ISO 24495-1:2023
(Main)Plain language — Part 1: Governing principles and guidelines
Plain language — Part 1: Governing principles and guidelines
This document establishes governing principles and guidelines for developing plain language documents. The guidelines detail how the principles are interpreted and applied. This document is for anybody who creates or helps create documents. The widest use of plain language is for documents that are intended for the general public. However, it is also applicable, for example, to technical writing, legislative drafting or using controlled languages. This document applies to most, if not all, written languages, but it provides examples only in English. While this document covers the essential elements of plain language, it has some intentional limits, as follows: — It does not cover all types of communication. It applies only to printed or digital information that is primarily in the form of text. NOTE 1 However, creators of other types of communications, such as podcasts and videos, can find this document useful. — It does not include existing technical guidance about accessibility and digital documents, although the guidance can apply to both. NOTE 2 For guidance on accessibility, authors of digital documents can consider the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines[4] and EN 301 549.[2]
Langage clair et simple — Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
Le présent document établit des principes directeurs et des lignes directrices pour l’élaboration de documents en langage clair. Les lignes directrices précisent comment interpréter et appliquer les principes. Le présent document s’adresse à toute personne qui crée ou aide à créer des documents. L’utilisation la plus répandue du langage clair concerne les documents destinés au grand public, mais cela s’applique également, par exemple, à la rédaction technique, à la rédaction de textes législatifs ou à l’utilisation de langages contrôlés. Le présent document s’applique à la plupart, si ce n’est à la totalité, des langues écrites. Les exemples y sont donnés ici en français. Bien que le présent document couvre les éléments essentiels du langage clair, il comporte délibérément certaines limites, comme suit: — Il ne couvre pas tous les types de communications. Il s’applique uniquement aux informations imprimées ou numériques qui se présentent principalement sous forme de texte. NOTE 1 Le présent document peut toutefois s’avérer utile pour les créateurs d’autres types de communications, comme les podcasts et les vidéos. — Il n’inclut pas les recommandations techniques existantes relatives à l’accessibilité et aux documents numériques, même si les recommandations peuvent s’appliquer aux deux. NOTE 2 Pour des recommandations relatives à l’accessibilité, les auteurs de documents numériques peuvent prendre en compte les lignes directrices suivantes: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines[4] (disponible en anglais seulement), ainsi que l’EN 301 549.[2]
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 24495-1
First edition
2023-06
Plain language —
Part 1:
Governing principles and guidelines
Langage clair et simple —
Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
Reference number
ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Governing principles . 3
5 Guidelines . 3
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant) . 3
5.1.1 Overview . 3
5.1.2 Identify the readers . 3
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose . 4
5.1.4 Identify the context in which readers will read the document. 4
5.1.5 Select the document type or types . 4
5.1.6 Select content that readers need . 4
5.2 Guidelines for Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable) . 5
5.2.1 Overview . 5
5.2.2 Structure the document for readers . 5
5.2.3 Use information design techniques that enable readers to find information . 5
5.2.4 Use headings to help readers predict what comes next . 6
5.2.5 Keep supplementary information separate . 6
5.3 Guidelines for Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find
(understandable) . 6
5.3.1 Overview . 6
5.3.2 Choose familiar words . 6
5.3.3 Write clear sentences . 7
5.3.4 Write concise sentences . 8
5.3.5 Write clear and concise paragraphs . 8
5.3.6 Consider including images and multimedia . 8
5.3.7 Project a respectful tone . 8
5.3.8 Ensure that the document is cohesive . 9
5.4 Guidelines for Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable). 9
5.4.1 Overview . 9
5.4.2 Evaluate the document continually as it is developed . 9
5.4.3 Evaluate the document further with readers . 9
5.4.4 Continue to evaluate readers’ use of the document . 10
Annex A (informative) Overview of principles and guidelines .11
Annex B (informative) Sample checklist .12
Bibliography .14
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use
of (a) patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received
notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are
cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all
such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24495 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
Introduction
Plain language is communication that puts readers first. It considers:
— what readers want and need to know;
— readers’ level of interest, expertise and literacy skills;
— the context in which readers will use the document.
Plain language ensures readers can find what they need, understand it and use it. Thus, plain language
focuses on how successfully readers can use the document rather than on mechanical measures such as
readability formulas.
Extensive studies have shown that writing in plain language saves time or money (or both) for readers
and organizations. Plain language is more effective and produces better outcomes. In addition, readers
prefer plain language. For organizations, plain language is an important way to build trust with the
readers. Finally, the process of translating is more efficient for plain language documents than for
documents that are difficult to understand.
This document will help authors develop documents that communicate effectively with their intended
readers. It applies to most written languages and reflects the most recent research on plain language
and the experience of plain language experts. See Reference [3] for research on plain language.
Plain language is not to be confused with easy language. Plain language can be used for a general
audience, while easy language is used for people who have difficulties with reading comprehension.
These difficulties can be caused by health conditions, not being fluent in the given language or other
reasons.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
Plain language —
Part 1:
Governing principles and guidelines
1 Scope
This document establishes governing principles and guidelines for developing plain language
documents. The guidelines detail how the principles are interpreted and applied.
This document is for anybody who creates or helps create documents. The widest use of plain language
is for documents that are intended for the general public. However, it is also applicable, for example, to
technical writing, legislative drafting or using controlled languages.
This document applies to most, if not all, written languages, but it provides examples only in English.
While this document covers the essential elements of plain language, it has some intentional limits, as
follows:
— It does not cover all types of communication. It applies only to printed or digital information that is
primarily in the form of text.
NOTE 1 However, creators of other types of communications, such as podcasts and videos, can find this
document useful.
— It does not include existing technical guidance about accessibility and digital documents, although
the guidance can apply to both.
