ISO 18770:2005
(Amendment)Ships and marine technology — Machinery-space flammable oil systems — Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
Ships and marine technology — Machinery-space flammable oil systems — Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
ISO 18770:2005 specifies the measures to be taken to reduce fires originating from machinery-space flammable oil systems and to prevent leakage of flammable oil. It is intended for designers, shipyard personnel, engine-room personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained herein address the design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing flammable oil. ISO 18770:2005 is applicable to new and existing vessels, and is intended to be used as a supplement to the regulations for fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oils contained in the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Navires et technologie maritime — Systèmes d'huiles inflammables dans les salles de machines — Lignes directrices pour la prévention de fuites d'huiles inflammables
General Information
Standards Content (sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18770
First edition
2005-09-01
Ships and marine technology —
Machinery-space flammable oil
systems — Prevention of leakage of
flammable oil
Navires et technologie maritime — Systèmes d'huiles inflammables
dans les salles de machines — Lignes directrices pour la prévention de
fuites d'huiles inflammables
Reference number
ISO 18770:2005(E)
ISO 2005
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
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ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................................ iv
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ v
1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Terms and definitions........................................................................................................................... 1
3 General piping system considerations............................................................................................... 1
3.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 1
3.2 Human element ..................................................................................................................................... 2
3.3 Inspection, maintenance and repairs ................................................................................................. 2
3.4 Operational considerations ................................................................................................................. 2
4 Flexible hose and flexible-hose assemblies ......................................................................................3
4.1 Application ............................................................................................................................................ 3
4.2 Design and construction...................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Installation ............................................................................................................................................. 3
4.4 Inspection and maintenance ............................................................................................................... 3
5 Spray shields......................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Application ............................................................................................................................................ 4
5.2 Design .................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.3 Inspection and maintenance ............................................................................................................... 4
6 Jacketed high-pressure fuel lines....................................................................................................... 4
6.1 Application ............................................................................................................................................ 4
6.2 Design .................................................................................................................................................... 4
6.3 Inspection and maintenance ............................................................................................................... 5
7 Bellows expansion joints..................................................................................................................... 5
7.1 Application ............................................................................................................................................ 5
7.2 Design .................................................................................................................................................... 5
7.3 Installation, inspection and maintenance .......................................................................................... 5
8 Filters and strainers.............................................................................................................................. 5
8.1 Design .................................................................................................................................................... 5
8.2 Installation, inspection and maintenance .......................................................................................... 6
9 Insulation ............................................................................................................................................... 6
9.1 Design .................................................................................................................................................... 6
9.2 Installation, inspection and maintenance .......................................................................................... 6
10 Other mechanical components ........................................................................................................... 6
10.1 Gauges................................................................................................................................................... 6
10.2 Pipe connectors, joints, hangars and supports ................................................................................ 7
11 Operational and maintenance hazards............................................................................................... 7
11.1 General................................................................................................................................................... 7
11.2 High-pressure pulses in fuel oil supply and spill systems .............................................................. 7
11.3 Design considerations ......................................................................................................................... 8
11.4 Installation ............................................................................................................................................. 9
11.5 Maintenance and inspection procedures...........................................................................................9
Annex A (informative) Installation guidelines for hose assemblies ........................................................... 11
Annex B (informative) Installation guidelines for spray shields ................................................................. 16
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18770 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee
SC 3, Piping and machinery.iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
Introduction
Fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oil system failures are a major source of shipboard fires. This
International Standard specifies the measures that shall be taken to reduce fires originating from
machinery-space flammable oil systems, and is intended for designers, shipyard personnel, engine-room
personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained herein address the design,
construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing flammable oils.
It is the intent of this International Standard to supplement and provide guidance in support of the following
International Maritime Organization circulars, with the eventual goal of replacing these circulars.
