ISO 4474:1989
(Main)Coniferous and broadleaved tree sawlogs — Visible defects — Terms and definitions
Coniferous and broadleaved tree sawlogs — Visible defects — Terms and definitions
Refers to ISO 4473 and is a trilingual edition. Examples are illustrated in six figures. Includes an alphabetical index in English, French and Russian.
Billes à sciages de bois résineux et feuillus — Défauts apparents — Termes et définitions
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL
STANDAI
First edition
Premi&re Edition
NORME
llepeoe i43dawe
1989-10-01
TIONALE
INTERNA
MDUAYHAPOAHbHÄ
CTAHAAPT
Coniferous and broadleaved tree sawlogs -
Terms and definitions
Visible defects -
Billes 6 sciages de bois resineux et feuillus -
Termes et definitions
Defauts apparents -
~HJ’IOBOrlHble 6peBtia XBOiiHblX H JWlCTBeHHbiX IlOpOA -
- TepMWibl H OnpeJJeneHWI
BH~wvIble !lOpOKH
Reference number
Numero de rkfhrence
HoMep CCblJ’lKM
ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (AIWP)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of
national Standards bodies (ISO member bedies). The work of preparing International
Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Esch member
body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, govern-
mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take patt in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to
the member bodies for approval before their acceptance as International Standards by
the ISO Council. They are approved in accordance with ISO procedures requiring at
least 75 % approval by the member bodies voting.
International Standard ISO 4474 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 55,
Sawn timber and sawhgs.
Users should note that all International Standards undergo revision from time to time
and that any reference made herein to any other International Standard implies its
latest edition, unless otherwise stated.
0 ISO 1989
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
means, electronie or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without Permission in
writing from the publisher./Droits de reproduction reserves. Aucune Partie de cette publication
ne peut etre reproduite ni utilisee sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procede, electroni-
que ou mecanique, y compris Ia photocopie et les microfilms, sans I’accord ecrit de I’editeur.
International Organization for Standardization
Case postale 56 l CH-121 1 Geneve 20 l Switzerland
Printed in Switzerland/Imprime en Suisse
ii
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ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (A/WP)
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une federation mondiale
d’organismes nationaux de normalisation komites membres de I’ISO). L’elaboration
des Normes internationales est en general confiee aux comites techniques de I’ISO.
Chaque comite membre interesse par une etude a Ie droit de faire Partie du comite
technique cr& a cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec I’ISO participent egalement aux travaux. L’ISO col-
labore etroitement avec Ia Commission electrotechnique internationale KEI) en ce qui
concerne Ia normalisation electrotechnique.
Les projets de Normes internationales adoptes par les comites techniques sont soumis
aux comites membres pour approbation, avant leur acceptation comme Normes inter-
nationales par Ie Conseil de I’ISO. Les Normes internationales sont approuvees confor-
mement aux procedures de I’ISO qui requierent I’approbation de 75 % au moins des
comites membres votants.
La Norme internationale ISO 4474 a et6 elaboree par Ie comite technique ISO/TC 55,
Bois sei& etgrumes 6 sciages.
L’attention des utilisateurs est attiree sur Ie fait que toutes les Normes internationales
sont de temps en temps soumises a revision et que toute reference faite a une autre
Norme internationale dans Ie present document implique qu’il s’agit, sauf indication
contraire, de Ia derniere Edition.
BBeAeHMe
MC0 (MeIK~yHapO~Hafl OpraHPl3a~Wl ll0 CTaHfiapTPl3a~kllA) FIBJlFleTCfl BCeMMpHOti
@eAepaqlAeti Ha~MOHaflbHblX OpraHM3a4Mlh n0 CTaHflapTM3aqMM (KOMMTeTOB-WeHOB
HCO). PaJpa6OTKa Me>KAyHapO/JHblX CTaHAapTOB OCy~eCTBJlFleTCFl TeXHM’-leCKMMM
KOMVlTeTaMM MCO. Kaqqbii;r KOMMTeT-WeH, 3aVlHTepeCOBaHHblti B /JefITeJlbHOCTkl, AnfI
KOTOpOti 6bln CO3iqaH TeXHWleCKtifi KOMMTeT, MMeeT npaB0 6blTb npeACTaBfleHHblM B
3TOM KOMl’lTeTe. MexAyHapOAHble npaBlATenbCTBeHHble M HenpaBMTenbCTBeHHble
OpraHM3aqMM, MMetOqMe CBfl3M C MCO, TaKIKe llpMHMMa!OT yqaCTkIe B pa6OTaX. L(T0
KaCaeTCFI CTaHAapTM3a~MM B o6nacTM NleKTpOTeXHMKM, MC0 pa6OTae-r B TeCHOM
COTpyAHWeCTBe c Me>ccAyHapOQHOti 3neKTpOTeXHWIeCKOti KOMMccMeW (id%).
