ISO 8965:2013
(Main)Logging industry — Technology — Terms and definitions
Logging industry — Technology — Terms and definitions
ISO 8365:2013 defines terms relating to technological operations in the logging industry.
Exploitation forestière — Techniques — Termes et définitions
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 8965
МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЙ
Second edition
Второе издание
СТАНДАРТ
2013-10-15
Logging industry — Technology —
Terms and definitions
Лесозаготовительная
промышленность — Технология —
Термины и определения
Exploitation forestière — Techniques — Termes et définitions
Reference number
Ссылочный номер
ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
©
ISO 2013
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
ДОКУМЕНТ ОХРАНЯЕМЫЙ АВТОРСКИМ ПРАВОМ
© ISO 2013
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 General terms . 1
3 Terms relating to technological processes and operations . 7
Bibliography .13
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is Technical Committee ISO/TC 218, Timber.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 8965:1987), which has been technically
revised. The definitions of more than 60 new terms have been added.
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Introduction
The main purpose of this International Standard is to establish international terms and their definitions
used in contemporary technological processes of the logging industry, to provide terminological unity
and comparability of scientific and technical information.
This International Standard is addressed not only to the standardizers and terminologists in forestry,
but to anyone involved in terminology work, as well as to the users of different terminologies.
The terms established in this International Standard are listed in a systematic order, reflecting a system
concept in the field of logging industry standardization.
For each concept, one standardized term has been established.
Admissible terms/synonyms are given as informative data and are not standardized.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Logging industry — Technology — Terms and definitions
1 Scope
This International Standard defines terms relating to technological operations in the logging industry.
NOTE 1 ISO 6814 gives terms and definitions related to mobile and self-propelled machinery used in forestry.
NOTE 2 ISO 24294 gives terms and definitions related to round and sawn timber.
2 General terms
2.1
blowdown
tree(s) that is (are) uprooted (2.2) or broken off by wind
2.2
uprooted
blown over as a result of wind, complete with root ball
2.3
operating timber reserve
volume of round timber (2.11) necessary to maintain an uninterrupted flow of work
Note 1 to entry: It can include storage placed at a hauling route (2.41) or on a processing yard (2.16), or some
combination thereof.
2.4
logging industry
sector of the forest industry engaged in logging (2.6), cutting (3.30), skidding (3.35), hauling (3.8) and
other primary processing (2.38) activities
Note 1 to entry: In French, the term is also used for companies engaged in these operations.
2.5
logging technology
set of working consecutive operations aimed to obtain forest products
2.6
logging
harvesting
cutting (3.30) of trees and round timber (2.11) with skidding (3.35) and hauling (3.8) operations to
processing yard (2.16)
2.7
cut-to-length harvesting system
harvesting (2.6) system in which trees undergo delimbing (3.15) and bucking (3.31) into sorted piles
(2.51) at the stump (2.37), prior to subsequent skidding (3.35) to the landing (2.14) or forwarding (3.37)
to processing yard (2.16)
2.8
tree-length harvesting system
harvesting (2.6) system in which the complete tree-length (2.49) are skidded from the stump (2.37)
to the landing (2.14), where they usually undergo bucking (3.31) into smaller logs, in preparation for
loading and hauling (3.8)
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
2.9
full-tree harvesting system
whole-tree harvesting system
total-tree harvesting system
harvesting (2.6) system in which trees are cut and skidded to the landing (2.14) before any processing
[topping and delimbing (3.15)] takes place
Note 1 to entry: This system is characteristic of highly mechanized harvesting operations, and is restricted to
small timber because of the difficulty of handling large pieces without causing excessive soil disturbance or
damage to machinery or timber.
2.10
ground-based harvesting system
harvesting (2.6) system that employs ground-based equipment, such as feller-bunchers, skidders (2.44)
and forwarders (2.45)
2.11
round timber
felled tree crosscut at the top, with all branches removed, that may or may not have been further crosscut
Note 1 to entry: Generally excluding firewood.