MSC/Circular 647 (1994), “Guidelines to Minimize Leakages from Flammable Liquid Systems”, a
supplement for SOLAS Regulation II/2-15 (“Arrangements for Flammable Oils”). It addresses several
aspects of the fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oil systems, such as hoses, spray shields,
insulation, connectors, joints and supports. MSC/Circular 851 (1998), “Guidelines on Engine-Room Oil Fuel Systems”, a supplement to
MSC/Circular 647. This circular addresses causes of oil fuel leakage, which sometimes result in
machinery space fires. It discusses design, installation, maintenance and inspection issues, and explains
some contributing factors such as frequent dismantling, short-duration pressure pulses, and vibration.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18770:2005(E)
Ships and marine technology — Machinery-space flammable oil
systems — Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the measures to be taken to reduce fires originating from machinery-
space flammable oil systems and to prevent leakage of flammable oil. It is intended for designers, shipyard
personnel, engine-room personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained
herein address the design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems
containing flammable oil.This International Standard is applicable to new and existing vessels, and is intended to be used as a
supplement to the regulations for fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oils contained in the International
Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO).2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
flammable oil
oil easily ignitable and burned, generally found in machinery spaces
EXAMPLE fuel oil, lubricating oil, thermal oil or hydraulic oil
3.2
machinery space
space, generally containing main and auxiliary propulsion equipment and associated systems, as defined in
the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the
International Maritime Organization3.3
hot surface
surface whose temperature exceeds 220 °C
3.4
electrical component
switchboard, instrument panel, electrical controller, instrumentation cabinet or other shipboard electrical
equipment, whose wetting or spray by liquids could result in fire or loss of propulsion
3 General piping system considerations3.1 General
Based on past experience, it is known that the combination of flammable materials and sources of ignition is
the main cause of machinery-space fires. The flammable materials involved in the majority of cases are oils,
i.e. fuel oil, lubricating oil or hydraulic oil. There are many potential ignition sources in a machinery space, the
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
most common being hot surfaces, e.g. exhaust pipes and steam pipes. Overheating of machinery, ignition
from electrical installations due to short-circuiting or arcing of switchgear and other fault conditions can result
in fire. Other frequent ignition sources are those associated with human activities, e.g. smoking, welding and
grinding.3.2 Human element
The role of the human element shall always be considered. Personnel shall be properly trained and follow
established procedures. Knowledge of the operation of engine fuel systems and other flammable oil systems,
as well as the magnitude of pressures generated within them and hazards associated with leaks, should be
included in training for engineer officers. These topics should receive detailed attention when candidates sit
for their Certificate of Competency examinations.3.3 Inspection, maintenance and repairs
Inspection, maintenance and repairs to flammable oil systems shall be carried out in a professional manner.
Owners shall ensure that the necessary training, equipment and parts are available. Records of significant
repairs and maintenance to these systems shall be noted in the engineer's daily log and/or maintenance log.
3.4 Operational considerations3.4.1 Many fires have been caused by pipe connections and fittings working loose. The fuel, lubricating and
hydraulic oil pipes, their fittings, connections and securing arrangements shall be routinely checked as part of
a preventive maintenance plan. Care shall be taken not to overtighten fittings during checks.
3.4.2 When completing maintenance or repairs to main or auxiliary engines, checks shall be made to
ensure that the insulation covering hot surfaces has been properly replaced. Regular checks of the engines
shall be made to confirm that the insulation is in place.3.4.3 Any fuel, lubricating- or hydraulic-oil leak shall be dealt with promptly. In the event of a major leak,
every effort should be made to stop the pump or source of the oil pressure. When underway, the navigation
bridge shall be immediately informed of major flammable-liquid leaks.3.4.4 Serious fires have originated because of a failure to recognize potential hazards (such as burning oil
running out of furnace fronts onto the tank top, a spray of oil from a defective gland, joint or a fractured pipe) in
areas where these may not be readily noticeable, but can be easily ignited. It is essential to avoid the
dangerous situation in which a small fire could spread to waste oil in the bilges or on tank tops, where it could
rapidly spread out of control. Cleanliness is essential for safety, and a high standard of cleanliness shall
always be maintained.3.4.5 Woodwork or other readily combustible materials shall not be used in machinery spaces where
flammable oil is used. No combustible material shall be stored near any part of oil installations. The use of
bituminous or similar flammable compounds shall be kept to a minimum in machinery and boiler spaces.
3.4.6 When repairs, however temporary, are carried out to oil lines, special attention shall be paid to fire
risks. All repairs shall be adequate to prevent any danger of leakage and shall be to a standard which would
endure exposure to fire.3.4.7 If there is a leakage of fuel, lubricating or hydraulic oil, the chances of preventing the outbreak of fire
or quickly extinguishing one which has started, will be greatly improved if all affected or adjacent machinery
which may have heated surfaces, including ancillaries, can be immediately shut down. The prevention of
further leakage will reduce the probability of fire, or reduce the intensity of one that has already started and
can help to avoid permanent disablement of the ship.2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
4 Flexible hose and flexible-hose assemblies
4.1 Application
The limited use of flexible hose in flammable oil systems is permitted. This clause provides guidance
concerning the safe application of flexible-hose assemblies. Flexible-hose assemblies, which are flexible
hoses with end fittings attached, shall be as short in length as practicable and only used where necessary to
accommodate relative movement between fixed piping and machinery parts.4.2 Design and construction
Hoses shall be constructed to a recognized standard and be approved as suitable for the intended service,
taking into account pressure, temperature, fluid compatibility and mechanical loading including impulses
where applicable. Each hose assembly shall be provided with a certificate of hydrostatic pressure testing and
conformity of production. In addition, non-metallic hoses shall be provided with a certificate of fire-resistance
[1]testing; guidance for fire-resistance testing is provided in ISO 15540 .
