ISO/FDIS 5667-1

Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques

This document sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters, sludges, effluents, suspended solids and sediments). It does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are covered in the various other parts of ISO 5667 and in ISO 19458.

Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Recommandations relatives à la conception des programmes et des techniques d’échantillonnage

Le présent document énonce les principes généraux et fournit des recommandations relatives à la conception des programmes et des techniques d'échantillonnage, en tenant compte de tous les aspects relatifs à l'échantillonnage des eaux (y compris des eaux résiduaires, des boues, des effluents, des matières en suspension et des sédiments). Il n'inclut pas de consignes détaillées pour les cas d'échantillonnages spécifiques, qui sont couvertes par les différentes autres parties de l'ISO 5667 et dans l'ISO 19458.

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 13.060.45 - Examination of water in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 147/SC 6 - Sampling (general methods)
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 147/SC 6 - Sampling (general methods)
• Current Stage: 5060 - Close of voting Proof returned by Secretariat
• Due Date: 07-Dec-2022
• Completion Date: 08-Dec-2022

RELATIONS

• Consolidates: ISO 11403-2:2022 - Plastics — Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data — Part 2: Thermal and processing properties
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022
• Revises: ISO 5667-1:2020 - Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and sampling techniques
• Effective Date: 06-Jun-2022

Standards Content (sample)

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 5667-1
ISO/TC 147/SC 6
Water quality — Sampling —
Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
2022-09-14
Guidance on the design of sampling
Voting terminates on:
programmes and sampling techniques
2022-12-07
Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1: Recommandations relatives à la conception des programmes
et des techniques d’échantillonnage
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 5667-1
ISO/TC 147/SC 6
Water quality — Sampling —
Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling
Voting terminates on:
programmes and sampling techniques
Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage —
Partie 1: Recommandations relatives à la conception des programmes
et des techniques d’échantillonnage
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: [phone]
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: [e-mail]
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... vi

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 General safety precautions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4.2 Safety of personnel ............................................................................................................................................................................. 1

4.3 General environmental considerations ............................................................................................................................ 2

5 Design of sampling programmes ........................................................................................................................................................2

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.2 Sampling personnel ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3

5.3 Broad objectives for the design of sampling programmes .............................................................................. 3

5.4 Specific considerations in relation to variability ..................................................................................................... 5

5.5 Identifying the sampling location .......................................................................................................................................... 5

6 Characteristics and conditions affecting sampling ........................................................................................................ 6

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

6.2 Variations from normal sampling conditions ............................................................................................................. 7

7 Standards for sampling from water ................................................................................................................................................ 7

7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

7.2 General standards in the 5667 series ................................................................................................................................ 7

7.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7

7.2.2 ISO 5667-3, Water quality — Sampling — Part 3: Preservation and

handling of water samples ......................................................................................................................................... 7

7.2.3 ISO 5667-14, Water quality — Sampling — Part 14: Guidance on quality
assurance and quality control of environmental water sampling and

handling ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.2.4 ISO 5667-15, Water quality — Sampling — Part 15: Guidance on the

preservation and handling of sludge and sediment samples ...................................................... 7

7.2.5 ISO 5667-16, Water quality — Sampling — Part 16: Guidance on biotesting

of samples ................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

7.2.6 ISO 5667-20, Water quality — Sampling — Part 20: Guidance on the use
of sampling data for decision making — Compliance with thresholds and

classification systems .................................................................................................................................................... 8

7.2.7 ISO 5667-24, Water quality — Sampling — Part 24: Guidance on the

auditing of water quality sampling .................................................................................................................... 8

7.2.8 ISO/TS 5667-25, Water quality — Sampling — Part 25: Guideline on the

validation of the storage time of water samples .................................................................................... 8

7.3 Standards outside the 5667 series that provide guidance on sampling programmes

in specific areas ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.3.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

7.3.2 ISO 19458, Water quality — Sampling for microbiological analysis ................................... 9

7.4 Standards within the ISO 5667 series providing specific guidance on the sampling

of a range waters .................................................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 9

7.4.2 ISO 5667-4, Water quality — Part 4: Guidance on sampling from lakes,

natural and man-made .................................................................................................................................................. 9

7.4.3 ISO 5667-5, Water quality — Part 5: Guidance on sampling of drinking

water from treatment works and piped distribution systems ................................................. 9