npOeKTbl Me~/JyHapO~HblX CTaHAapTOB, npMHFITble TeXHMYeCKMMM KOMMTeTaMM,
paCCbInalOTCFl KOMVITeTaM-YneHaM Ha OAO6peHMe AO MX yTBep~~eHWl COBeTOM MC0
B KaLleCTBe MeNtJJyHapOAHblX CTaHfiapTOB. OHVl OflO6pFIlOTCFl B COOTBeTCTBMM C IlpO-
4eFIypOti tico, Tpe6ytOqMMM oao6peHm fl0 MeHbWeti Mepe 75 % KOMMTeTOB-WeHOB,
nptiHMMatolqMx yracTMe B ronocoBaHwh
MemAyHapOAHbl l?l CTaHAapT MC0 4474 6bin pa3pa60TaH TexHu cleCKMM KOMMTeTOM
llnUJ7OBOYHbIe 6pesHa.
MCO/TK 55, /7unommepuanbi
i-@M MCnOnb30BaHMM Me>ccp(yHapOAHblX CTaHAapTOB HeO6XO~kIMO npMHMMaTb BO
BHMMaHMe, ‘dT0 BCe Me>ccAyHapO~Hble CTaHAapTbl nOABepralOTCfl BpeMfl OT BpeMeHVl
nepecMoTpy M, n03TOMy, nm6aR CCblnKa Ha KaKOknM60 Me>ccAyHapOAHblti CTaHflapT
B HaCTOfllqeM AOKyMeHTe, KpoMe cnyraes, yKa3aHHblx 0~060, npeAn0narae-r er0
nocneAHee MsAaHkie.
. . .
Ill
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
NORME INTERNATIONALE
MC0 4474 : 1989 (A/@/P)
ME>KAYHAPOflHbiti CTAHAAPT
Coniferous and Billes 6 sciages de f=hJlOBOrlH ble 6peBHa
XBOihH blX H JlHCTBeHH blX
broadleaved tree bois rhsineux et
- BiqyMble
sawlogs - Visible feuillus - Defauts
nopopl
- TePMHHbl H
Terms and apparents - Termes ilOpOKll
defects -
onpe~eneww
definitions et d4 rfinitions
Objet et domaine 06naCTb pacnpocTpaHetiwi
Scope and field of
ication
application d’appl
This International Standard applies to HaCToRqMlil Me>KAyHapOAH bllii CTaHfiapT
La presente Norme internationale
coniferous and broadleaved tree saw-
s’applique aux billes a sciages de bois pacnpocrpaHRercfl Ha flMflOBO~H ble 6peB-
logs and establishes the terms and defi- resineux et feuillus, et etablit Ia termi- Ha XBOMHblX M JlVlCTBeHHblX flOpOiq M yCTa-
nitions for visible defects in sawlogs nologie et les definitions des defauts
HaBflMBaeT MemAyHapOAHylo TepMlAHOflO-
from coniferous and broadleaved trees apparents des billes a sciages de bois
nm0 M 0npeAeneHm BMAMMblx n0p0K0~
resineux et feuillus classifies dans
as given in ISO 4473, Coniferous and llMJlOBO~HblX 6peBeH XBOlhHblX M JlMCTBeH-
broadleaved tree sawlogs - VisibIe I’ISO 4473, Billes a sciages de bois rtki- HblX llOpOpl, IlpeAyCMOTpeHH blX L/1co 4473,
Classifica tion . neux et feuiflus - Dhfauts apparents -
defects - ~llJ7OBOYHble 6/X?BHa XBOüHblX U J7llCm-
Classifica tion.
BeHHblX l’7OpO8 - BuduMble noportu -
KnaCCu@uKaquH.
Termes et definitions TepMHHbl H Onpe~enetibdfi
Terms and definitions
1 knot: Portion of branch embedded
noeud: Partie de branche englobee CYr(OK: l-laCTb BeTBM, 3aKfltoqeHHafl B Ape-
in the wood of the trunk. According to
BeCMHe CTBOna. B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT CTe-
dans Ie bois. Suivant Ie degre de recou-
the degree of enclosure, knots are
vrement, on distingue Ie noeud decou- neHr4 3apacratir4fi CY~KVI no~pas~enfw~cfl
divided into flush and overgrown pro-
vert et Ie nceud recouvert. Ha OTKpblTble M 3apOCUlMe.
truding knots.
OTKPblTblti CYr(OK: Cy‘lOK, BblXOAFi~lilti Ha
1.1 flush knot : Knot exposed on the
nmud decouvert : Nceud apparent sur
side sut-face of the log. According to the 60KOBy10 flOBepXHOCTb 6peBHa. B 3aBMCM-
Ia sur-face laterale de Ia bille. Suivant
condition of the wood, flush knots are I’etat du bois, les nceuds decouverts MOCTM OT COCTOFIHMFI ApeBeCPlHbl OTKpbl-
subdivided into Sound, Unsound and sont divises en nceuds sains, pourris et Tble CyYKM pa3~eflFlloTCFl Ha 3ROpOBble,
3arHMBume i4 rHm ble.
rotten knots. vicieux.