4.3 Installation
Hoses shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction, with regard to minimum bend
radius, twist angle and orientation, as well as support where necessary. In locations where hoses are likely to
suffer external damage, adequate protection shall be provided. After installation, the system shall be operated
at maximum working pressure and checked for malfunctions and leaks. General installation guidelines are
given in Figures A.1 and A.2.4.4 Inspection and maintenance
Hose assemblies shall be periodically inspected according to the manufacturer's or ship's maintenance
programme. Results of periodic inspections shall be documented. Hose assemblies shall be replaced when
there is evidence of distress likely to lead to failure, or doubt as to their continued suitability for service.
Any of the following conditions can require replacement of a hose assembly: leaks at fitting or in flexible hose;
damaged, cut or abraded cover;
kinked, crushed, flattened or twisted flexible hose;
hardened, stiff, heat-cracked or charred flexible hose;
blistered, soft, degraded or loose cover;
cracked, damaged or badly corroded fittings;
fitting slippage on flexible hose.
It is expected that hose assemblies may need to be replaced several times during the life of the ship.
Manufacturer's recommendations for maximum hose service life shall be followed.© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 3
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
5 Spray shields
5.1 Application
Spray shields prevent the impingement of leaked or sprayed flammable liquid onto a hot surface or other
source of ignition. Fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oil piping shall be screened or otherwise
suitably protected to avoid, as far as practicable, oil spray onto hot surfaces, into machinery air intakes, or
other sources of ignition. Spray shields are intended for use on flanged joints, flanged bonnets and other
flanged connections in oil pressure systems which are located above the floor plates and which are not lagged
(insulated). The number of joints in such systems shall be kept to a minimum. Spray shields shall be installed
for pressurized flammable-liquid systems in the main and auxiliary machinery spaces if the joint is within 3 m
(10 ft) of an electrical component or a hot surface.Spray shields are not required for the following:
suction piping, or piping not subject to pump discharge pressures;
piping located in voids or cofferdams;
tank-sounding tubes, air escapes, vents and overflows;
piping located inside gas-turbine modules, reduction-gear enclosures, or otherwise protected by barriers
such as lockers, decking or foundations; union-type fittings, consisting of a threaded three-piece (male, female, nut) assembly.
5.2 DesignMany types of spray shields are possible. An example of a spray shield that provides a total enclosure of a
joint is given in Figure B.1. This spray shield is designed to wrap completely around the joint and is long
enough to provide an overlap equal to one-quarter of the joint's circumference. The shield is wrapped around
the sides of the flange far enough to cover the heads of the bolts. The shield is laced tightly with wire and the
overlap is pointed away from potential ignition sources.5.3 Inspection and maintenance
Spray shields shall be inspected regularly for their integrity, and any which have been removed for
maintenance purposes shall be refitted on completion of the task. Oil-soaked spray shields normally indicate
the presence of leaks. They shall be replaced as soon as possible, and the cause of the leak repaired.
6 Jacketed high-pressure fuel lines6.1 Application
All external high-pressure fuel delivery lines between the high-pressure fuel pumps and fuel injectors shall be
protected with a jacketed piping system capable of containing a high-pressure fuel line failure. A jacketed pipe
incorporates an outer pipe into which the high-pressure fuel pipe is placed, forming a permanent assembly.
The jacketed piping system shall include a means for collection of leakage, and arrangements shall be
provided for a fuel line failure alarm.6.2 Design
Two systems have been successfully used in meeting this requirement, namely, rigid-sheathed fuel pipe and
flexible-sheathed fuel pipe. In either case, the sheathing shall fully enclose the pipe and resist penetration by
the spray of oil from a pipe failure during service. Also, the annular space and drainage arrangements shall be
sufficient to ensure that, in the event of a complete fracture of the internal pipe, an excessive build-up of
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
pressure cannot occur and cause rupture of the sheath. The suitability of such pipes shall be demonstrated by
prototype testing, appropriate design analysis, or class-society-type approval. The drainage arrangement shall
prevent contamination of lubricating oil by fuel oil.6.3 Inspection and maintenance
Regardless of the system selected, little additional maintenance or periodic inspection is required to keep the
jacketed fuel lines in proper working order. However, jacketed pipes shall be inspected regularly and any
drainage arrangement which may have been disconnected for maintenance shall be properly refitted.