7.4.4 ISO 5667-6, Water quality — Part 6: Guidance on sampling of rivers and

streams .................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

7.4.5 ISO 5667-7, Water quality — Part 7: Guidance on sampling of water and

steam in boiler plants ................................................................................................................................................. 10

iii
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
7.4.6 ISO 5667-8, Water quality — Part 8: Guidance on the sampling of wet

deposition .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10

7.4.7 ISO 5667-9, Water quality — Part 9: Guidance on sampling from marine

waters........................................................................................................................................................................................ 10

7.4.8 ISO 5667-10, Water quality — Part 10: Guidance on sampling of waste water ....... 11

7.4.9 ISO 5667-11, Water quality — Part 11: Guidance on sampling of

groundwaters ..................................................................................................................................................................... 11

7.4.10 ISO 5667-12, Water quality — Part 12: Guidance on sampling of bottom

sediments from rivers, lakes and estuarine areas ............................................................................ 11

7.4.11 ISO 5667-13, Water quality — Part 13: Guidance on sampling of sludges ................... 11

7.4.12 ISO 5667-17, Water quality — Part 17: Guidance on sampling of bulk

suspended solids .............................................................................................................................................................12

7.4.13 ISO 5667-19, Water quality — Part 19: Guidance on sampling in marine

sediments ...............................................................................................................................................................................12

7.4.14 ISO 5667-21, Water quality — Part 21: Guidance on sampling of drinking

water distributed by tankers or means other than distribution pipes ..........................12

7.4.15 ISO 5667-22, Water quality — Part 22: Guidance on the design and

installation of groundwater monitoring points ..................................................................................13

7.4.16 ISO 5667-26, Water quality — Sampling — Part 26: Guidance on sampling

for the parameters of the oceanic carbon dioxide system .........................................................13

8 Time and frequency of sampling .....................................................................................................................................................13

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................13

8.2 Water quality management programmes ................................................................................................................... 14

8.3 Quality characterization programmes .......................................................................................................................... 14

8.4 Programmes for investigation of causes of contamination ......................................................................... 14

8.5 Statistical considerations ........................................................................................................................................... ................ 14

8.5.1 Establishment of sampling programmes ................................................................................................... 14

8.5.2 Random and systematic variations of water quality ......................................................................15

8.6 Duration of sampling occasion and composite samples ................................................................................. 16

9 Flow measurements and situations justifying flow measurements for water quality

purposes ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 16

9.2 Direction of flow ................................................................................................................................................................................ 16

9.3 Velocity of flow .................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

9.4 Discharge rate ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

9.5 Flow profile............................................................................................................................................................................................. 17

9.6 Cross-sectional area ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17

9.7 Justification for flow measurements in water quality control management ............................... 17

9.7.1 Treatment plant loads ................................................................................................................................................. 17

9.7.2 Dilution effects (flux calculations) .................................................................................................................. 17

9.7.3 Mass flow calculations ............................................................................................................................................... 18

9.7.4 Transport of contaminants and rates of recovery ............................................................................ 18

9.7.5 Flow-related parameters ......................................................................................................................................... 18

9.7.6 Groundwaters .................................................................................................................................................................... 18

9.8 Methods available for flow measurement ................................................................................................................... 18

10 Current sampling techniques ..............................................................................................................................................................19

10.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 19

10.2 Spot samples .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

10.3 Periodic samples (discontinuous) ....................................................................................................................................... 20

10.3.1 Periodic samples taken at fixed time-intervals (time-dependent) or

constant time constant volume (CTCV) ...................................................................................................... 20

10.3.2 Periodic samples taken at fixed flow-intervals (volume-dependent) or

constant time variable volume (CTVV) ....................................................................................................... 20

10.3.3 Periodic samples taken at fixed flow-intervals (flow-dependent) or

constant volume variable time sampling (CVVT) ..............................................................................20

10.4 Continuous samples ........................................................................................................................................................................ 21

10.4.1 Continuous samples taken at fixed flow rates (time-continuous samples) ................ 21

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)

10.4.2 Continuous samples taken at variable flow rates (flow-continuous samples)......... 21

10.5 Series sampling ................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

10.6 Composite samples .......................................................................................................................................................................... 21

10.7 Large-volume samples .................................................................................................................................................................. 21

11 Passive sampling ...............................................................................................................................................................................................22

12 Sampling equipment for physical or chemical characteristics .......................................................................22

12.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................22

12.2 Sampling containers ....................................................................................................................................................................... 22

12.2.1 General .....................................................................................................................................................................................22

12.2.2 Types of sample container ...................................................................................................................................... 23

