ISO 233-3:2023
(Main)Information and documentation — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters — Part 3: Persian language — Transliteration
Information and documentation — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters — Part 3: Persian language — Transliteration
This document establishes a system for the transliteration of the Arabic characters (often called Perso-Arabic script) used to write in the Persian language into Latin characters. This modification of the stringent rules established by ISO 233:1984 is specifically intended to facilitate the processing of bibliographic information (e.g. catalogues, indices, citations, etc.).
Information et documentation — Translittération des caractères arabes en caractères latins — Partie 3: Persan — Translittération
Informatika in dokumentacija - Transliteracija arabskih znakov v latinične znake - 3. del: Perzijski jezik - Transliteracija
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 233-3
Second edition
2023-03
Information and documentation —
Transliteration of Arabic characters
into Latin characters —
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
Information et documentation — Translittération des caractères
arabes en caractères latins —
Partie 3: Persan — Translittération
Reference number
ISO 233-3:2023(E)
© ISO 2023
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 233-3:2023(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 233-3:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Strict transliteration .......................................................................................................................................................................................2
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Consonants ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
4.3 Vowels ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language ........................................................................................................................ 4
4.5 Hamze ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4.6 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe) ............................................................................................................................................... 5
4.7 Punctuation marks ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.8 Persian numerals .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
5 Modified transliteration ..............................................................................................................................................................................6
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Vowels and consonants ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Arabic elements in the Persian language ........................................................................................................................ 8
5.4 Hamze ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
5.5 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe): .............................................................................................................................................. 9
6 General principles of transliteration ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Annex A (informative) Different positional forms of characters .......................................................................................10
Annex B (normative) General principles ......................................................................................................................................................11
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
iii© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 233-3:2023(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 233-3:1999), which has been technically
revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— Incorporated options for 3 “levels” of transliteration: strict, i.e. fully reversible (with and without
vowels and other diacritical marks); and a modified but not fully reversible system, which, for
example, distinguishes in transliteration when the characters و and ى function as vowels or as
consonants, and, in the case of ى, other functions of the character.— Added missing diacritical signs to the tables and corrected some errors elsewhere in the text. Added
distinction in transliteration between ا and آ. Changed transliteration of خ (Table 1, row 9) from ‘ḵ’ to
‘x’. Changed transliteration of ض (Table 1, row 18) from ‘ż’ to ‘z̤’. Changed transliteration of tanvīn
(Table 3, row 2) from ´´ to ã/ẽ/õ.— Added notes explaining certain grammatical points; updated examples.
— Added hexadecimal character codes (ISO/IEC 10646 or Unicode) to all tables containing Persian
characters and transliterations and therefore omitted Annexes B and D, Annex C thus becoming
Annex B.— Added the mandatory Terms and definitions clause and renumbered the subsequent clauses.
A list of all parts in the ISO 233 series can be found on the ISO website.Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 233-3:2023(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a series of International Standards, dealing with the conversion of systems of
writing. The aim of the ISO 233 series is to provide a means for international communication of written
messages in a form which permits the automatic transmission and reconstitution of these, by humans
or machines. The system of conversion, in this case, must be univocal and entirely reversible to allow
for retransliteration.This means that consideration to phonetic and aesthetic matters or to certain national customs is not a
priority: all these considerations are, indeed, ignored by the machine performing the function.
This document can be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain
that it can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of
the original text in a person’s own language, but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the
original graphism, and thus allow anyone who has knowledge of the original language to pronounce it
correctly. Similarly, one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if
one has a knowledge of English or Polish.The existence in Perso-Arabic script of vowel signs and other diacritical marks, which are pronounced
but often not written somewhat complicates reading of the text, but as those with knowledge of the
language can read and mentally fill in the missing signs/sounds when reading the original script, so
can they with the transliterated version, for example, the word رَپِس, which consists of 3 consonants
and 2 diacritical vowel signs (transliteration: separ) when written without vowel signs would be رپس
(transliteration: spr).To address the issue of diacritical vowels and other signs that are unwritten, and the fact that some
characters perform more than one function (e.g. characters that can function as either a vowel or a
consonant), this document incorporates three levels of transliteration:1) strict and fully reversible, univocal, with diacritical vowels and other signs only transliterated if
written in the source text;2) strict and fully reversible, univocal, with diacritical vowels and other signs included for clarity,
regardless of their presence or absence in the source text;3) a modified version of the system that while not fully reversible includes the diacritical vowels and
other signs and takes account of the different functions performed by some characters (see 4.1 and
5.1 for further details).The adoption of this document for international communication leaves every country free to adopt for
its own use a national standard which can be different, on condition that it is compatible with this
document. The system proposed herein will make this possible and be acceptable to international use if
the graphisms it creates are such that they can be converted automatically into the graphisms used in
any strict national systems.The adoption of national standards compatible with this document permits the representation, in an
international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the country
where it is spoken. It is possible to simplify this representation in order to take into account the number
of the character sets available on different kinds of machines.© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 233-3:2023(E)
Information and documentation — Transliteration of
Arabic characters into Latin characters —
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
1 Scope
This document establishes a system for the transliteration of the Arabic characters (often called
Perso-Arabic script) used to write in the Persian language into Latin characters. This modification of
the stringent rules established by ISO 233:1984 is specifically intended to facilitate the processing of
bibliographic information (e.g. catalogues, indices, citations, etc.).2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal coded character set (UCS)3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
character
element of an alphabetical or other type of writing system that graphically represents a phoneme, a
syllable, a word or even a prosodical characteristic of a given languageNote 1 to entry: It is used either alone (for example, a letter, a syllabic sign, an ideographical character, a digit, a
punctuation mark) or in combination (such as an accent or a diacritical mark)Note 2 to entry: A letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example â, è, ö, is therefore a character in the
same way as a basic letter.3.2
vowel
speech sound produced by unobstructed flow of air through the mouth
3.3
consonant
speech sound produced by complete or partial closure of the vocal tract
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 233-3:2023(E)
3.4
transliteration
process which consists of representing the characters (3.1) of an alphabetical or syllabic system of
writing by the characters of a conversion alphabet3.5
retransliteration
process whereby the characters (3.1) of a conversion alphabet are transformed back into those of the
converted writing system3.6
transcription
process whereby the sounds of a given language are noted by the system of signs of a conversion
language3.7
romanization
conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet
4 Strict transliteration
4.1 General
4.1.1 “Hex” values in the following tables shall be interpreted as character codes in ISO/IEC 10646
(Universal Character Set).4.1.2 The strict transliteration is intended to be a one-to-one reversible transliteration system
allowing for a simple rule-based machine transliteration.4.1.3 Persian script does not distinguish between upper and lower case. In Latin script, Persian
names may be written using upper or lower case according to the conventions of the target language.