1.1.1 Sound knot : Flush knot show- noeud sain: Nceud decouvert dont Ie SQOPOB bl fl CyrlOK : OTKpblTblti CyirOK,
bois ne presente pas de trace de pourri- MMetoupM gpeBecMHy 6e3 rHmu.
ing no indication of decay.
ture.
Nceud decouvert 3arHHBWlii CyrlOK: CyrOK C rHWlbt0, 3aHM-
1.12 Unsound knot : Flush knot with noeud vicieux :
rot which occupies not more than one- atteint par Ia pourriture sur une etendue Matoueti He 6onee 113 nnoqadM pa3pesa
third of its Cross-sectional area. ne depassant pas 1/3 de Ia surface de Ia CyL(Ka.
section du noeud.
1.1.3 rotten knot; decay knot :
rHblnow CyrlOK : OTKpblTbllii CyrOK C
noeud pourri : Nceud decouvert atteint
Flush knot with rot which occupies
rHmbto, 3aHMMatoqefi bonee 113 nnoiqaaM
par Ia pourriture sur une etendue supe-
more than one-third of its cross-
rieure au 1/3 de Ia surface de Ia section paspesa cyci Ka.
sectional area.
du nceud.
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ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (AbPIPI
noeud recouvert: Nceud ne sortant 3apOCUlbl~ CyrlOK : CyrOK, He BblXOflR~ldl
1.2 overgrown protruding knot ;
Ha 60KOBy10 llOBepXHOCTb EipeBHa, o6Hapy-
pas sur Ia surface laterale de Ia bille,
burl : Knot not exposed on the side sur-
pouvant etre detecte par les bourrelets w4 BaeM bi131 no cneAaM 3apacTaHMfl (~3~qy-
face of the log, which may be detected
im, paHesoe iIRTH0). (CM. pMC. 1.)
by traces of overgrowth (swelling, stain de recouvrement (bosse, bourrelet cica-
triciel). (Voir figure 1.)
caused by wound). (See figure 1.)
fente: Separation des fibres du bois TpeiqHHa: PaJpblB ApeBeClAHbl BAOnb BO-
2 Shake: Separation of the wood-
dans Ie sens longitudinal. Suivant sa nOKOH. n0 nOnO>KeHVllO B 6peBHe TpewMHbl
fibres along the grain. According to
Situation, on distingue Ia fente en bout no~pa3~enwoTcfi Ha TOpqOBble M 60-
their Position in the log, Shakes are
divided into end and side Shakes. et Ia fente laterale. KOB ble.
2.1 end Shake: Shake appearing on fente en bout: Fente apparaissant sur TOpqOsaR Tpeqb4Ha : TpeqwHa, BblXOAFI-
I’un ou les bouts de Ia bille, mais ne sor- qafI Ha TOpeq MnM TOpubl 6peBHa VI He
one or both ends of the log but not on
its side surface. End Shakes are sub- tant pas sur Ia Peripherie (Ie roulant). On l4MelOqaFi BblXOAa Ha er0 6OKOBytO llO-
distingue notamment les types de fen- BepXHOCTb. Pa3nwai0T cneAytoqi4e
divided into heart and ring Shakes.
tes en bout suivants: fente de Coeur et OCHOBH ble pa3HOBMAHOCTM TOp40BblX Tpe-
roulure. lQMH: MeTMKOBaFI M OTnynHafl.
2.1.1 heart Shake: Radial end Shake fente de Coeur: Fente en bout radiale MeTHKOBaFI TpellJbdHa : TOpqOBafi paAVl&Ul b-
extending from the heart and charac- partant du cceur et ayant une etendue ~0 HanpaBneHHafl TpeqMHa, 0TxoAfuqafloT
terized by a considerable extension notable en profondeur dans Ie sens CepAqeBVlHbl M MMWO~aR 3HaqMTen bHyl0
axial. Suivant Ie cas, on distingue Ia npOTfDKeHHOCTb no AnMHe 6peBHa. B
lengthwise along the log. Acording to
the case, heart Shakes are further sub- fente de Coeur simple et Ia fente de 3aBMCMMOCTM OT pacnono>KeHvifl Ha Topqe
MeTMKOBble TpeqMHbl nOApa3AenFllOTCfl Ha
divided into simple and compound cceur multiple.
npOCTble VI CnOIKHble (3BeJAraTble).
(Star) Shakes.