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.11]
2.12
grade
measure of log quality
Note 1 to entry: It is used for scaling and is usually expressed using numeric or alphabetic characters.
Note 2 to entry: The term “log” is defined in ISO 24294:2013, 4.11.2.
2.13
buffer strip
green strip
leave strip
streamside management zone
strip of forest land where cutting (3.30) has not occurred or is not allowed, located either between
cutting units (2.23) or adjacent to another resource
Note 1 to entry: Other resources can include lakes, streams, parks and roads.
2.14
landing
cleared area on forest land to which trees, tree-length (2.49) or logs are stored, where they are sorted,
further processed, and piled for further loading on transport
2.15
transfer yard
permanent or semi-permanent area in which loads of log are stored for reloading from one transport to
another
2.16
processing yard
landing (2.14) equipped for primary processing of wood raw material (2.38), and storage, loading and/or
floating of tree-length (2.49) and logs, and for utilization of logging wood-waste (3.24)
2.17
upper processing yard
processing yard (2.16), located on the cutting unit (2.23) at a hauling route (2.41)
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
2.18
lower processing yard
processing yard (2.16), located at the joint of hauling route (2.41) with the public road
2.19
intermediate processing yard
processing yard (2.16), located at the hauling route (2.41) and intended for placing of operating timber
reserve (2.3)
2.20
clearcutting
final harvesting (2.6) when an entire stand of cutting unit (2.23) is cut in one motion
Note 1 to entry: Clearcutting may be done in blocks, strips, or patches.
Note 2 to entry: In the USA, sometimes the harvesting on a clearcut is limited to a minimum size of tree, i.e. not
less than 102 mm (4”).
2.21
strip cutting
removal of the forest in strips in more than one operation, generally for encouraging natural regeneration
or protecting fragile sites
Note 1 to entry: Strip cutting is considered to be a variation of clearcutting (2.20).
2.22
selective logging
harvesting (2.6) system in which some trees of certain ages, sizes, value or condition are cut from time
to time for special utilization
2.23
cutting unit
specific area of timber (forest land) designated for logging (2.6) and is limited by sight or natural boundary
2.24
cutting allotment
allotment
part of the cutting unit (2.23), that is limited in size
2.25
cutover
logged-over area
cutting unit (2.23) or its part where standing timber has been harvested through clearcutting (2.20) or
selective logging (2.22) and young growth has not yet formed a close canopy
Note 1 to entry: The term “timber” is defined in ISO 24294:2013, 3.2.
2.26
cutting unit work
complex of basic technological and transfer operations, preparatory and auxiliary operations on the
cutting unit (2.23)
Note 1 to entry: Preparatory operations include removal of dangerous trees (2.33), marking and equipping of a
complex of tracks, landings (2.14), and workshop sites which are necessary for carrying out of basic operations in
the cutting unit (2.23).
Note 2 to entry: Basic operations include felling (3.1), bunching (3.23) of felled trees, delimbing (3.15) and loading
of trees or tree-lengths (2.49), and in the case of a cut-to-length harvesting system (2.7) or technological chipping,
they include bucking (3.31), grading (3.34), stacking (3.47), chipping (3.9) and loading.
Note 3 to entry: Auxiliary operations include operations on maintenance of logging machines, on providing with
combustive-lubricating materials and consumer services of forest workers.
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
2.27
allowable cut
volume of timber (wood) allocated for harvesting (2.6) from a forest tract/timber supply block (2.28) over
a specific period
Note 1 to entry: It is usually expressed as cubic metres of wood per ‘unit of time’.
Note 2 to entry: In Canada, the term “allowable annual cut” is used to designate the allowed volume that can be
harvested in a single year from a specific timber supply area.
2.28
forest tract
timber supply block
part of a merchantable volume, attached to a logging enterprise for the target term
2.29
merchantable volume
amount of sound wood in a single tree or stand that is suitable for marketing under given economic conditions
2.30
gross merchantable volume
merchantable volume (2.29) of the main stem (2.47), excluding stump (2.37) and top, but including
defective and decayed timber (wood)
Note 1 to entry: It can be applied to either a single tree or a stand of trees.