12.3 Equipment for spot sampling ........................................................................................................................................... ....... 24

12.4 Sampling equipment for sediments .................................................................................................................................. 24

12.4.1 Grab or dredge sampling .......................................................................................................................................... 24

12.4.2 Core samplers ........................................................................................................................................... ..........................25

12.5 Sampling equipment for dissolved gases and volatile materials ............................................................ 25

12.6 Sampling equipment for radioactivity characteristics .................................................................................... 25

12.7 Sampling equipment for biological and microbiological characteristics ........................................25

12.8 Automatic sampling equipment ...........................................................................................................................................26

12.9 Sampling equipment for passive sampling ................................................................................................................. 26

12.10 Sampling equipment for suspended sediments ..................................................................................................... 26

13 Quality assurance and quality control of environmental water sampling and

handling .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................27

13.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 27

13.2 Sources of contamination .......................................................................................................................................................... 27

13.3 Control or prevention of contamination ....................................................................................................................... 27

14 Transport to, and storage of samples at, the depot or laboratory ...............................................................28

15 Sample identification and records ........................................................................................................................................... ......29

15.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................29

15.2 Data management ............................................................................................................................................................................. 29

15.3 Samples that can be used for legal purposes ............................................................................................................30

Annex A (informative) Diagrams illustrating types of periodic and continuous samples .....................31

Annex B (informative) Diagram illustrating types of field paperwork and labels etc ................................34

Annex C (informative) Alternative and emerging sampling techniques ....................................................................36

Annex D (informative) Preparation of sampling equipment ..................................................................................................38

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................39

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 6,

Sampling (general methods), in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

Technical Committee CEN/TC 230, Water analysis, in accordance with the Agreement on technical

cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 5667-1:2020), of which it constitutes a

minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— corrections have been made to 10.3 and associated cross references to Annex A;

— subclauses have been included in Clause 7 referring to the most recent additions to the ISO 5667

series.
A list of all parts in the ISO 5667 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Water quality — Sampling —
Part 1:
Guidance on the design of sampling programmes and
sampling techniques
1 Scope

This document sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling

programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters,

sludges, effluents, suspended solids and sediments).

This document does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are

covered in various other parts of ISO 5667 and in ISO 19458.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.

ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 General safety precautions
4.1 General

Attention is drawn to the requirements of national and/or regional health and safety regulations.

The following are general examples of safety considerations.
4.2 Safety of personnel

The enormously wide range of conditions encountered in sampling water bodies and bottom sediments

can subject sampling personnel to a variety of safety and health risks. Precautions should be taken

to avoid inhalation of toxic gases and ingestion of toxic materials through the nose, mouth and skin.

Personnel responsible for the design of sampling programmes and for carrying out sampling operations

should ensure that sampling personnel are informed of the necessary precautions to be taken in

sampling operations.

Weather conditions should be taken into account in order to ensure the safety of personnel and

equipment
...

ISO/TC 147/SC 6
Date: 2022-08
ISO/FDIS 5667--1:2022(E)
ISO/TC 147/SC 6/WG 1
Secretariat: BSI
Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling
programmes and sampling techniques

Qualité de l'eau — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour la conception des

programmes et des techniques d'échantillonnage
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
Fourth edition
Date: 2022-08-30
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of

this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or

mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written

permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’sISO's member body

in the country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva , Switzerland
Tel.Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: [e-mail] + 41 22 749 09 47
[e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 1

4 General safety precautions .......................................................................................................................... 1

4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 1

4.2 Safety of personnel .......................................................................................................................................... 1

4.3 General environmental considerations ................................................................................................... 2

5 Design of sampling programmes ............................................................................................................... 2

5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 2

5.2 Sampling personnel ........................................................................................................................................ 3

5.3 Broad objectives for the design of sampling programmes ............................................................... 3

5.4 Specific considerations in relation to variability ................................................................................. 5

5.5 Identifying the sampling location .............................................................................................................. 6

6 Characteristics and conditions affecting sampling ............................................................................. 6

6.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 6

6.2 Variations from normal sampling conditions ....................................................................................... 7

7 Standards for sampling from water .......................................................................................................... 7

7.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

7.2 General standards in the 5667 series ...................................................................................................... 7

7.3 Standards outside the 5667 series that provide guidance on sampling programmes

in specific areas ............................................................................................................................................. 10

7.4 Standards within the ISO 5667 series providing specific guidance on the sampling of

a range waters ................................................................................................................................................ 10

8 Time and frequency of sampling ............................................................................................................. 15