2.1.1.1 simple heat Shake: Heart fente de Coeur simple : Fente de cceur flpOCTafl MeTHKOBaFI TpeqHHa: MeTMKOBafI
radiale ou diametrale apparaissant sur Ie TpeqMHa, pacnonomeHHaFI Ha Toppe Gpes-
Shake appearing on the end of the log in
one plane (along the radius or diameter). bout d’une bille dans Ie meme plan. Ha B OAHOM nnocKocTM (no paAMycy vInvI
[Voir figure 2aI.l AltlaMeTpy). [CM. pMC. za).]
[See figure 2aI.l
2.1.1.2 compound (Star) heart fente de Coeur multiple; cadranure; CJlOXHaFI MeTHKOBaFI TpeqblHa (3BeJAW
Shake : Heart Shake, consisting of more Coeur 6toil6 : Fente de Coeur se compo- Tm): MeTtAKOBafI TpeqMHa, COCTOSItqaFI M3
than one Shake, appearing on the end sant de plus d’une fente apparaissant HeCKOnbKMX TpeiqviH, paCnOnO>KeHHblX Ha
of the log in different planes. [See sur Ie bout d’une bille dans des Plans TOpqe 6pesHa B pa3HblX NIOCKOCTFIX. [CM.
differents. [Voir figure 2bI.l p~c. 2bI.l
figure 2bI.l
2.1.2 ring Shake : End Shake along roulure: Fente en bout entre les cou- OTJlyflHafl TpeqbIHa : Topqosafl TpeNMHa,
the annual rings, appearing as an arc of ches d’accroissement selon un arc de npOXOAFliqaFl MemAy rOAMrlHblMM CnOflMM,
a circle or a circumference, and charac- cercle ou une circonference, ayant une VlMelO~afI C@OpMy AyrM OKpyxHOCTM MnM
etendue notable en profondeur dans Ie
terized by a considerable extension nonHoi8 ~K~~IKHOCTM M 3HawTen bHyt0
lengthwise along the log. [See sens axial. [Voir figure 2c). 1 npOTFVKeHHOCTb n0 AniAHe 6peBHa. [CM.
figure 2c). 1 pvlc. 2cl.l
2.2 side Shake: Shake appearing on fente laterale : Fente apparaissant sur 6OKOBafI Tpeqb4Ha : TpeqvIHa, BblXOAFlqaR
the side surface of the log or on both Ia Peripherie (Ie roulant) de Ia bille et Ha 6OKOByto IlOBepXHOCTb 6pesHa WIM Ha
the side surface and the end of the log. affectant ou non Ie ou les bouts. 6OKOBytO nOBepXHOCTb M TOpeq (VlnM
TOpq bl).
Side Shakes are subdivided into frost Les fentes laterales sont divisees en
Cracks and Shakes caused by lightning, gelivures et fentes provoquees par un B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT 06pa30saHMfI 60KOBble
and drying Shakes, depending on their COUP de foudre, et gerces (fentes de TpeqHHbl nOApa3AenFllOTCFl Ha MOp03Hble
mode of formation, and into shallow, TpewMHbl M TpeqMHbl OT y#apa MOnHMM, M
retrait), selon leur type de formation, et
deep and through Shakes, depending en gerces superficielles, fentes profon- TpewMHbl yCyUlKM; B 3aBMCMMOCTM OT rny-
on their depth of Penetration into the 6MHbl npOHMKHOBeHMFl B 6pesHO 60KOBble
des et fentes traversantes, selon Ia pro-
log. fondeur de Ia Penetration dans Ie bois. TpeqMH bi noApa3flenfltoTcfl Ha HernyGo-
KMe, rny60KVle M CKB03Hble.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (A/@/P)
2.2.1 frost Crack and Shake caused gelivure et fente provoquee par un Mop03Hafi TpeqHtia 14 Tpeqb4Ha 0T yAapa
M~~HHH: 60kosafl paAvianbH0 HanpasneH-
by lightning : Radial side Shake caused COUP de foudre: Fente laterale radiale
* by low temperature or lightning, not causee par Ie froid ou par un COUP de HaFl TpeiqMHa, B03HVlKatO~aFl nOfl B03-
foudre, n’atteignant pas Ie cceur en AetiCTBVleM HM3KMX TeMnepaTyp MnM OT
extending, as a rule, to the heartwood
regle generale (gelivure) et ayant une yp(apa MonHid4, He flocTr4rato~afi, Kak npa-
(frost) and characterized by a consider-
BMnO, CepAyeBhlHbl (MOp03HaR) M VlMelO~afI
able extension lengthwise along the etendue notable en profondeur dans Ie
sens axial ; lorsqu’elle se repete, Ia geli- 3HaWTenbHylO npOTfVKeHHOCTb n0 AnVlHe
log ; if repeated, a frost Crack is accom-
6peBHa ; npl4 MHOrOKpaTHOM nOpa>KeHMM
panied by formation of the charac- vure est accompagnee de Ia formation
sur Ie tronc de bourrelets cicatriciels et conpoBom~aeTcfl 06pa30BaHMeM Ha
teristic rolls and combs of spreading
CTBOne XapaKTepHblX BanMKOB M rpe6Heti
wood and bark. [See figure 2d).] de saillies caracteristiques du bois et de
I’ecorce. [Voir figure 2d).l pa3pOCWel&R ApeBeCPlHbl M KOpbl. [CM.
