180
5.2.173 (deprecated) SVCControlMode enumeration . 180
5.2.174 UnitMultiplier enumeration . 181
5.2.175 UnitSymbol enumeration . 182
5.2.176 WindGenUnitKind enumeration . 187
5.2.177 WindingConnection enumeration . 187
5.2.178 ActivePower datatype . 187
5.2.179 ActivePowerPerCurrentFlow datatype . 188
5.2.180 ActivePowerPerFrequency datatype . 188
5.2.181 AngleDegrees datatype . 188
5.2.182 ApparentPower datatype. 188
5.2.183 Capacitance datatype . 189
5.2.184 Conductance datatype . 189
5.2.185 CurrentFlow datatype . 189
5.2.186 Frequency datatype . 190
5.2.187 Inductance datatype . 190
5.2.188 Length datatype . 190
5.2.189 Money datatype . 190
5.2.190 PerCent datatype . 191
5.2.191 Reactance datatype . 191
5.2.192 ReactivePower datatype . 191
5.2.193 RealEnergy datatype . 191
5.2.194 Resistance datatype . 192
5.2.195 RotationSpeed datatype . 192
5.2.196 Seconds datatype . 192
5.2.197 Susceptance datatype . 192
5.2.198 Voltage datatype. 193
5.2.199 VoltagePerReactivePower datatype . 193
5.2.200 Boolean primitive . 193
5.2.201 Date primitive . 193
5.2.202 DateTime primitive . 193
5.2.203 Decimal primitive . 193
5.2.204 Float primitive . 194
5.2.205 Integer primitive . 194
5.2.206 MonthDay primitive . 194
5.2.207 String primitive . 194
5.3 Operation Profile . 194
5.3.1 General . 194
5.3.2 Accumulator . 198
5.3.3 AccumulatorLimit . 198
5.3.4 AccumulatorLimitSet . 199
5.3.5 AccumulatorReset . 199
5.3.6 AccumulatorValue . 200
5.3.7 (abstract) ACDCTerminal . 201
5.3.8 Analog . 201
5.3.9 (abstract) AnalogControl . 201

IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021 – 7 –
5.3.10 AnalogLimit . 202
5.3.11 AnalogLimitSet . 203
5.3.12 AnalogValue . 203
5.3.13 Command . 204
5.3.14 (abstract) Control . 204
5.3.15 Discrete . 205
5.3.16 DiscreteValue . 206
5.3.17 (abstract) IdentifiedObject root class . 206
5.3.18 (abstract) IOPoint . 207
5.3.19 (abstract) Limit . 207
5.3.20 (abstract) LimitSet . 208
5.3.21 (abstract) Measurement . 208
5.3.22 (abstract) MeasurementValue . 209
5.3.23 MeasurementValueQuality . 210
5.3.24 MeasurementValueSource . 211
5.3.25 (abstract) PowerSystemResource . 211
5.3.26 (abstract) Quality61850 root class . 211
5.3.27 RaiseLowerCommand . 212
5.3.28 SetPoint . 213
5.3.29 StringMeasurement . 214
5.3.30 StringMeasurementValue . 214
5.3.31 (abstract) Terminal . 215
5.3.32 ValueAliasSet . 215
5.3.33 ValueToAlias . 216
5.3.34 PhaseCode enumeration . 216
5.3.35 Source enumeration . 217
5.3.36 UnitMultiplier enumeration . 218
5.3.37 UnitSymbol enumeration . 219
5.3.38 Validity enumeration . 224
5.3.39 PerCent datatype . 224
5.3.40 Boolean primitive . 225
5.3.41 Date primitive . 225
5.3.42 DateTime primitive . 225
5.3.43 Float primitive . 225
5.3.44 Integer primitive . 225
5.3.45 String primitive . 225
5.4 Short Circuit Profile . 225
5.4.1 General . 225
5.4.2 (abstract) ACDCTerminal . 227
5.4.3 (Description) ACLineSegment . 227
5.4.4 (Description) AsynchronousMachine . 228
5.4.5 (Description) BusbarSection . 228
5.4.6 (abstract) ConductingEquipment . 229
5.4.7 (abstract) Conductor . 229
5.4.8 (abstract) Connector . 229
5.4.9 (abstract) EarthFaultCompensator . 230
5.4.10 (abstract) EnergyConnection . 230
5.4.11 (Description) EnergySource . 230
5.4.12 (abstract) Equipment . 231

– 8 – IEC 61970-452:2021 © IEC 2021
5.4.13 (Description) EquivalentBranch . 231
5.4.14 (abstract) EquivalentEquipment . 233
5.4.15 (Description) EquivalentInjection . 233
5.4.16 (Description) ExternalNetworkInjection . 234
5.4.17 (Description) GroundingImpedance . 234
5.4.18 (abstract) IdentifiedObject root class . 235
5.4.19 (Description) LinearShuntCompensator . 235
5.4.20 MutualCoupling . 235
5.4.21 (Description) NonlinearShuntCompensatorPoint root class . 236
5.4.22 (Description) PetersenCoil . 237
5.4.23 (abstract) PowerSystemResource . 237
5.4.24 (Description) PowerTransformer . 238
5.4.25 (Description) PowerTransformerEnd . 239
5.4.26 (abstract) RegulatingCondEq . 240
5.4.27 (abstract) RotatingMachine . 240
5.4.28 (Description) SeriesCompensator . 241
5.4.29 (abstract) ShuntCompensator . 241
5.4.30 (Description) SynchronousMachine . 241
5.4.31 (abstract) Terminal . 243
5.4.32 (abstract) TransformerEnd . 243
5.4.33 PetersenCoilModeKind enumeration . 243
5.4.34 ShortCircuitRotorKind enumeration . 243
5.4.35 UnitMultiplier enumeration . 244
5.4.36 UnitSymbol enumeration .
...