NOTE 2 For guidance on accessibility, authors of digital documents can consider the Web Content
[4] [2]
Accessibility Guidelines and EN 301 549.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
plain language
communication in which wording, structure and design are so clear that intended readers (3.2) can
easily
— find what they need,
— understand what they find, and
— use that information
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
[3]
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation ]
3.2
reader
member of the intended audience for a document (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: While the word “reader” is historically rooted in the verb “to read”, all intended audience
members do not necessarily “read” documents. For the purposes of this document, the term “reader” includes the
following:
— Everyone who uses a document, whether they view it, hear it, touch it or a combination.
— Someone who will skim or scan a document, looking only for particular information.
— Someone to whom a document is read, whether by a person or a device.
Note 2 to entry: There can be several different audiences for the same document. For example, the primary
audience of an income tax form is the taxpayer, and the secondary audience is the tax agency. If the needs of
different readers conflict, then the needs of the primary audience have priority.
3.3
document
set of printed or digital information, primarily in the form of text
EXAMPLE Audio description, email, error message, contract, form, podcast script, video manuscript,
webpage.
3.4
author
individual or organization who develops or helps develop documents (3.3)
EXAMPLE Content developers or managers, editors, information architects or designers, information
developers or managers, legislative drafters, professional writers, public relations officers, technical writers,
translators, UX (user experience) writers, writing project managers.
3.5
document type
class of documents (3.3) having similar characteristics
EXAMPLE Email, webpage, postal letter, instruction manual, newspaper article, form.
[SOURCE: ISO 8879:1986, 4.102, modified — The list of examples has been modified and separated from
the text of the definition.]
3.6
image
visual representation of information
EXAMPLE Chart, diagram, drawing, flowchart, graph, icon, infographic, map, picture, photograph, table.
3.7
information design
visual integration of text, typography, images (3.6) and multimedia to help readers (3.2) find, understand
and use information
Note 1 to entry: Information design makes the structure and content visual.
3.8
evaluation
assessment of how well readers (3.2) find, understand and use information
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
4 Governing principles
The four governing principles are as follows:
— Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant).
— Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable).
— Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find (understandable).
— Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable).
These principles rest on the premise that a document will be usable if the information in it is relevant,
findable and understandable (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 — Relationship of the four principles
From the perspective of authors, following the guidelines under the first three principles will make
it likely that readers can use a document. But the only way to ensure that is to evaluate the document
continually by applying the guidelines of Principle 4. As a result, this document does not describe a
sequential process, because the four principles are interdependent and influence each other. Applying
them all together is crucial for developing plain language documents.
Annex A provides a visual overview of the principles and guidelines. Annex B provides a checklist to
help authors apply this document.
5 Guidelines
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant)
5.1.1 Overview
This principle focuses on what authors should do before they start drafting. Understanding the readers
of a document and their needs is essential to creating a document in plain language. Authors should
select the document type and content that fits their readers’ needs, purpose and context.
5.1.2 Identify the readers
Authors should identify who their readers are and consider the readers’ characteristics, including their
literacy and language skills, cultural backgrounds and subject-matter knowledge.
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ISO 24495-1:2023(E)
Characteristics also include readers’ accessibility needs and preferences, as well as the languages that
they understand. Authors should provide the document in a language that their readers know. That
can mean complying with official language requirements and translating the document into other
languages.
To identify the readers and their characteristics, authors can use the following methods:
a) Review knowledge gained from previous communications with readers.
b) Interview readers.
c) Conduct reader surveys.
d) Review research and relevant literature on readers.
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose
Authors should
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 24495-1
Première édition
2023-06
Langage clair et simple —
Partie 1:
Principes directeurs et lignes
directrices
Plain language —
Part 1: Governing principles and guidelines
Numéro de référence
ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
© ISO 2023
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ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2023
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
Tél.: +41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
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ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives .1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Principes directeurs . 3
5 Lignes directrices . 4
5.1 Lignes directrices associées au principe 1: les lecteurs obtiennent ce dont ils ont
besoin (pertinent) . 4
5.1.1 Aperçu général . 4
5.1.2 Identifier les lecteurs . 4
5.1.3 Identifier l’objectif des lecteurs . 4
5.1.4 Identifier le contexte dans lequel les lecteurs liront le document . 4
5.1.5 Choisir le ou les types de documents . 5
5.1.6 Sélectionner le contenu dont les lecteurs ont besoin . 5
5.2 Lignes directrices associées au principe 2: les lecteurs peuvent facilement trouver
ce dont ils ont besoin (facile à trouver). 5
5.2.1 Aperçu général . 5
5.2.2 Structurer le document pour les lecteurs . 5
5.2.3 Utiliser des techniques d’organisation visuelle de l’information qui
permettent aux lecteurs de trouver l’information . 6
5.2.4 Utiliser des titres pour aider les lecteurs à anticiper ce qui va suivre . 6
5.2.5 Isoler les informations supplémentaires . 7
5.3 Lignes directrices associées au principe 3: les lecteurs peuvent facilement
comprendre ce qu’ils trouvent (compréhensible) . 7
5.3.1 Aperçu général . 7
5.3.2 Choisir des mots courants. 7
5.3.3 Rédiger des phrases claires . 8
5.3.4 Rédiger des phrases concises . . 8
5.3.5 Rédiger des paragraphes clairs et concis . 8
5.3.6 Envisager d’inclure des images et des éléments multimédias . 9
5.3.7 Adopter un ton respectueux . 9
5.3.8 Veiller à la cohérence du document . 9
5.4 Lignes directrices associées au principe 4: les lecteurs peuvent facilement utiliser
l’information (utilisable) . 10
5.4.1 Aperçu général . 10
5.4.2 Évaluer le document en continu au fur et à mesure de son élaboration . 10
5.4.3 Évaluer le document plus avant auprès des lecteurs . 10
5.4.4 Continuer à évaluer l’utilisation du document par les lecteurs . 10
Annexe A (informative) Aperçu des principes et des lignes directrices .12
Annexe B (informative) Exemple de liste de critères à contrôler .13
Bibliographie .15
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ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a
été rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir
www.iso.org/directives).