8.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 15

8.2 Water quality management programmes ............................................................................................ 15

8.3 Quality characterization programmes .................................................................................................. 15

8.4 Programmes for investigation of causes of contamination ........................................................... 15

8.5 Statistical considerations .......................................................................................................................... 16

8.6 Duration of sampling occasion and composite samples ................................................................. 17

9 Flow measurements and situations justifying flow measurements for water quality

purposes .......................................................................................................................................................... 17

9.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 17

9.2 Direction of flow ............................................................................................................................................ 18

9.3 Velocity of flow .............................................................................................................................................. 18

9.4 Discharge rate ................................................................................................................................................ 18

9.5 Flow profile ..................................................................................................................................................... 18

9.6 Cross-sectional area ..................................................................................................................................... 18

9.7 Justification for flow measurements in water quality control management .......................... 19

9.8 Methods available for flow measurement ........................................................................................... 20

10 Current sampling techniques ................................................................................................................... 21

10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 21

10.2 Spot samples ................................................................................................................................................... 21

10.3 Periodic samples (discontinuous) .......................................................................................................... 22

© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)

10.4 Continuous samples .................................................................................................................................... 22

10.5 Series sampling ............................................................................................................................................. 22

10.6 Composite samples ...................................................................................................................................... 23

10.7 Large-volume samples ............................................................................................................................... 23

11 Passive sampling .......................................................................................................................................... 23

12 Sampling equipment for physical or chemical characteristics .................................................... 24

12.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 24

12.2 Sampling containers.................................................................................................................................... 24

12.3 Equipment for spot sampling ................................................................................................................... 26

12.4 Sampling equipment for sediments ...................................................................................................... 26

12.5 Sampling equipment for dissolved gases and volatile materials ............................................... 27

12.6 Sampling equipment for radioactivity characteristics ................................................................... 27

12.7 Sampling equipment for biological and microbiological characteristics ................................ 27

12.8 Automatic sampling equipment .............................................................................................................. 27

12.9 Sampling equipment for passive sampling ......................................................................................... 28

12.10 Sampling equipment for suspended sediments ................................................................................ 28

13 Quality assurance and quality control of environmental water sampling and

handling ........................................................................................................................................................... 29

13.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 29

13.2 Sources of contamination .......................................................................................................................... 29

13.3 Control or prevention of contamination .............................................................................................. 29

14 Transport to, and storage of samples at, the depot or laboratory ............................................. 30

15 Sample identification and records ......................................................................................................... 31

15.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 31

15.2 Data management ........................................................................................................................................ 31

15.3 Samples that can be used for legal purposes ..................................................................................... 32

Annex A (informative) Diagrams illustrating types of periodic and continuous samples .............. 33

Annex B (informative) Diagram illustrating types of field paperwork and labels etc ..................... 38

Annex C (informative) Alternative and emerging sampling techniques ............................................... 40

Annex D (informative) Preparation of sampling equipment .................................................................... 42

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 43

iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 6,

Sampling management.(general methods), in collaboration with the European Committee for

Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 230, Water analysis, in accordance with the

Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This fourth edition is a minor revision of cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 5667-1:2020).), of

which it constitutes a minor revision. The changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:

— corrections in clausehave been made to 10.3 and associated cross references to Annex A;

— inclusion of sectionssubclauses have been included in Clause 7 referring to the most recent additions

to the ISO 5667 series.
A list of all parts in the ISO 5667 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)
Water quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of
sampling programmes and sampling techniques
1 Scope

This document sets out the general principles for, and provides guidance on, the design of sampling

programmes and sampling techniques for all aspects of sampling of water (including waste waters,

sludges, effluents, suspended solids and sediments).

ItThis document does not include detailed instructions for specific sampling situations, which are

covered in the various other parts of ISO 5667 and in ISO 19458.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.

ISO and IEC maintain terminologicalterminology databases for use in standardization at the following

addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
4 General safety precautions
4.1 General

Attention is drawn to the requirements of national and/or regional health and safety regulations.

The following are general examples of safety considerations.
4.14.2 Safety of personnel

The enormously wide range of conditions encountered in sampling water bodies and bottom sediments

can subject sampling personnel to a variety of safety and health risks. Precautions should be taken to

avoid inhalation of toxic gases and ingestion of toxic materials through the nose, mouth and skin.

Personnel responsible for the design of sampling programmes and for carrying out sampling operations

should ensure that sampling personnel are informed of the necessary precautions to be taken in sampling

operations.