puc. 2dl.l
TpeqblHa yCyUlKH : 6OKOBafl pa&ilanbHO Ha-
2.2.2 drying Shake: Radial side gerce; fente de retrait : Fentes latera-
Shake appearing on the surface of the les radiales apparaissant a Ia surface de npaBneHHafl TpeiquHa, B03HHKaioqafi B
Ia bille lors du sechage; on distingue Ia 6peBHe npl4 er0 BblCblXaHMM; TpeqMHbI
log during drying ; drying Shakes are
further subdivided into shallow and gerce superficielle et Ia fente profonde. ycyu~~ noApa3AenfwTcfl Ha HernyGoKwe M
rny60KMe. [CM. PMC. 2e).]
deep Shakes. [See figure 2eI.l [Voir figure 2e)J
2.2.3 shallow Shake : gerce superficielle : Herny6oKarr TpeqbdHa :
a) For logs with an end diameter a) Pour les billes ayant un diametre a) AnFI 6peBeH AlAaMeTpOM 70 CM M
70 cm or less, a side Shake not de 70 cm ou moins, fente laterale MeHee - 60KOBafl Tpeqvwa rny6MHOfi
deeper than one-tenth of the cor- dont Ia profondeur n’excede pas He 6onee 1/10 AVlaMeTpa COOTBeTCTBy-
ioi.qero Topqa.
responding log end diameter-. l/lO du diametre du bout corres-
pondant.
b) For logs with an end diameter 6) &IFI 6peBeH AlAaMeTpOM 6onee
b) Pour les billes ayant un diametre 70 CM - 60KOBan Tpeqwia rny6MHOM
over 70 cm, a side Shake not deeper
than 7 cm. superieur a 70 cm, fente laterale He 6onee 7 CM.
dont Ia profondeur n’excede pas
7 cm.
2.2.4 deep Shake: fente profonde : rny60KaR TpeiqHHa :
a) For logs with an end diameter a) Pour les billes ayant un diametre a) Anfl 6peBeH AqMaMeTpOM 70CM M
de 70 cm ou moins, fente laterale MeHee
70 cm or less, a side Shake deeper - 60KOBaR TpeqMHa rny6MHOR
than one-tenth of the corresponding dont Ia profondeur excede l/lO du 6onee 1/10 APlaMeTpa COOTBeTCTBylO-
log end diameter. diametre du bout correspondant. Iqero ropua.
b) For logs with an end diameter b) Pour les billes ayant un diametre 6) AnFI 6peBeti AlAaMeTpOM 6onee
over 70 cm, a side Shake deeper superieur a 70 cm, fente laterale 70 CM - 60KOBafl Tpeqwia rny6MHOM
than 7 cm. dont Ia profondeur excede 7 cm. 6onee 7 CM.
2.2.5 through Shake : Side Shake ap- fente traversante : Fente laterale CKB03HaFI TpellJblHa : 60KOBaFl Tpeu(MHa,
apparaissant sur Ia Peripherie de Ia bille VlMelOqaFl ABa BblXOAa Ha 6OKOBytO no-
pearing twice on the side surface of the
log. [See figure 2f ).l en deux endroits. [Voir figure 2f)J BepXHOCTb 6pesHa. [CM. pMC. zf).]
Dbfauts de conformation nOPOKH C#IOPM bl CTBOJla
3 Defects of trunk shape
tronc
3.1 curvature : Deviation of the courbure : Deviation de I’axe longitudi- KpHBH3Ha : OTKnOHeHVle llpOAOnbHOii OCM
6peBHa OT npfIMOti nMHMM, 06yCnOBneHHOe
longitudinal axis of the log from a nal de Ia bille par rapport a une ligne
straight line caused by the crook of the droite, resultant de Ia flexion du tronc. MCKpldBneHlAeM CTBOna. n0 @OpMe KpM-
Bi43Ha noApa3AeneHa Ha npoc-ryto M cnox-
trunk- According to the form, curvature Suivant Ia forme, on distingue Ia cour-
is divided into simple and compound bure simple et Ia courbure complexe. HylO.
curvature.