L’ISO attire l’attention sur le fait que la mise en application du présent document peut entraîner
l’utilisation d’un ou de plusieurs brevets. L’ISO ne prend pas position quant à la preuve, à la validité
et à l’applicabilité de tout droit de brevet revendiqué à cet égard. À la date de publication du présent
document, l’ISO n'avait pas reçu notification qu’un ou plusieurs brevets pouvaient être nécessaires à sa
mise en application. Toutefois, il y a lieu d’avertir les responsables de la mise en application du présent
document que des informations plus récentes sont susceptibles de figurer dans la base de données de
brevets, disponible à l'adresse www.iso.org/brevets. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié tout ou partie de tels droits de propriété.
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion
de l'ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 37, Langage et terminologie.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 24495 se trouve sur le site web de l’ISO.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
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ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
Introduction
Communiquer en langage clair place les lecteurs au premier plan. Cela prend en compte:
— ce que les lecteurs veulent et ont besoin de savoir;
— le niveau d’intérêt, d’expertise et les compétences langagières des lecteurs;
— le contexte dans lequel les lecteurs utiliseront le document.
Le langage clair garantit que les lecteurs peuvent trouver ce dont ils ont besoin, le comprendre et
l’utiliser. Ainsi, le langage clair se concentre sur la capacité des lecteurs à bien utiliser le document
plutôt que sur des mesures mécaniques telles que des formules de lisibilité.
Des études approfondies ont montré que la rédaction en langage clair permet aux lecteurs et aux
organismes de gagner du temps ou de l’argent (ou les deux). Le langage clair est plus efficace et donne
de meilleurs résultats. En outre, les lecteurs préfèrent le langage clair. Pour les organismes, le langage
clair est un moyen important d’instaurer la confiance avec les lecteurs. Enfin, le processus de traduction
est plus efficace pour les documents en langage clair que pour les documents difficiles à comprendre.
Le présent document aidera les auteurs à élaborer des documents permettant de communiquer
efficacement avec les lecteurs visés. Il s’applique à la plupart des langues écrites et tient compte des
recherches les plus récentes sur le langage clair et de l’expérience des spécialistes du langage clair. Voir
la référence [3] concernant les recherches sur le langage clair.
Le langage clair ne doit pas être confondu avec le langage simplifié. Le langage clair peut être utilisé pour
un public général, tandis que le langage simplifié est utilisé pour les personnes qui ont des difficultés
de compréhension de la lecture. Ces difficultés peuvent être dues à des problèmes de santé, au fait de ne
pas maîtriser la langue en question ou à d’autres raisons.
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
Langage clair et simple —
Partie 1:
Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document établit des principes directeurs et des lignes directrices pour l’élaboration
de documents en langage clair. Les lignes directrices précisent comment interpréter et appliquer les
principes.
Le présent document s’adresse à toute personne qui crée ou aide à créer des documents. L’utilisation la
plus répandue du langage clair concerne les documents destinés au grand public, mais cela s’applique
également, par exemple, à la rédaction technique, à la rédaction de textes législatifs ou à l’utilisation
de langages contrôlés.
Le présent document s’applique à la plupart, si ce n’est à la totalité, des langues écrites. Les exemples y
sont donnés ici en français.
Bien que le présent document couvre les éléments essentiels du langage clair, il comporte délibérément
certaines limites, comme suit:
— Il ne couvre pas tous les types de communications. Il s’applique uniquement aux informations
imprimées ou numériques qui se présentent principalement sous forme de texte.
NOTE 1 Le présent document peut toutefois s’avérer utile pour les créateurs d’autres types de
communications, comme les podcasts et les vidéos.
— Il n’inclut pas les recommandations techniques existantes relatives à l’accessibilité et aux documents
numériques, même si les recommandations peuvent s’appliquer aux deux.
NOTE 2 Pour des recommandations relatives à l’accessibilité, les auteurs de documents numériques
[4]
peuvent prendre en compte les lignes directrices suivantes: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines
[2]
(disponible en anglais seulement), ainsi que l’EN 301 549.
2 Références normatives
Le présent document ne contient aucune référence normative.
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
langage clair
communication rédigée, structurée et présentée de façon à permettre aux lecteurs (3.2):
— de trouver facilement ce qu’ils cherchent,
1
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ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
— de comprendre ce qu’ils trouvent, et
— de bien utiliser cette information
[3]
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation ]
3.2
lecteur
membre du public auquel un document (3.3) est destiné
Note 1 à l'article: Bien que le mot «lecteur» soit historiquement issu du verbe «lire», tous les membres du public
visé ne «lisent» pas nécessairement les documents. Pour les besoins du présent document, le terme «lecteur»
englobe:
— Toute personne qui utilise un document, qu’elle le regarde, l’écoute, le touche ou une combinaison de
ces actions.
— Toute personne qui parcourt ou survole un document, en recherchant uniquement des informations
particulières.
— Toute personne à qui un document est lu, que ce soit par une personne ou un appareil.
Note 2 à l'article: Un même document peut s’adresser à plusieurs publics différents. Par exemple, le public
principal d’un formulaire de déclaration de revenus est le contribuable, et le public secondaire est le service des
impôts. Si les besoins des différents lecteurs sont en contradiction, les besoins du public principal priment.
3.3
document
ensemble d’informations imprimées ou numériques, principalement sous forme de texte
EXEMPLE Description audio, courriel, message d’erreur, contrat, formulaire, script de podcast, manuscrit
de vidéo, page Web.