Weather conditions should be taken into account in order to ensure the safety of personnel and

equipment and it is essential that life jackets and lifelines should be worn when sampling large masses of

water. Before sampling from ice-covered waters, the location and extent of weak ice should be carefully

checked. If self-contained underwater breathing apparatus or other diving equipment is used, it should

always be checked and maintained in accordance with relevant ISO or national standards to ensure

reliability.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 5667-1:2022(E)

Boats or platforms used for sampling purposes should be capable of being maintained in a stable

condition. In all waters, precautions should be taken in relation to commercial ships and fishing vessels;

for example, the correct signal flags should be flown to indicate the nature of the work being undertaken.

Sampling from unsafe sites, such as unstable river banks, should be avoided wherever possible. If this is

not possible, the operation should be conducted by a team using appropriate precautions rather than by

a single operator. Wherever possible, sampling from bridges should be used as a substitute for bank

sampling unless bank conditions are the specific subject of the sampling study.

Safe access to sampling sites in all weather is essential for frequent routine sampling. Where relevant,

precautions should be taken where additional natural hazards are present, such as fauna or flora, that

can endanger the health or safety of personnel.

Hazardous materials (e.g. bottles containing concentrated acids) should be properly labelled.

If instruments or other items of equipment are to be installed on a river bank for sampling purposes,

locations that are susceptible to flooding or vandalism should be avoided or appropriate precautions

taken.

Many other situations arise during the sampling of water when special precautions should be taken to

avoid accidents. For example, some industrial effluents can be corrosive or can contain toxic or flammable

materials. The potential dangers associated with contact with sewage should also not be overlooked;

these can be gaseous, microbiological, radiological, virological or zoological, such as from amoebae or

helminthes.

Gas protection equipment, breathing apparatus, resuscitation apparatus and other safety equipment

should be available when sampling personnel need to enter sampling locations containing hazardous

atmospheres. In addition, the concentration of oxygen and of any likely toxic or asphyxiating vapour or

gas likely to be present should be measured before personnel enter enclosed spaces.

In the sampling of steam and hot discharges, special care is necessary, and recognized sampling

techniques designed to remove hazards should be applied.

The handling of radioactive samples requires special care, and the special techniques required should be

strictly applied.

The use of electrically operated sampling equipment in or near water can present special electrocution

hazards. Work procedures, site design and equipment maintenance should be planned so as to minimize

these hazards. Where appropriate, specific materials and equipment, e.g.for example, ‘Atmosphere

Explosible’ equipment, should be used.
4.24.3 General environmental considerations

WhilstWhile working in the field environmental protection should be observed. In any sampling activity

there should be measures taken to avoid environmental impacts on the sampling site surroundings and

the working space.

Measures should be designed to avoid any harm to flora and fauna when installing equipment using

machinery (subsoil compaction) or when developing the access and egress form the site.

5 Design of sampling programmes
5.1 General

Whenever a volume of water, suspended solids, bottom sediment or sludge is to be characterized, it is

generally impossible to examine the whole and it is therefore necessary to take samples.

Samples are collected and examined primarily for the following reasons:
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a) to determine the concentration of associated physical, chemical, microbiological, biological and

radiological parameters in space and time;
b) with bottom sediments, to obtain a visual indication of their nature;
c) to estimate the flux of material;
d) to assess trends over time or over space;
e) for conformance with, or attainment of, criteria, standards or objectives.

Sampling programmes, the outcome of which will be estimates of summary statistics and trends, should

be designed in full awareness of the issues of statistical sampling error and the techniques by which these

errors are quantified and how they are used to take decisions.

The samples collected should be as representative as possible of the whole to be characterized, and all

precautions should be taken to ensure that, as far as possible, the samples do not undergo any changes in

the interval between sampling and analysis (see ISO 5667--3 for additional guidance). The sampling of

multiphase systems, such as water containing suspended solids or immiscible organic liquids, can present

special problems and in such cases, specific advice should be sought (see Clause 6).

5.2 Sampling personnel

Attention is drawn to the fact that certification and accreditation of the sampling process and the

individuals implementing it may be required or recommended at national level. Also refer to 7.12.6,

ISO 5667-14 and ISO 5667-24.
5.3 Broad objectives for the design of sampling programmes

Before any sampling programme is devised, it is very important that the objectives of the programme are

carefully established since they are the major factors in determining the position of sampling sites,

frequency of sampling, duration of sampling, sampling procedures, subsequent treatment of samples and

analytical requirements. The degree of accuracy and precision necessary for the estimation of water

quality concentrations sought should also be taken into account, as should the manner in which the

results are to be expressed and presented, for example, as concentrations or mass loads, maximum

and/or minimum values, arithmetic means, median values, etc. The sampling programme should be

designed to be capable of estimating the error in such values as affected by statistical sampling error and

errors in chemical analysis.