Inspection and maintenance to these systems shall be noted in the engineering log or maintenance log.
7 Bellows expansion joints7.1 Application
This clause refers specifically to metallic expansion joints used in flammable-oil systems. To ensure adequate
piping system flexibility, bends, loops, offsets or bellows expansion joints are required in most piping systems.
The use of non-metallic expansion joints shall be limited, and the requirements of Clause 4 for flexible hose
shall apply, particularly fire-resistance testing.7.2 Design
Expansion joints are designed to accommodate axial and lateral movement and shall not be used to
compensate for pipe misalignment. Design shall be based on an acceptable code or on testing of expansion
joints of similar construction, type, size and use. Thermal expansion and contraction and the fatigue life due to
vibration are also important points to consider. Where external mechanical damage is possible, the bellows
shall be suitably protected. Each bellows expansion joint shall be provided with a certificate of hydrostatic
pressure testing and conformity of production. The manufacturer's name, the month and the year of
manufacture shall be permanently marked on expansion joints.7.3 Installation, inspection and maintenance
Bellows expansion joints shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and examined
under working conditions, and shall be inspected regularly and be replaced whenever there is doubt as to their
suitability to continue in service.8 Filters and strainers
8.1 Design
In general, filters and strainers used in fuel-oil, lubricating-oil or other flammable-oil systems shall have
metallic housings and bodies with a melting point above 930 °C. Other metallic housing and body materials
[1]may be acceptable provided they have successfully completed a fire test according to ISO 15540 . All
pressure-retaining parts shall be suitable for the maximum operating temperature and pressures. The filter or
strainer design and construction shall facilitate cleaning, and prevent or minimize spillage during maintenance.
Where filters and strainers are required to be opened for cleaning during operation, they shall be fitted with a
means of depressurization before being opened.© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 5
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ISO 18770:2005(E)
8.2 Installation, inspection and maintenance
Filters and strainers shall be located as far away as practicable from hot surfaces and other sources of ignition.
They shall not be located in positions where spillage could fall onto a flywheel, or other rotating machinery
parts, and be sprayed. Suitable drip trays shall be provided under filters and strainers. Filters and strainers
shall be inspected every time they are opened for cleaning, and the cover gaskets or seals shall be renewed
when necessary. Satisfactory seating and tightening of the cover shall be verified before the system is put
back into service. Nuts, bolts, screws and studs associated with the filter covers and holding-down
arrangements shall be inspected every time the filter is opened for cleaning. The nuts, bolts, screws and studs
shall be replaced with the correct type as soon as they show signs of wear, crossed threads, stretching, or
rounded hexagonal heads. Studs shall be inserted into the casing to the correct depth of thread.
Vent plugs shall be replaced whenever they show signs of wear or blockage. Vent plugs should not be
replaced by valves or solid plugs.Drain plugs shall be replaced when they show signs of wear or blockage. Open-ended drain lines shall be
plugged or effectively sealed against inadvertent release of oil prior to the filter being put back into service.
9 Insulation9.1 Design
All surfaces with temperatures above 220 °C, that can be impinged as a result of a flammable-oil system
failure, shall be properly insulated. Insulation of hot surfaces reduces the risk of fire by keeping the
temperatures of these surfaces below the auto-ignition temperature of the oil fluids. The insulating material
shall be non-combustible and impervious to oil impingement. If the insulation is not impervious to oil, it shall be
encased in a metallic sheath.9.2 Installation, inspection and maintenance
Manufacturer's installation instructions shall be followed. Permanent insulation shall be used to the greatest
extent possible. Insulation shall be provided with readily removable sections that allow access for normal
maintenance. Regular checks of equipment shall confirm that insulation is properly in place, particularly
following maintenance or repair.10 Other mechanical components
10.1 Gauges
10.1.1 Design and installation
10.1.1.1 Pressure, temperature and oil-level gauges, and similar instrumentation have featured in many
fires aboard ships. All pressure gauges and other similar instruments in oil systems shall, wherever possible,
be fitted with an isolating valve or cock at the connection to the pressure take-off point. The number of
pressure take-off points shall be kept to a minimum and gauge piping runs shall be as short as practicable.
Copper pipes should not be used and, where already fitted, should be replaced by steel. As an interim
measure, existing copper pipe should be properly secured against damage from vibration. Gauge pipes
should incorporate an expansion loop to accommodate changes in temperature and to assist in resisting the
...
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