3.4
auteur
individu ou organisme qui élabore ou aide à élaborer des documents (3.3)
EXEMPLE Développeurs ou gestionnaires de contenu, éditeurs, architectes ou concepteurs d’information,
développeurs ou gestionnaires d’information, rédacteurs de textes législatifs, rédacteurs professionnels, chargés
des relations publiques, rédacteurs techniques, traducteurs, rédacteurs UX (expérience utilisateur), chefs de
projets de rédaction.
3.5
type de document
classe de documents (3.3) possédant des caractéristiques semblables
EXEMPLE Courriel, page Web, courrier postal, manuel d’instructions, article de journal, formulaire.
[SOURCE: ISO 8879:1986, 4.102, modifié — La liste d’exemples a été modifiée et séparée du texte de
la définition.]
3.6
image
représentation visuelle de l’information
EXEMPLE Diagramme, schéma, dessin, organigramme, graphique, icône, infographie, carte, illustration,
photographie, tableau.
3.7
organisation visuelle de l’information
mise en forme visuelle de l’information: texte, typographie, images (3.6) et éléments multimédias pour
aider les lecteurs (3.2) à trouver, comprendre et utiliser l’information
Note 1 à l'article: L’organisation visuelle de l’information rend la structure et le contenu visuels.
2
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
3.8
évaluation
appréciation de la facilité avec laquelle les lecteurs (3.2) trouvent, comprennent et utilisent l’information
4 Principes directeurs
Les quatre principes directeurs sont les suivants:
— Principe 1: les lecteurs obtiennent ce dont ils ont besoin (pertinent).
— Principe 2: les lecteurs peuvent facilement trouver ce dont ils ont besoin (facile à trouver).
— Principe 3: les lecteurs peuvent facilement comprendre ce qu’ils trouvent (compréhensible).
— Principe 4: les lecteurs peuvent facilement utiliser l’information (utilisable).
Ces principes reposent sur l’idée qu’un document est utilisable si les informations qu’il contient sont
pertinentes, faciles à trouver et compréhensibles (voir Figure 1).
Figure 1 — Relation entre les quatre principes
Du point de vue des auteurs, en respectant les lignes directrices relevant des trois premiers principes,
il est probable que les lecteurs pourront utiliser un document. Mais la seule façon de s’en assurer
est d’évaluer en permanence le document en appliquant les lignes directrices du principe 4. Par
conséquent, le présent document ne décrit pas un processus séquentiel, car les quatre principes sont
interdépendants et s’influencent les uns les autres. Il est essentiel de les appliquer tous ensemble pour
élaborer des documents en langage clair.
L’Annexe A donne un aperçu visuel des principes et des lignes directrices. L’Annexe B fournit une liste
de critères à contrôler pour aider les auteurs à appliquer le présent document.
3
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
5 Lignes directrices
5.1 Lignes directrices associées au principe 1: les lecteurs obtiennent ce dont ils ont
besoin (pertinent)
5.1.1 Aperçu général
Ce principe se concentre sur ce qu’il convient de faire pour les auteurs avant de commencer la rédaction.
Comprendre les lecteurs d’un document et leurs besoins est essentiel pour créer un document en langage
clair. Il convient que les auteurs choisissent le type de document et un contenu qui correspondent
aux besoins de leurs lecteurs, à leur objectif et au contexte.
5.1.2 Identifier les lecteurs
Il convient que les auteurs déterminent qui sont leurs lecteurs et tiennent compte de leurs spécificités,
notamment leur maîtrise de la langue et leurs compétences linguistiques, leurs milieux culturels et
leur connaissance du sujet.
Les spécificités incluent également les besoins et les préférences des lecteurs en matière d’accessibilité,
ainsi que les langues qu’ils comprennent. Il convient que les auteurs fournissent le document dans
une langue que leurs lecteurs connaissent. Cela peut impliquer de se conformer aux exigences en
matière de langues officielles et de traduire le document dans d’autres langues.
Pour identifier les lecteurs et leurs spécificités, les auteurs peuvent utiliser les méthodes suivantes:
a) Évaluer les connaissances acquises lors de communications précédentes avec les lecteurs.
b) Interroger les lecteurs.
c) Réaliser des enquêtes auprès des lecteurs.
d) Examiner les recherches et la littérature pertinente sur les lecteurs.
5.1.3 Identifier l’objectif des lecteurs
Il convient que les auteurs déterminent pourquoi les lecteurs liront le document. Par exemple, les
lecteurs peuvent être en train de faire l’une des choses suivantes:
a) suivre des instructions pour accomplir une tâche;
b) décider de faire ou de ne pas faire quelque chose;
c) essayer de comprendre un sujet;
d) découvrir ce que l’auteur veut qu’ils fassent;
e) se renseigner sur un domaine d’intérêt;
f) acquérir les connaissances nécessaires dans un but précis, comme l’obtention d’un permis de
conduire.
5.1.4 Identifier le contexte dans lequel les lecteurs liront le document
Il convient que les auteurs tiennent compte des éléments suivants:
a) où les lecteurs liront le document;
b) quelle technologie ils utiliseront pour le lire;
c) le temps dont ils disposeront;
4
© ISO 2023 – Tous droits réservés
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 24495-1:2023(F)
d) combien de temps ils resteront concentrés;
e) l’intérêt qu’ils porteront
...
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
ISO/DISFDIS 24495-1:20222023(E)
Date: 2022-10-272023-02-08
ISO TC 37/WG 11
Secretariat: SAC
Plain language — Part 1: Governing principles and guidelines
Langage clair et simple — Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of
this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the
country of the requester.
