ISO/TR 27915:2017

Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological storage — Quantification and verification

ISO/TR 27915:2017 presents a review of publicly available literature identifying materially relevant issues and options relating to "good practices" for quantifying and verifying GHG emissions and reductions at the project level. Its scope covers all components of the CCS chain (e.g. capture, transport, storage) and includes a lifecycle assessment approach to estimating project level emissions and emission reductions from project assessment, construction and operations, through to completion and post-closure activities. This document considers the following at the project level: - a variety of Q&V related boundaries applicable to all components of a CCS project; - the composition of the CO2 stream, including its purity, and requirements for measuring and verifying the physical and chemical state of the CO2 stream in CCS projects; - identification and quantification of GHG emissions and reductions across integrated CCS components; - monitoring objectives, methodologies, and sampling strategies, including locations, periods, and frequencies; - GHG data collection and reporting; - verifying GHG expectations with agreed verification criteria; - life cycle assessment (LCA) of CCS projects.

Capture du dioxyde de carbone, transport et stockage géologique — Quantification et vérification

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 10-Aug-2017
• ICS: 13.020.40 - Pollution, pollution control and conservation
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 265 - Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 265 - Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and geological storage
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Due Date: 01-Apr-2016
• Completion Date: 11-Aug-2017

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 27915
First edition
2017-08
Carbon dioxide capture,
transportation and geological
storage — Quantification and
verification
Capture du dioxyde de carbone, transport et stockage géologique —
Quantification et vérification
Reference number
ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017

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ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
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ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
1.1 General . 1
1.2 Limitations . 1
1.3 Stakeholders’ requirements . 1
1.4 Review of the references . 1
1.5 Nomenclature. 2
2 Normative references . 2
3  Terms and definitions . 3
4 Principles . 8
4.1 General . 8
4.2 Principles relating to the accuracy of measurement . 8
4.2.1 Overview . 8
4.2.2 Relevance . . 8
4.2.3 Completeness . 8
4.2.4 Consistency and comparability . 8
4.2.5 Accuracy . 8
4.2.6 Transparency . 8
4.2.7 Conservativeness . 8
4.3 Principles relating to the fungibility of emission reductions . 9
4.3.1 Real . 9
4.3.2 Additionality . 9
4.3.3 Quantifiable . 9
4.3.4 Permanence . . 9
4.3.5 Environmental effectiveness . 9
4.3.6 Enforceable . 9
4.3.7 Economic efficiency . . 9
4.4 Principles relating to equity and relationship with stakeholders . 9
4.4.1 Equity . . 9
4.4.2 Transparency .10
4.4.3 Political acceptability .10
4.4.4 Consistency with IPCC Guidelines .10
5  Defining the CCS system and boundaries .10
5.1 General .10
5.2 Spatial boundaries .11
5.2.1 Overview .11
5.2.2 CCS Project .11
5.2.3 Capture system boundaries .11
5.2.4 Transportation system boundaries .12
5.2.5 Storage system boundaries .13
5.2.6 Geological storage complex .13
5.2.7 Wells .13
5.2.8 Surface equipment .14
5.2.9 Life cycle assessment (LCA) boundaries .15
5.2.10 Reference to baseline scenario .15
5.3 Temporal boundaries .16
5.4 Use of boundaries for Quantification .17
5.4.1 Importance of Quantification and verification .17
5.4.2 Leakage and risk consideration .17
6  Quantification methodologies .18
6.1 General .18
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ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)

6.2 Key elements of GHG accounting approaches for CCS .18
6.2.1 Overview .18
6.2.2 Program purpose and type .18
6.2.3 Scope .19
6.2.4 Emission quantification methods .21
6.3 Sources and emissions identified in CCS systems.21
6.3.1 Overview .21
6.3.2 Capture system .22
6.3.3 Transportation system.22
6.3.4 Storage system .22
6.3.5 Other emissions .23
6.4 Case studies .23
6.4.1 General.23
6.4.2 Case study 1: UNFCCC National inventories — Inventory accounting .24
6.4.3 Case study 2: ISO 14064‑2 and CDM — Baseline emission reduction
credit accounting .28
6.4.4 Case study 3: EU ETS — Cap and trade accounting .30
6.4.5 Case study 4: Alberta CCS protocol — Baseline emission reduction
credit accounting .33
6.4.6 Case Study 5: Alberta EOR protocol — Baseline emission reduction
credit accounting .35
6.4.7 Case study 6: US GHG reporting — Inventory accounting .36
6.4.8 Case study 7: LCA .39
6.5 Discussion — Key commonalities, differences and noteworthy issues .39
6.5.1 Key differences .41
6.5.2 Issues for further consideration .42
7 Measurement and monitoring .43
7.1 General .43
7.2 Purpose .43
7.3 Review of monitoring for ccs .43
7.4 Measurement and monitoring in CCS systems .45
7.4.1 General.45
7.4.2 CCS projects .45
7.4.3 Capture system .48
7.4.4 Transportation system.48
7.4.5 Storage system .48
7.4.6 Impurities .49
7.4.7 LCA approaches .50
8  Environmental impacts of CCS other than GHG capture/emission .50
8.1 Objectives.50
8.2 Definition of EIA and LCA .50
8.3 LCA methodological framework .51
8.4 Key features of LCA for CCS .54
9  Data management, reporting and verification .54
9.1 General .54
9.2 Data management .55
9.3 Reporting .56
9.4 Verification .57
9.4.1 Background.57
9.4.2 Verification planning .58
9.4.3 Assessment of the GHG data, information and controls .58
9.4.4 Conclusion and reporting of the verification process .59
9.4.5 Verification records .59
9.4.6 Competency of verification teams .59
10 Conclusions .60
Bibliography .62
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ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 265, Carbon dioxide capture,
transportation, and geological storage.
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ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)