3.1.1 simple curvature: Bend of the courbure simple: Courbure de Ia bille IlpOCTaSl KpHBH3Ha : KpMBV13Ha, XapaKTe-
log characterized by one crook only. caracterisee par une seule flexion de Ia pM3ytOIqaFICfl TOnbKO OAHMM mrM60M 6pes-
[See figure 3aI.l piece. [Voir figure 3aI.l Ha. [CM. pMC. ad.1
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 4474 I 1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (A/@/P)
3.1.2 compound curvature : Bend CnOXHaR KpHBH3Ha: KpMBMBHa, XapaKTe-
courbure complexe: Courbure de Ia
pM3ytoU/aficfl ABYMFI M 6onee kwM6aMM
of the log characterized by two or more
bille caracterisee par des flexions multi-
6pesHa B O#HOti MflM HeCKOJlbKMX nflOCKOC-
crooks in one or several planes. [See ples de Ia piece dans un ou plusieurs
TFIX. [CM. PMC. 3bI.l
figure 3b). 1 Plans. [Voir figure 3b) .l
3.2 knob: Sharp local thickening of bosse ; excroissance : Gros renfle- Hapocl: MecTHoe pa3pacraHMe Apese-
ment local du tronc dont Ie bois est ron- CMHbl, npOSIBflFftO~eeCFl B pe3KOM yTOJIiqe-
the trunk in which the wood is curled,
HMM CTBOJla pa3fllNHOti @OpMbl M pa3Me-
of various forms and sizes. ceux, de forme et de dimensions varia-
bles (loupe, broussin, chamelure). POS.
3.3 root swelling ; buttress: Sharp 3aKOMWlHCTOCTb : PesKoe yBenweHt4e
renflement du pied ; Patte; empat-
AMaMeTpa KOMfleBOti qaCTM 6pesHa. B 3a-
increase in diameter of the butt end. tement ; contreforts : Elargissement
BMCL’lMOCTM OT Cj30pMbl KOMfleBOti qaCTM
According to the form of the butt end, sensible de Ia section de Ia Partie infe-
6peBHa pa3nwatoT oicpyrnyro VI
rieure de Ia bille. Suivant Ia forme de Ia
root swelling is subdivided into round
pe6pImTyo 3aKOMeflMCTOCTb.
and veined. Partie inferieure de Ia bille, on distingue
Ie renflement tronconique et Ie renfle-
ment nervure (contrefort).
OKpyrJlaSl 3aKOMenHCTOCTb : 3aKOMeJlMC-
3.3.1 round root swelling : Regular renflement tronconique 3 Patte :
Cross-section. Renflement regulier de Ia section trans- TOCTb C OKpyrJlOii @OpMOti nOnepeqHOr0
root swelling of log
CeqeHMfi 6peBHa.
versale de Ia bille de pied.
pe6pmTaA 3aKOMenHCTOCTb : 3aKOMeJIMC-
3.3.2 veined root swelling : Root renflement nervure ; empattement ;
TocTb co 3BesAqaTo-nonacTHo1/1 @op~oM
swelling of star-veined log cross- contreforts : Renflement ayant Ia
forme Stoilee (lobee) de Ia section trans- nonepeqHoroceqeHvw 6peBHa.
section.
versale de Ia bille.
Flattened form of log
3.4 ovality : meplat: Forme plus ou moins aplatie 0BanbHocTb: OopMa nonepeqHor0 cere-
Cross-section the greater diameter of HMFI Topqa, npt4 ~0T0p0ti 60nbwr;r jqMa-
de Ia section transversale de Ia bille pre-
which differs significantly from the MeTp 3HaqMTeJlbHO OTJlMqaeTCfI OT MeHb-
sentant au meme niveau deux diame-
uero.
lesser . tres tres differents.
C6exHCTOCTb : YMeHblJleHMe TOJluMHbI
3.5 tapering : Progressive decrease decroissance : Diminution plus ou
moins progressive de Ia grosseur d’une 6peBHa Ha BCeM npoTfvKeHMM.
in the log thickness between the two
ends. bille entre ses extremites.
Defauts de Ia structure ~OPOKH CTpOeHHR p(peBeCMH bl
4 Defects of wood structure
du bois
4.1 slope of grain: Spiral grain ap- fil tors : Disposition helicoi’dale du fil HamoH BonoicoH : CnMpan bHoe pacnono-
apparaissant sur Ie roulant de Ia bille. meHMe BOJlOKOH ApeBeCVlHbl, 06HapyxW
pearing on the side surface of the log.
BaeMOe Ha 6OKOBOti nOBepXHOCTl4 6pesHa.
4.2 reaction wood : Local Change in KpeH b : MecTHOe M3MeHeHMe CTpOeHWl
bois de reaction : Modification locale
wood structure of coniferous species in
de Ia structure du bois des especes resi- ApeBeCVlHbl XBOtiHblX nOpOA B CltaTOti
the compression zone of trunk and neuses dans Ia zone comprimee du 30He CTBOna M BeTBeM, npofiBnwoiqeecfl B
branches, appearing in the form of ap- tronc et des branches, se traduisant par BMAe KaMyiqerocfl pesKor0 yTonqeHwi
un fort epaississement apparent du bois nO3AHeM ApeBeCMHbl rO~WlHblX CJlOeB VI
parent sharp thickening of the late
6onee TeMHblM 4BeTOM n0 CpaBHeHMtO C
wood of annual rings and characterized final dans les accroissements annuels et
par une coloration plus foncee par rap- HOpMaJlbHOti ApeBeCMHOti.
by a darker coloration of the wood than
normal. port au bois normal.