Additionally, a list of parameters of interest should be compiled and the relevant analytical procedures

consulted since these mightcan give guidance on precautions to be observed during sampling and

subsequent handling (general guidance on handling of samples is given in ISO 5667--3).

It can often be necessary to carry out a preliminary sampling and analysis programme before the final

objectives can be defined. It is important to take into account all relevant data from previous programmes

at the same or similar locations and other information on local conditions. Previous personal experience

of similar programmes or situations can also be very valuable when setting up a new programme for the

first time. Putting sufficient effort in time and money into the design of a proper sampling programme is

a good investment that will ensure that the required information is obtained both efficiently and

economically; failure to put proper effort into this aspect can result in either failure of the programme to

achieve its objectives and/or over-expenditure of time and money.

Three broad objectives can be distinguished as follows (these are covered in more detail in 8.2, 8.3 and

8.4):
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— quality control measurements within water or waste water treatment plants used to decide when

short-term process corrections are required;

— quality characterization measurements used to estimate quality, perhaps as part of a research

project, for setting and measuring performance targets against regulatory targets, for long-term

control purposes or to indicate long-term trends;
— identification and control of sources of contamination.

The purpose of the programme can change from quality characterization to quality control and vice-

versa. For example, a longer-term programme for nitrate characterization mightcan become a short-term

quality control programme requiring increased frequency of sampling as the nitrate concentration

approaches a critical value.

No single sampling study can satisfy all possible purposes. It is therefore important that specific sampling

programmes are optimized for specific study purposes, such as the following:

a) to determine the suitability of water for an intended use and, if necessary, to assess any treatment or

control requirements, for example, to examine borehole water for cooling, boiler feed or process

purposes or, if a natural spring, as a possible source of water intended for human consumption;

b) to study the effect of waste discharges, including accidental spillages, on a receiving water;

c) to assess the performance and control of water, sewage and industrial effluent plants, for example

1) to assess the variations and long-term changes in load entering a treatment works,

2) to determine the efficiency of each stage in a treatment process,
3) to provide evidence of quality of treated water,

4) to control the concentration of treated substances including those which can constitute a health

hazard or which can inhibit a bacteriological process, and
5) to control substances which can damage the fabric of plant or equipment;

d) to study the effects of fresh and saline water flows on estuarine conditions in order to provide

information on mixing patterns and associated stratification with variations in tides and freshwater

flow;

e) to identify and quantify products lost from industrial processes; this information is required when

product balances across the plant are to be assessed and when effluent discharges are to be

measured;

f) to establish the quality of boiler water, steam condensate and other reclaimed water, enabling its

suitability for a particular intended purpose to be assessed;

g) to control the operation of industrial cooling water systems; this enables the use of water to be

optimized and, at the same time, the problems associated with scale formation and corrosion to be

minimized;

h) to study the effects of atmospheric contaminants on the quality of rainwater; this provides useful

information on air quality and also indicates if problems are likely to arise, for example, on exposed

electrical contacts;
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i) to assess the effect of inputs from the land on water quality from naturally occurring materials, or

contamination by fertilizers, pesticides and chemicals used in agriculture, or both;

j) to assess the effect of the accumulation and release of substances by bottom sediments on the aquatic

biota in the water mass or bottom sediment;

k) to study the effect of abstraction, river regulation and river-to-river transfers on natural water-

courses; for example, varying proportions of waters of different quality can be involved in river

regulation and the quality of the resulting blend can fluctuate;

l) to assess changes in water quality which occur in distribution systems for water for human

consumption; these changes can occur for a number of reasons, for example, contamination,

introduction of water from a new source, biological growths, deposition of scale or dissolution of

metal;

m) to gather information for compiling pollution load estimations of river catchment areas as well as

information about the significance of different pollution sources:

n) to assess the effect of anthropogenic changes (global warming, ocean acidification, eutrophication,

dust storms, etc.) on the water quality in marine environments and long-term variations in

biogeochemical cycling and spatio-temporal distribution of environmentally important components

(nutrients, dissolved gases, contaminants, suspended solids, etc).
On some occasions, the conditions can be su
...