Introduction
This document is intended to serve as a reference document for future development of any technical
standards that could be approved by TC 265 for the quantification and verification (Q&V) of greenhouse
gas (GHG) emissions and emission reductions from CCS projects. This document is a review of current
practices and requirements, for the Q&V of carbon dioxide captured, transported and geologically
stored; as well as for direct and indirect GHGs that can arise from integrated CCS project activities
associated with injection of carbon dioxide into geological formations for the purposes of isolation
from the atmosphere (and ocean) over the long term. While carbon dioxide (CO ) is the primary target
2
of the capture process, other GHGs (such as methane, CH ) may be entrained in the capture stream,
4
and emissions can include GHG’s other than CO . This document includes limited discussion of other
2
environmental impacts.
This document integrates the various aspects of Q&V adopted by other ISO/TC 265 Working Groups
(WGs) into a comprehensive project framework.
The UNFCCC Paris Agreement (adopted on 12 December 2015) lays the foundation for countries to
work cooperatively to limit the increase in global average temperature to between 1,5 °C and 2 °C above
pre‑industrial levels, by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere and by
increasing removals of GHGs from the atmosphere. Many of the climate models considered by the IPCC
in their most recent assessment report (IPCC, 2014) suggest that keeping average global temperature
rises to less than 2 °C will require large scale deployment of carbon dioxide capture, transportation and
geological storage technologies (CCS) in order to reduce anthropogenic emissions from the electrical
sector and from industries where there are no viable alternatives. The IPCC (2014) also suggest that
CCS with bio‑energy (BECCS) will be required to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to meet
medium term emission objectives. In the longer term (i.e. 70 to 100 years), it may be necessary, and
viable, to further reduce harmful concentrations of CO in the atmosphere by capturing CO directly
2 2
from the atmosphere for injection into geological formations (DACCS).
While many countries have existing domestic GHG emission reporting requirements, the Paris
Agreement emphasizes “robust accounting” for all countries (UNFCCC, 2015, Article 6, paragraph 2),
covering both anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources and removals of greenhouse
gases by sinks (Article 4, paragraph 2). The key principles for accounting and reporting identified
in the Paris Agreement are transparency (to ensure that actions are shared and equitable, and that
outcomes are real), accuracy, completeness, comparability and consistency, and the avoidance of
double accounting (UNFCCC, 2015, Article 4, paragraph 13). Environmental integrity (i.e. no harm to
ecosystems or biodiversity) is a fundamental principle for all activities, as are issues relating to the
socioeconomic impacts of a project.
ISO/TC 265 was established to develop technical standards for the design, construction, operation,
environmental planning and management, risk management, quantification, monitoring and
verification, and related activities in the field of CCS. Six working groups (WGs) have been established.
They all report through to the Technical Committee (TC) and are charged with focusing on particular
aspects of the CCS technology chain.
WG1 – Capture
WG2 – Transport
WG3 – Storage
WG4 – Quantification and Verification
WG5 – Cross-cutting Issues
WG6 – CO storage through Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
2
This document established under WG4 is intended to provide a credible foundation for future standard
approaches for the quantification and verification (Q&V) of GHGs associated with CCS projects (for
geological storage or for EOR). Future standards developed in this area will improve understanding
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ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)

and confidence in CCS related GHG mitigation by regulatory authorities, investors and civil society, as
well as enhance validation processes underpinning project compliance obligations.
The development of this document complements the development of other CCS and non-CCS, but
relevant, ISO standards and TRs, including in particular the whole ISO/TC 265 catalogue. Documents
are referenced from the EU, UNFCCC, IPCC, and various government bodies. As CCS Q&V is an ever‑
evolving area of examination, this document has been based on the best available information at the
time of its release.
The principal GHG considered within this document is carbon dioxide (CO ), other GHG’s (as listed in
2
Chapter 5), are included in the Q&V of CCS projects, but are not usually significant. To some extent,
GHG and CO are used somewhat interchangeably and the reader is invited to consider the context of
2
the terms. Most of the GHG captured through the CCS system will be a relatively pure stream of CO ,
2
perhaps mixed with other gases such as N , but in an Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) system the recycled
2
CO could also include methane (CH ). Emissions from fossil‑fired industrial activity could also contain
2 4
some N O.
2
This document aims to provide a transparent and non‑prescriptive body of information relating to Q&V
processes for CCS projects.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 27915:2017(E)
Carbon dioxide capture, transportation and geological
storage — Quantification and verification
1 Scope
1.1 General
This document presents a review of publicly available literature identifying materially relevant issues
and options relating to “good practices” for quantifying and verifying GHG emissions and reductions at
the project level. Its scope covers all components of the CCS chain (e.g. capture, transport, storage) and
includes a lifecycle assessment approach to estimating project level emissions and emission reductions
from project assessment, construction and operations, through to completion and post-closure
activities. This document considers the following at the project level:
— a variety of Q&V related boundaries applicable to all components of a CCS project;
— the composition of the CO stream, including its purity, and requirements for measuring and
2
verifying the physical and chemical state of the CO stream in CCS projects;
2
— identification and quantification of GHG emissions and reductions across integrated CCS components;
— monitoring objectives, methodologies, and sampling strategies, including locations, periods, and
frequencies;
— GHG data collection and reporting;
— verifying GHG expectations with agreed verification criteria;
— life cycle assessment (LCA) of CCS projects.
1.2 Limitations
Q&V approaches to measuring and verifying GHG emissions, reductions and removals for CCS projects
continue to evolve. This document identifies the gaps and limitations in current levels o
...