2.31
net merchantable volume
merchantable volume (2.29) of the main stem (2.47), excluding stump (2.37) and top as well as defective
and decayed timber (wood)
Note 1 to entry: It can be applied to either a single tree or a stand of trees.
2.32
enrichment of workshop site
provisioning of workshop site with technological equipment and extinguishing devices, their allocation
on the cutting unit (2.23), and installation of communication facilities and arranging of the fire prevention
mineralized zone
2.33
dangerous tree
tree that is hazardous because of location or lean, physical damage, overhead hazards, deterioration of
the limbs, stem (2.47) or root system, or any combination
EXAMPLE Culls; deadman; windfall; stub.
2.34
round timber and/or tree-length bundle
bundle
round timber (2.11) or tree-length (2.49) of specific form and sizes, evenly placed and bundled together
with binder, container or other packaging means
2.35
cutting strip
part of cutting allotment (2.24) from which felled trees or tree-lengths (2.49) are transferred by a single
hauling route (2.41)
2.36
round timber and/or tree-length bunch
bunch
round timber (2.11) or tree-lengths (2.49) gathered together to form a load for subsequent skidding (3.35),
yarding or other form of processing
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
2.37
stump
portion (base) of the tree that remains above and below ground after felling (3.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.7, modified]
2.38
primary processing of wood raw material
primary processing
mechanical processing of trees, tree-lengths (2.49) and round timber (2.11), including delimbing (3.15),
bucking (3.31), grading (3.34), and removal of rot and foliage, and debarking (3.16), if any
2.39
butt damage
vertical split of a stem (2.47) at the butt end area during the felling procedure
Note 1 to entry: Generally a result of improper facing and/or backcutting. Characterized by a portion of the fallen
tree being left on the stump (2.37).
2.40
cutting plan
document regulating the method of harvesting (2.6) at the cutting unit (2.23), containing characteristics
and schematic and the basic production indexes
2.41
haul path
hauling route
skid trail
logging trail
skid road
snig track
temporary path used by harvesting equipment to transfer trees, tree-lengths (2.49) or round timber
(2.11) from the cutting unit (2.23) to a landing (2.14) or other processing area
Note 1 to entry: The easiest way for skidding (3.35) or timber hauling is often chosen as the route (path).
2.42
hauling route in cutting strip
haul path in cutting strip
skid trail in cutting strip
logging trail in cutting strip
skid road in cutting strip
snig track in cutting strip
hauling route (2.41) located within the cutting strip (2.35)
2.43
main hauling route
main haul path
main skid trail
main logging trail
main skid road
main snig track
hauling route (2.41) joining landing (2.14) with the several skid trails in cutting strip (2.42)
2.44
skidder
self-propelled machine designed to transport trees, tree-lengths (2.49) or round timber (2.11) by
trailing or dragging
Note 1 to entry: The trees or parts of trees are usually dragged by using grapples or chokers (3.46).
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Note 2 to entry: In North America and some European countries, an animal, such as a draft horse, is sometimes
used for skidding (3.35).
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.3.1.15, modified]
2.45
forwarder
self-propelled machine designed to move trees or parts of trees by carrying them
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.3.1.9]
2.46
harvester
self-propelled machine that combines felling (3.1) with other processing functions and skidding (3.35)
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.3.2.5, modified]
2.47
stem
portion of a tree above ground, excluding branches
Note 1 to entry: The term “stem” is sometimes used to refer to trees, i.e. stems per unit area.
Note 2 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.3]
2.48
trunk
portion of a stem (2.47) used for valuing of a standing tree
Note 1 to entry: Usually specified by stating the minimum top diameter.
Note 2 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.4]
2.49
tree-length
delimbed stem (2.47) of the felled tree without roots and top end
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
2.50
long pole
round timber (2.11) that has not been further crosscut
Note 1 to entry: This note applies to the Russian language only.