4.3 double or multiple pith: Pres-
Coeur double ou multiple: Presence @Oihiafi HnH MHOXeCTBeHHaFI Cep/#e-
ence on one end of the log of two or
sur un bout de Ia bille de deux Coeurs ou BHHa: HanMqMe B 6peBHe AByX MnM 6onee
more piths with independent Systems of
plus, ayant chacun ses cernes annuels cep)JqeBVlH C CaMOCTOFITeIlbHblMM CMCTe-
annual rings, surrounded by one com- et entoures par un tissu ligneux com-
MaMM rOAWlHblX CJlOeB, OKpyxeHHblX C
mon peripheral System. lt is character-
mun peripherique. La section transver- nepwaepw o6lqeti ,qpeBecMHoti. XapaKTe- -
ized by an oval Cross-section of the log. sale ovale de Ia bille est caracteristique
pM3yeTcfl 0Ban bHblM nonepeirHblM ceqe-
(See figure 4.)
du cceur double. Noir figure 4.) HMeM 6pesHa. (CM. pVlC. 4.)
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 4474 : 1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (A/@/P)
4.4 removed pith: Pith visibly off- Coeur excentre ; moelle excentree :
CMeqeHHaR CepAqeBHHa : 3KCqeHTpWHOe
centre with relation to the axis of the Coeur (ou moelle) sensiblement eloigne pacnono>KeriMe cep~~estiribi.
de I’axe geometrique du tronc.
trunk.
4.5 scar: Depression on the sut-face tote sec : Partie deprimee de Ia sur-face CyXO6OKOCT b : OMepTBeBlUldl B npOqeCCe
of the log, which died off during tree de Ia bille mortifiee Pendant Ia crois-
pocra flepesa yrny6netiHbiM yrac-rok no-
growth. lt usually has no bark. [See sance et n’ayant pas d’ecorce. [Voir BepXHOCTVl 6pesHa. 06blrHO nMlUeH KOpbl.
figure 5a). 1
figure 5a). 1 [CM. pMC. i%l).]
4.6 inbark: Portion of bark and dead
entre-ecorce: Portion d’ecorce et de npOpOCTb: haCTOK KOpbl M OMepTBeBWlX
tissues overgrown by wood that re- tissus mortifies incluse dans Ie bois
TKaHeti, 06pocUIM1)1 Apesec~HO~, o6paso-
sulted from the recovery of a wound resultant d’une blessure ou d’une cica- sasWt4ticfi B pe3ynbTaTe 3apacTaHm paHbl
and which is accompanied by a radial or trisation et apparaissant sous forme de
i4 conpoBo~~atour,MWcfl IqeneBuAHoW no-
slot-shaped cavity. [See figure 5b).l cavite ou d’une fissure de I’ecorce. [Voir nOCTbK). [CM. pm. sb).]
figure 5b)J
4.6.1 opened inbark: Inbark visible entre-ecorce decouverte : Entre- OTKpblTaFI IlpOpOCTb: npOpOCTb, BblXOAFl-
on the side surface of the log or on both ecorce visible sur Ie roulant de Ia bille ou YaFl Ha 6OKOBylO nOBepXHOCTb 6peBHa MnM
the side surface and the end of the log. sur celu-ci et Ie bout de Ia bille. Ha 6OKOByto nOBepXHOCTb M TOpeq.
4.6.2 closed inbark: Inbark visible entre-ecorce recouverte : Entre- 3aKpblTaFI IlpOpOCTb: npOpOCTb, BblXOAFl-
only from the end of the log. ecorce n’apparaissant qu’en bout de qafi Ha Topeq 6peBHa M He MMetorqafl
bille. BblXOp(a Ha er0 6OKOsytO llOBepXHOCTb.
4.7 cancer: Depression or swelling chancre: Cavite (echancrure) ou ren- paK : Yrny6nekwe MnM B3AyTMe, B03HMKa-
produced on the surface of the growing flement du tronc provoque dans I’arbre toqee Ha noBepxHocTi4 pac-ryqero Aepesa
tree by the action of fungi and/or vivant par I’action d’un Champignon B pe3yn bTaTe AeflTen bHOCTl4 rpM6OB IdWWl
bacteria. parasite et/ou de bacteries. 6aKTepmh.