ISO Copyright Office
CP 401 • CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Contents
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Governing principles . 3
5 Guidelines . 3
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant) . 3
5.1.1 Overview . 3
5.1.2 Identify the readers . 4
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose . 4
5.1.4 Identify the context in which readers will read the document . 4
5.1.5 Select the document type or types . 5
5.1.6 Select content that readers need . 5
5.2 Guidelines for Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable) . 5
5.2.1 Overview . 5
5.2.2 Structure the document for readers . 5
5.2.3 Use information design techniques that enable readers to find information . 6
5.2.4 Use headings to help readers predict what comes next . 6
5.2.5 Keep supplementary information separate . 6
5.3 Guidelines for Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find
(understandable) . 7
5.3.1 Overview . 7
5.3.2 Choose familiar words . 7
5.3.3 Write clear sentences . 7
5.3.4 Write concise sentences . 8
5.3.5 Write clear and concise paragraphs . 8
5.3.6 Consider including images and multimedia . 8
5.3.7 Project a respectful tone . 9
5.3.8 Ensure that the document is cohesive. 9
5.4 Guidelines for Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable) . 9
5.4.1 Overview . 9
5.4.2 Evaluate the document continually as it is developed . 10
5.4.3 Evaluate the document further with readers . 10
5.4.4 Continue to evaluate readers’ use of the document . 10
Annex A (informative) Overview of principles and guidelines . 11
Annex B (informative) Sample checklist . 2
Bibliography . 4
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv © ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Introduction
Plain language is communication that puts readers first. It considers:
— what readers want and need to know;
— readers’ level of interest, expertise and literacy skills;
— the context in which readers will use the document.
Plain language ensures readers can find what they need, understand it and use it. Thus, plain language
focuses on how successfully readers can use the document rather than on mechanical measures such as
readability formulas.
Extensive studies have shown that writing in plain language saves time or money (or both) for readers
and organizations. Plain language is more effective and produces better outcomes. In addition, readers
prefer plain language. For organizations, plain language is an important way to build trust with the
readers. Finally, the process of translating is more efficient for plain language documents than for
documents that are difficult to understand.
This document will help authors develop documents that communicate effectively with their intended
readers. It applies to most written languages and reflects the most recent research on plain language and
the experience of plain language experts. See Reference [3] for research on plain language.
Plain language is not to be confused with easy language. Plain language can be used for a general audience,
while easy language is used for people who have difficulties with reading comprehension. These
difficulties can be caused by health conditions, not being fluent in the given language or other reasons.
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
Plain language — Part 1: Governing principles and guidelines
1 Scope
This document establishes governing principles and guidelines for developing plain language documents.
The guidelines detail how the principles are interpreted and applied.
This document is for anybody who creates or helps create documents. The widest use of plain language
is for documents that are intended for the general public, but it is also applicable, for example, to technical
writing, legislative drafting or using controlled languages.
This document applies to most, if not all, written languages, but it provides examples only in English.
While this document covers the essential elements of plain language, it has some intentional limits, as
follows:
— It does not cover all types of communication. It applies only to printed or digital information that is
primarily in the form of text.
NOTE 1 However, creators of other types of communications, such as podcasts and videos, can find this
document useful.
— It does not include existing technical guidance about accessibility and digital documents, although
the guidance can apply to both.
NOTE 2 For guidance on accessibility, authors of digital documents can consider the Web Content Accessibility
[4] [2]
Guidelines and EN 301 549 .
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
plain language
communication in which wording, structure and design are so clear that intended readers (3.2) can easily
— find what they need,
— understand what they find, and
— use that information
[3]
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation ]
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
3.2
reader
member of the intended audience for a document (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: While the word “reader” is historically rooted in the verb “to read”, all intended audience members
do not necessarily “read” documents. For the purposes of this document, the term “reader” includes the following:
— Everyone who uses a document, whether they view it, hear it, touch it or a combination.
— Someone who will skim or scan a document, looking only for particular information.
— Someone to whom a document is read, whether by a person or a device.
Note 2 to entry: There can be several different audiences for the same document. For example, the primary audience
of an income tax form is the taxpayer, and the secondary audience is the tax agency. If the needs of different readers
conflict, then the needs of the primary audience have priority.
3.3
document
set of printed or digital information, primarily in the form of text
EXAMPLE Audio description, email, error message, contract, form, podcast script, video manuscript, webpage.
3.4
author
individual or organization who develops or helps develop documents (3.3)
EXAMPLE Content developers or managers, editors, information architects or designers, information developers
or managers, legislative drafters, professional writers, public relations officers, technical writers, translators, UX
(user experience) writers, writing project managers.
3.5
document type
class of documents (3.3) having similar characteristics
EXAMPLE Email, webpage, postal letter, instruction manual, newspaper article, form.
[SOURCE: ISO 8879:1986, 4.102, modified — The list of examples has been modified and separated from
the text of the definition.]
3.6
image
visual representation of information
EXAMPLE Chart, diagram, drawing, flowchart, graph, icon, infographic, map, picture, photograph, table.
3.7
information design
visual integration of text, typography, images (3.6) and multimedia to help readers (3.2) find, understand
and use information
Note 1 to entry: Information design makes the structure and content visual.
3.8
evaluation
assessment of how well readers (3.2) find, understand and use information
2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
4 Governing principles
The four governing principles are as follows:
— Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant).
— Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable).
— Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find (understandable).
— Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable).
These principles rest on the premise that a document will be usable if the information in it is relevant,
findable and understandable (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 — Relationship of the four principles
From the perspective of authors, following the guidelines under the first three principles will make it
likely that readers can use a document. But the only way to ensure that is to evaluate the document
continually by applying the guidelines of Principle 4. As a result, this document does not describe a
sequential process, because the four principles are interdependent and influence each other. Applying
them all together is crucial for developing plain language documents.