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.11.1]
2.51
pile of round timber
pile
round timber (2.11) laid in several even parallel rows
Note 1 to entry: A pile can occur either at a landing (2.14) or at a mill yard.
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
3 Terms relating to technological processes and operations
3.1
felling
falling
severing a standing tree, causing it to fall
Note 1 to entry: Felling can also occur as a result of uprooting (2.2).
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.27, modified]
3.2
feller
faller
chopper
person who fells trees
Note 1 to entry: Usually restricted to people doing hand felling (3.1), not to operators or tree harvesters (2.46).
3.3
group felling
group falling
method of felling (3.1) to orient the butts of small-diameter, tree-length (2.49) timber in one direction for
subsequent skidding (3.35)
3.4
felling of tree without roots
falling of tree without roots
separation of stem (2.47) of a standing or chicot tree at the level of the roots or above, the stump (2.37)
remaining in the ground
3.5
felling of tree including roots
falling of tree including roots
extraction of whole trees from the ground after cutting off side roots by pulling them out or forcing
them down, etc.
3.6
continuous felling
continuous falling
felling (3.1) of trees by continuous moving of the machine when they are cut
3.7
skyline timber hauling
transferring of trees, tree-lengths (2.49), timber by aircraft devices
3.8
hauling
moving of logged trees, tree-lengths (2.49), round timber (2.11) from the landing (2.14) to the place of
temporary placing or processing
3.9
chipping
breaking down/slicing round and split timber (2.11) and wood residue cuttings into small pieces of
specified dimensions, with their subsequent grading (3.34)
3.10
hang-up of tree
tree lodged in the crown of a nearby tree and prevented from falling to the ground
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
3.11
collection of foliage
separation of acerose leaf, foliage, nonsclerotic outgrowths, buds from green or standing trees
3.12
branch stub removal
removing of tree-length (2.49) logs and round timber (2.11) logs by necessary devices and tools until
acceptable dimensions are obtained
3.13
round timber measurement
determination of dimensions of round timber (2.11)
3.14
holding bridge
predetermined section of wood between a notch and a back cut, that connects the stump (2.37) to the
falling trunk stem (2.47) and facilitates felling to the given direction
3.15
delimbing
limbing
removing branches from trees or parts of trees
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.7, modified]
3.16
debarking
removing bark from trees or parts of trees
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.6]
Note 1 to entry: The term “bark” is defined in ISO 24294:2013, 9.5.
3.17
rough debarking
debarking (3.16) with the partial removing of bark
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.14.2, modified]
3.18
bundle debarking
simultaneous debarking (3.16) of bundle (2.34) of logs and tree-lengths (2.49)
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.14.3, modified]
3.19
patch debarking
rough debarking (3.17) when the bark is removed by spots
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.14.5, modified]
3.20
clean debarking
debarking (3.16) with complete removal of bark and remained branches and knots
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 4.14.6, modified]
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
3.21.1
piece-by-piece measurement of volume
determination of solid volume based on measurement of the diameter, with or without bark, and the
length of every piece of round timber (2.11)
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 7.12.1]
3.21.2
geometric measurement of volume
measurement of the aggregate of round timber (2.11) with a fixed form with conversion of piled volume
into solid volume
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 7.12.2]
3.21.3
mass measurement of volume
measurement of round timber (2.11) by its mass with subsequent conversion of mass figures into solid volume
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 7.12.3]
3.21.4
hydrostatic measurement of volume
measurement of the solid volume of round timber (2.11) by change in weight at its complete immersion
in water
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 7.12.4]
3.21.5
photographic determination of volume
geometric determination of volume of round timber (2.11) by measurement of the size and density of the
pile (2.51) using its photo and taking into account their length
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 7.12.5]
3.21.6
electro-optical determination of volume
determination of volume of round timber (2.11) by electro-optical devices
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 7.12.6]
3.22
butt split
split extending entirely through to both sides of round timber (2.11), beginning from the butt end
3.23
bunching
gathering and arranging trees or parts of trees in bunches (2.36)
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.1]
3.24
utilization of logging wood-waste
complex of operations for the purposes of rational utilization of logging wood-waste
3.25
air-drying of wood
moderate drying of stems (2.47) of green or standing trees through the crown
Note 1 to entry: This operation is carried out in the warm season: green wood is temporarily left in the cutting unit
(2.23). As for standing trees, it is carried out by full cutting of sapwood above root level.