4.8 false heartwood : Dark unevenly
faux bois parfait; faux Coeur; faux no>KHoe f1~p0 : TeMHOe, HepaBHOMepHO
coloured (under the influence of certain duramen: Partie sombre du duramen, OKpallleHHOe nOJ/ fietiCTBl4eM HeKOTOpblX
outside factors) heartwood of wood de coloration non reguliere due a certai-
BHeWHMX @aKTOpOB FIApO y ApeBeCHblX
species with irregular heartwood forma- nes Causes externes pour les bois a nopoA c HeperympHblM fl~poo6pa3oBa-
tion (e.g. birch, beech, maple, etc.). Its duraminisation non differenciee (par
HueM (6epe3a, WYK, KneH, VI AP.). rpaHnqa
boundary usually does not coincide exemple bouleau, hetre, erable, etc. ). er0 06blclHO He c0BnaAae-r c rOAML(HblM
with an annual ring. Sa limite ne co’incide generalement pas cnoeh4.
avec une couche annuelle.
4.9 heart sapwood: Annual rings in lunure; double aubier : Couches
BHYTpeHHFIFI 3a60nOHb : rO~INHble CnOM,
the heartwood zone the colouring and annuelles situees dans Ia zone de dura- pacnono>KeHHble B 30He fiApa, 0KpacKa M
properties of which are close to the men et dont Ia coloration et les proprie-
CBOtiCTBa KOTOpblX 6nM3KM K OKpaCKe M
colouring and properties of sapwood. tes sont restees voisines de celles de CBOtiCTBaM 3a60nOHM.
I’aubier.
5 Defects caused by fungi Altkations dues 6 I’action
rpH6ti ble nopaxetww
des Champignons
5.1 fungal heartwood stains and tache (veine) du duramen: Colora- FIJJpOBble flFITHa H flOnOCbl : YLlaCTKM He-
streaks: Zones of the heartwood tion anormale d’une Partie du duramen, HOpManbHOti OKpaCKM FIApa 6e3 3Ha’4M-
characterized by abnormal coloration sans affaiblissement important de Ia Ten bHOr0 IlOHL’VKeHL’lFl TBepAOCTM ApeBe-
without reduction in hardness, appear- durete du bois, formee Pendant Ia CMHbl, B03HMKalOU1,Me B paCTyqeM AepeBe
ing in the growing tree under the action Periode de Ia croissance de I’arbre, sous B03JJefiCTBMeM AepeBooKpawBa-
noA
of wood-colouring andlor wood- I’action des Champignons colorant toqt4x vhm AepeBopa3pyuatorqi4x rpM6OB.
destroying fungi. et/ou detruisant Ie bois.
5.2 fungal sap coloration: Abnor- coloration de I’aubier : Couleur anor- 3a60noHHaR OKpacKa : tieHOpMan bHafl
mal coloration appearing in the sap of male apparaissant dans I’aubier des OKpaCKa, B03HMKalOqaFI B 3a60nOHM cpy6-
felled trees under the influence of arbres abattus, sous I’action de champi- neHH blX AepeB beB nOA B03AehCTBMeM Ae-
wood-colouring fungi. Sap colorations gnons colorant Ie bois. Suivant Ia cou-
peBOOKpaWlBaIO~PlX rpI46OB. n0 qBeTy
are subdivided by colour into blue stain leur, on distingue Ie bleuissement et les 3a60nOHHble OKpaCKM nOApa3#mwoTcfl Ha
and coloured sap stains. taches colorees de I’aubier. CMHeBy M 4BeTHble 3abOnOHHble nflTHa.
5
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO4474:1989 (E/F/R)
MC0 4474 : 1989 (A/@/P)
5.2.1 blue stain: Blue-grey to black bleuissement : Coloration bleu-gris de CHHeBa: Cepafl (AO nOqTM repHOti) 3a6o-
I’aubier des resineux et de certains feuil- nOHHaFl OKpaCKa XBOtiHblX M HeKOTOpblX
coloration of the sapwood, with bluish
JlVlCTBeHHblX IlOpOA C CL’lHeBaTblMM MnM
or greenish tinges, in coniferous and lus pouvant etre presque noire avec des
teintes bleuatres ou verdatres, n’intro- 3eneHOBaTblMM OTTeHKaMM, He OKa3blBatO-
some broadleaved species which pro-
ujaFl 3HaqMTenbHOrO BnMFIHMfl Ha MeXaHM-
duces no appreciable Change in the duisant pas de changement appreciable
de consistance et de proprietes. qeCKl4e CBOtiCTBa ApeBeCMHbl.
consistency and properties of the wood.
taches colorees de I’aubier: Colora- qBeTH ble 3a60nOHH ble llSlTHa : OpaHxeBaR,
5.2.2 coloured sap stain: Orange,
MenTafq posoBaf4 (Ao cBeTno-@HoneToBoti)
yellow, pink (up to light violet) and tion orange, jaune, rose, violet clair et
brune de I’aubier. VI KOpWlHeBafl 3a60nOHHafI OKpaCKa.
brown coloration of the sapwood.
6ypafi OKpacKa
...
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