Annex A provides a visual overview of the principles and guidelines. Annex B provides a checklist to help
authors apply this document.
5 Guidelines
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant)
5.1.1 Overview
This principle focuses on what authors should do before they start drafting. Understanding the readers
of a document and their needs is essential to creating a document in plain language. Authors should select
the document type and content that fits their readers’ needs, purpose and context.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved 3
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
5.1.2 Identify the readers
Authors should identify who their readers are and consider the readers’ characteristics, including their
literacy and language skills, cultural backgrounds and subject-matter knowledge.
Characteristics also include readers’ accessibility needs and preferences, as well as the languages that
they understand. Authors should provide the document in a language that their readers know. That can
mean complying with official language requirements and translating the document into other languages.
To identify the readers and their characteristics, authors can use the following methods:
a) Review knowledge gained from previous communications with readers.
b) Interview readers.
c) Conduct reader surveys.
d) Review research and relevant literature on readers.
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose
Authors should identify why readers will read the document. For example, readers can be doing any of
the following:
a) following instructions to complete a task;
b) deciding to do or not to do something;
c) trying to understand a topic;
d) finding out what the author wants them to do;
e) learning about an area of interest;
f) gaining the required knowledge for a specific purpose, such as getting a driver’s licence.
5.1.4 Identify the context in which readers will read the document
Authors should consider the following:
a) where readers will read the document;
b) what technology they will use to read it;
c) how much time they will have;
d) how long will they stay focused;
e) how interested they will be in the document;
f) what their emotional state will be when they read it.
The answers to these questions can be affected by the document type (see 5.1.5).
4 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
5.1.5 Select the document type or types
Authors should select the document type or types that fit their readers’ characteristics (see 5.1.2),
purpose (see 5.1.3) and context (see 5.1.4). If it better serves the readers’ purpose, authors can also
decide to use an alternative to a document, such as a video.
5.1.6 Select content that readers need
Authors should always keep readers’ needs in mind when selecting content, even when the authors’ own
needs dictate that certain information be included.
Authors should do
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 24495-1
ISO/TC 37
Plain language —
Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
2023-02-22
Governing principles and guidelines
Voting terminates on:
2023-04-19
Langage clair et simple —
Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 24495-1
ISO/TC 37
Plain language —
Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on:
Part 1:
Governing principles and guidelines
Voting terminates on:
Langage clair et simple —
Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
ISO copyright office
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
DOCUMENTATION.
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
Email: copyright@iso.org
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Website: www.iso.org
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
ii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Governing principles . 3
5 Guidelines . 3
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant) . 3
5.1.1 Overview . 3
5.1.2 Identify the readers . 3
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose . 4
5.1.4 Identify the context in which readers will read the document. 4
5.1.5 Select the document type or types . 4
5.1.6 Select content that readers need . 4
5.2 Guidelines for Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable) . 5
5.2.1 Overview . 5
5.2.2 Structure the document for readers . 5
5.2.3 Use information design techniques that enable readers to find information . 5
5.2.4 Use headings to help readers predict what comes next . 6
5.2.5 Keep supplementary information separate . 6
5.3 Guidelines for Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find
(understandable) . 6
5.3.1 Overview . 6
5.3.2 Choose familiar words . 6
5.3.3 Write clear sentences . 7
5.3.4 Write concise sentences . 8
5.3.5 Write clear and concise paragraphs . 8
5.3.6 Consider including images and multimedia . 8
5.3.7 Project a respectful tone . 8
5.3.8 Ensure that the document is cohesive . 9
5.4 Guidelines for Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable). 9
5.4.1 Overview . 9
5.4.2 Evaluate the document continually as it is developed . 9
5.4.3 Evaluate the document further with readers . 9
5.4.4 Continue to evaluate readers’ use of the document . 10
Annex A (informative) Overview of principles and guidelines .11
Annex B (informative) Sample checklist .12
Bibliography .14
iii
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Introduction
Plain language is communication that puts readers first. It considers:
— what readers want and need to know;
— readers’ level of interest, expertise and literacy skills;
— the context in which readers will use the document.
Plain language ensures readers can find what they need, understand it and use it. Thus, plain language
focuses on how successfully readers can use the document rather than on mechanical measures such as
readability formulas.
Extensive studies have shown that writing in plain language saves time or money (or both) for readers
and organizations. Plain language is more effective and produces better outcomes. In addition, readers
prefer plain language. For organizations, plain language is an important way to build trust with the
readers. Finally, the process of translating is more efficient for plain language documents than for
documents that are difficult to understand.
This document will help authors develop documents that communicate effectively with their intended
readers. It applies to most written languages and reflects the most recent research on plain language
and the experience of plain language experts. See Reference [3] for research on plain language.
Plain language is not to be confused with easy language. Plain language can be used for a general
audience, while easy language is used for people who have difficulties with reading comprehension.
These difficulties can be caused by health conditions, not being fluent in the given language or other
reasons.
v
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Plain language —
Part 1:
Governing principles and guidelines
1 Scope
This document establishes governing principles and guidelines for developing plain language
documents. The guidelines detail how the principles are interpreted and applied.
This document is for anybody who creates or helps create documents. The widest use of plain language
is for documents that are intended for the general public, but it is also applicable, for example, to
technical writing, legislative drafting or using controlled languages.
This document applies to most, if not all, written languages, but it provides examples only in English.
While this document covers the essential elements of plain language, it has some intentional limits, as
follows:
— It does not cover all types of communication. It applies only to printed or digital information that is
primarily in the form of text.
NOTE 1 However, creators of other types of communications, such as podcasts and videos, can find this
document useful.
— It does not include existing technical guidance about accessibility and digital documents, although
the guidance can apply to both.
NOTE 2 For guidance on accessibility, authors of digital documents can consider the Web Content
[4] [2]
Accessibility Guidelines and EN 301 549 .