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
3.26
undercut
scarf, en MY
wedge shaped cut, visible at the butt end of a butt log, made at the base of the stem (2.47) to set the
direction of felling (3.1)
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 10.25]
3.27
marking of tree-length
marking of tree-length (2.49) to define the length of planned logs, taking into account their size and
qualitative characteristics
3.28
separating of round timber and/or tree-length bundle
separating of trees, round timber (2.11), tree-lengths (2.49), arranged in a bunch (2.36) for piece-by-piece
feeding to subsequent operations
3.29
log-splitting
separation of round timber (2.11) along the grain by special equipment or tool
3.30
cutting
process of severing trees
3.31
bucking
cross-cutting to measured lengths
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.16.2]
3.32
bunch bucking
simultaneous bucking (3.31) of tree-length bunch (2.36)
3.33
piece-by-piece bucking
bucking (3.31) of individual tree-length (2.49) with the pre-evaluation of quality of each tree-length (2.49)
3.34
grading
classifying round timber (2.11) by quality, species, dimensions and, if necessary, by end-use
[SOURCE: ISO 24294:2013, 3.7 and 4.28, modified]
3.35
skidding
snigging
transfer of felled trees and round timber (2.11) from the felling site to the landing (2.14)
Note 1 to entry: Transfer can be implemented towards hauling route (2.41), upper processing yard (2.17), place of
bunching (3.23), etc.
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.15, modified]
3.36
chokerless skidding
chokerless snigging
skidding (3.35) by using a mechanical grapple device mounted on the skidder (2.44) or yarder
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
3.37
forwarding
method of skidding (3.35), when transferring trees, tree-lengths (2.49) or round timber (2.11) do not
touch the ground
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.9, modified]
3.38
semisuspended skidding
semisuspended snigging
method of skidding (3.35), when one end of each of transferring tree, tree-length (2.49) or log is located
on the loading device of vehicle
3.39
horse logging
logging (2.6) with large draft horses
Note 1 to entry: Very specialized form of logging where the main advantage is low stand impact in selective
logging (2.22).
3.40
ground skidding
ground snigging
choker skidding (3.45), when the bottom row of moving tree, tree-length (2.49) or log bunch (2.36) is
dragging on or touching the ground along the length
3.41
top end skidding
top end snigging
method of skidding (3.35), when trees and tree-lengths (2.49) are fixed in a skidding device by the top end
3.42
butt end skidding
butt end snigging
method of skidding (3.35), when trees and tree-lengths (2.49) are fixed in skidding device by the butt end
3.43
cable yarding
transporting trees or parts of trees by means of a cable system partially or fully elevated above the
forest floor
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.3]
3.44
high-lead skidding
high-lead snigging
method of skidding (3.35) when one end of each transporting tree, tree-length (2.49) or log is hung up to
the cable system and the other one is abutted with the ground
3.45
choker skidding
choker snigging
skidding (3.35) by chokers (3.46)
3.46
choker
device, used for skidding (3.35) of trees at the allotment (2.24), consisting of flexible cable with hemp
cord and flat hook at one end and ring at the other one
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
3.47
stacking
depositing trees or parts of trees in orderly piles (2.51)
[SOURCE: ISO 6814:2009, 2.2.13]
12 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved/Все права сохранены
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Bibliography
[1] ISO 6814:2009, Machinery for forestry — Mobile and self-propelled machinery — Terms, definitions
and classification
[2] ISO 24294:2013, Timber — Round and sawn timber — Vocabulary
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ISO 8965:2013(E/R)
Содержание Стр.
Предисловие .iv
Введение .v
1 Область применения . 1
2 Общие термины .
...
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