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
plain language
communication in which wording, structure and design are so clear that intended readers (3.2) can
easily
— find what they need,
— understand what they find, and
— use that information
1
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
[3]
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation ]
3.2
reader
member of the intended audience for a document (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: While the word “reader” is historically rooted in the verb “to read”, all intended audience
members do not necessarily “read” documents. For the purposes of this document, the term “reader” includes the
following:
— Everyone who uses a document, whether they view it, hear it, touch it or a combination.
— Someone who will skim or scan a document, looking only for particular information.
— Someone to whom a document is read, whether by a person or a device.
Note 2 to entry: There can be several different audiences for the same document. For example, the primary
audience of an income tax form is the taxpayer, and the secondary audience is the tax agency. If the needs of
different readers conflict, then the needs of the primary audience have priority.
3.3
document
set of printed or digital information, primarily in the form of text
EXAMPLE Audio description, email, error message, contract, form, podcast script, video manuscript,
webpage.
3.4
author
individual or organization who develops or helps develop documents (3.3)
EXAMPLE Content developers or managers, editors, information architects or designers, information
developers or managers, legislative drafters, professional writers, public relations officers, technical writers,
translators, UX (user experience) writers, writing project managers.
3.5
document type
class of documents (3.3) having similar characteristics
EXAMPLE Email, webpage, postal letter, instruction manual, newspaper article, form.
[SOURCE: ISO 8879:1986, 4.102, modified — The list of examples has been modified and separated from
the text of the definition.]
3.6
image
visual representation of information
EXAMPLE Chart, diagram, drawing, flowchart, graph, icon, infographic, map, picture, photograph, table.
3.7
information design
visual integration of text, typography, images (3.6) and multimedia to help readers (3.2) find, understand
and use information
Note 1 to entry: Information design makes the structure and content visual.
3.8
evaluation
assessment of how well readers (3.2) find, understand and use information
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ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
4 Governing principles
The four governing principles are as follows:
— Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant).
— Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable).
— Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find (understandable).
— Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable).
These principles rest on the premise that a document will be usable if the information in it is relevant,
findable and understandable (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 — Relationship of the four principles
From the perspective of authors, following the guidelines under the first three principles will make
it likely that readers can use a document. But the only way to ensure that is to evaluate the document
continually by applying the guidelines of Principle 4. As a result, this document does not describe a
sequential process, because the four principles are interdependent and influence each other. Applying
them all together is crucial for developing plain language documents.
Annex A provides a visual overview of the principles and guidelines. Annex B provides a checklist to
help authors apply this document.
5 Guidelines
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant)
5.1.1 Overview
This principle focuses on what authors should do before they start drafting. Understanding the readers
of a document and their needs is essential to creating a document in plain language. Authors should
select the document type and content that fits their readers’ needs, purpose and context.
5.1.2 Identify the readers
Authors should identify who their readers are and consider the readers’ characteristics, including their
literacy and language skills, cultural backgrounds and subject-matter knowledge.
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ISO/FDIS 24495-1:2023(E)
Characteristics also include readers’ accessibility needs and preferences, as well as the langua
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
01-december-2022
Preprost jezik - 1. del: Vodilna načela in smernice
Plain language — Part 1: Governing principles and guidelines
Langage clair et simple — Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
ICS:
01.140.10 Pisanje in prečrkovanje Writing and transliteration
oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 24495-1
ISO/TC 37 Secretariat: SAC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-05-26 2022-08-18
Plain language —
Part 1:
Governing principles and guidelines
Langage simplifié —
Partie 1: Principes directeurs et lignes directrices
ICS: 01.140.10
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO 2022
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Governing principles . 3
5 Guidelines . 4
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant) . 4
5.1.1 Overview . 4
5.1.2 Identify the readers . 4
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose . 4
5.1.4 Identify the context in which readers will read the document. 4
5.1.5 Select the document type . 5
5.1.6 Select content that readers need . 5
5.2 Guidelines for Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable) . 5
5.2.1 Overview . 5
5.2.2 Structure the document for readers . 5
5.2.3 Use information design techniques that enable readers to find information . 6
5.2.4 Use headings to help readers predict what comes next . 6
5.2.5 Keep supplementary information separate . 6
5.3 Guidelines for Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find
(understandable) . 6
5.3.1 Overview . 6
5.3.2 Choose familiar words . 7
5.3.3 Write clear sentences . 7
5.3.4 Write concise sentences . 8
5.3.5 Write clear and concise paragraphs . 8
5.3.6 Consider including images and multimedia . 8
5.3.7 Project a tone that respects readers’ needs and situation . 8
5.3.8 Ensure that the document is cohesive . 9
5.4 Guidelines for Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable). 9
5.4.1 Overview . 9
5.4.2 Evaluate the document continually as it is developed . 9
5.4.3 Evaluate the document further with readers . 9
5.4.4 Continue to evaluate readers’ use of the document . 10
Annex A (informative) Overview of principles and guidelines .11
Annex B (informative) Sample checklist .13
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Language and terminology, WG 11,
Plain Language.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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Introduction
Plain language is communication that puts readers first. It considers:
— what readers want and need to know,
— readers’ level of interest, expertise, and literacy skills, and
— the context in which readers will use the document.
Plain language ensures readers can find what they need, understand it, and use it. Thus, plain language
focuses on how successfully readers can use the document rather than on mechanical measures such as
readability formulas.
Extensive studies have shown that writing in plain language saves time or money (or both) for readers
and organizations. Plain language is more effective and produces better outcomes. In addition, readers
prefer plain language. For organizations, plain language is an important way to build trust with the
readers. Finally, the process of translating is more efficient for plain language documents than for
documents that are difficult to understand.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
Plain language —
Part 1:
Governing principles and guidelines
1 Scope
This International Standard is for anybody who creates or helps create documents. The widest use of
plain language is for documents that are intended for the general public, but it is also applicable, for
example, to technical writing, legislative drafting, or using controlled languages. This Standard will
help authors develop documents that communicate effectively with their intended readers. It applies to
most written languages and reflects the most recent research on plain language and the experience of
plain language experts.
This Standard provides principles and guidelines for developing plain language documents. The
guidelines detail how the principles should be interpreted and applied. The four governing principles
are as follows:
— Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant)
— Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable)
— Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find (understandable)
— Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable)
These principles rest on the premise that a document will be usable if the information in it is relevant,
findable, and understandable (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 — The relationship of the four principles
From the perspective of authors, following the guidelines under the first three principles will make
it likely that readers can use a document. But the only way to ensure that is to evaluate the document
continually by applying Principle 4 guidelines. In other words, the Standard does not describe a
1
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oSIST ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022
ISO/DIS 24495-1:2022(E)
sequential process, because the four principles are interdependent and influence each other. Applying
them all together is crucial for developing plain language documents.
Annex A provides a visual overview of the principles and guidelines. Annex B provides a checklist to
help authors apply this Standard.
The guidelines that the International Standard provides are recommendations. They do not establish
requirements. The Standard applies to most, if not all, written languages, but it provides examples only
in English. When localising the Standard, national standards bodies can adapt and expand the Standard
to achieve the goals of plain language in their own languages.
Contrary to best practices and its own recommendation, the Standard cannot use the second person
(“you”) to address readers due to ISO rules.
While this Standard covers the essential elements of plain language, it has some intentional limits:
— It does not cover all types of communication. It applies only to printed or digital information that is
primarily in the form of text. However, creators of other types of communications, such as podcasts
and videos, may find this Standard useful.
— It does not include existing technical guidance about accessibility and digital documents, although
this Standard’s guidance can apply to both. For guidance on accessibility, authors of digital documents
are urged to consider the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines and EN 301 549: Accessibility
requirements for ICT products and services.
— Later Parts of this Standard may provide case studies, best practices, and other supporting
information.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
Where terms and definitions come from the ISO databases, they are referenced.
3.1
plain language
communication in which wording, structure, and design are so clear that intended readers (3.2) can
easily
— find what they need,
— understand what they find, and
— use that information
[SOURCE: International Plain Language Federation]
3.2
reader
member of the intended audience for the document (3.3)
Note 1 to entry: While the word “reader” is historically rooted in the verb “to read”, all intended audience
members don’t necessarily “read” documents. For the purposes of this standard, reader includes everyone who
uses the document, whether they view it, hear it, touch it, or a combination. Reader also includes someone who
will skim or scan a document (3.3), looking only for particular information. Reader also includes someone to
whom a document (3.3) is read, whether by a person or a device.
2
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Note 2 to entry: There might be several different audiences for the same document (3.3). For example, the primary
audience of an income tax form is the taxpayer, and the secondary audience is the tax agency. If the needs of
different readers conflict, then the needs of the primary audience have priority.
3.3
document
set of printed or digital information, primarily in the form of text
EXAMPLE Audio description, email, error message, printed document, podcast script, video manuscript,
web content.
3.4
author
individual or organization who develops or helps develop documents (3.3)
EXAMPLE Content developers or managers, editors, information architects or designers, information
developers or managers, legislative drafters, professional writers, public relations officers, technical writers,
translators, UX writers, writing project managers.
3.5
document type
class of documents (3.3) having similar characteristics
EXAMPLE email, webpage, postal letter, instruction manual, newspaper article, form.
[SOURCE: ISO 8879:1986(en), 4.102, modified – the list of examples is modified and separated from the
text of the definition]
3.6
image
visual representation of information
EXAMPLE Chart, diagram, drawing, flowchart, graph, icon, infographic, map, picture, photograph, table.
3.7
information design
visual integration of text, typography, images, and multimedia to help readers (3.2) find, understand,
and use information
Note 1 to entry: Information design makes the structure and content visual.
3.8
evaluation
assessment of how well readers (3.2) find, understand, and use information
4 Governing principles
Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant)
Principle 2: Readers can easily find what they need (findable)
Principle 3: Readers can easily understand what they find (understandable)
Principle 4: Readers can easily use the information (usable)
3
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5 Guidelines
5.1 Guidelines for Principle 1: Readers get what they need (relevant)
5.1.1 Overview
Understanding the readers of a document and their needs is essential to creating a document in plain
language. Authors should select the document type and content that fits their readers’ needs, purpose,
and context.
5.1.2 Identify the readers
Authors should identify who their readers are and consider the readers’ characteristics, including their
literacy and language skills, cultural backgrounds, and subject-matter knowledge.
Characteristics also include readers’ accessibility needs and preferences, as well as the languages that
they understand. Authors should provide the document in a language that their readers know. That
may mean complying with official language requirements and translating the document into other
languages.
To identify the readers and their characteristics, authors can use the following methods:
a) Review knowledge gained from previous communications with readers.
b) Interview readers.
c) Conduct reader surveys.
d) Review research and relevant literature on readers.
5.1.3 Identify the readers’ purpose
Authors should identify why readers will read the document. For example, readers could be doing any
of the following:
a) following instructions to complete a task,
b) deciding to do or not to do something,
c) trying to understand a topic,
d) finding out what the author wants them to do,
e) learning about an area of interest, or
f) gaining the required knowledge for a specific purpose, such as getting a driver’s licence.
5.1.4 Identify the context in which readers will read the document
Authors should consider the following:
a) where readers will read the document,
b) what technology they will use to read it,
c) how much time they will have,
d) how long they can stay focused,
e) how interested they will be in the document, and
f) what their emotional state is when they read it.
4
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