This is optional. Capitalization rules are not part of this document. A system transliterating from Latin
into Persian script shall therefore be case insensitive. Some of the characters, both Latin and Persian,
have canonical decompositions in Unicode. Any transliteration system should treat precomposed and
decomposed characters equally on input.4.2 Consonants
4.2.1 For a fully reversible transliteration, Table 1 should be used with Table 2 for any vowels included
in the original text.© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 233-3:2023(E)
4.2.2 Different positional forms of Persian characters (initial, medial, final and separate) are shown
in Annex A.Table 1 — Consonants
No. Persian character Persian name Hex Latin transliteration Hex
1 ا alef 0627 ā 0101
2 ب be 0628 b 0062
3 پ pe 067E p 0070
4 ت te 062A t 0074
5 ث s̱ e 062B s̱ 0073+0331
6 ج jīm 062C j 006A
7 چ če 0686 č 010D
8 ح ḥe 062D ḥ 1E25
9 خ xe 062E x 0078
10 د dāl 062F d 0064
11 ذ ẕāl 0630 ẕ 1E95
12 ر re 0631 r 0072
13 ز ze 0632 z 007A
14 ژ že 0698 ž 017E
15 س sīn 0633 s 0073
16 ش šīn 0634 š 0161
17 ص ṣād 0635 ṣ 1E63
18 ض z̤ ād 0636 z̤ 007A+0324
19 ط ṭā 0637 ṭ 1E6D
20 ظ ẓā 0638 ẓ 1E93
21 ع ʻeyn 0639 ʻ 02BB
22 غ ġeyn 063A ġ 0121
23 ف fe 0641 f 0066
24 ق qāf 0642 q 0071
25 ک kāf 06A9 k 006B
26 گ gāf 06AF g 0067
27 ل lām 0644 l 006C
28 م mīm 0645 m 006D
29 ن nūn 0646 n 006E
30 و vāv 0648 v 0076
31 ه he 0647 h 0068
32 ی ye 06CC y 0079
For transliteration of alef madde see 4.3; and for hamze see 4.5. Initial alef may function as the bearer of a short vowel
(see 4.3) or a hamze. In the strict transliteration alef is always transliterated as ‘ā’, hence alef carrying the short vowel pīš
( ُ◌ ) would be transliterated as ‘āo’. For example, the name ديما would be ‘āomyd’ according to this system, or, if the short
vowel was unwritten, ‘āmyd’.Implementations may encounter a single left quotation mark (hex 2018) in existing text.
Implementations may encounter the Arabic yeh (hex 064A) in existing text.Alef maqṣūre (Arabic hex 0649) is a feature of loan words and names of Arabic origin. In Persian it is usually written
as ی (hex 06CC) or, for clarity, ٰی (hex 06CC+0670). In the strict transliteration the latter variant is transliterated ‘ý’ (hex
00FD).For the transliteration of hamze see 4.5
© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 233-3:2023(E)
4.3 Vowels
4.3.1 Generally, Persian words are written without diacritical vowel signs. However, as the change of
vowel sign can bring about a different meaning (for example: رَپ par = feather; رُپ por = full), vowel signs
may be used intentionally whenever a difference in meaning is to be emphasized. In Table 2 and Table 3,
both cases are represented. However, both the aforementioned examples will be often written رپ,
transliterated ‘pr’ in the strict univocal system. In transliteration, the diacritical vowel can be included
to clarify the meaning. This would then of course be included in the Perso-Arabic script if the word
were to be reverse transliterated.Table 2 — Vowels for fully reversible system
Example
Persian Latin
Persian
No. charac- Hex translitera- Hex
With diacritical vowel Without diacritical
name
ter tion
signs vowel signs
1 آ âye maddī 0622 â 00E2 âẕar رَذآ âẕr رذآ
2َ◌ zebar 064E a 0061 sam مَس sm مس
3 ُ◌ pīš 064F o 006F por رُپ pr رپ
4ِ◌ zīr 0650 e 0065 separ رَپِس spr رپس
4.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language
4.4.1 Persian contains many loan words from Arabic. Arabic elements occurring in Persian texts are
treated as follows. Where an Arabic element is present in the text but not mentioned in this document,
[1]ISO 233-1:— should be followed.
4.4.2 As with the diacritical vowel markings, these signs, of Arabic origin, are often not written in
Persian script, usually being used only when a difference in meaning is to be emphasized.
Table 3 — Conventional signsExample
Persian Latin
With
No. Persian name Hex Hex
Without diacritical
character transliteration
diacritical
vowel signs
vowel signs
عَّ بَرُم عّ برم
1 ّ◌ tašdīd 0651 ʺ 02BA
morabʺaʻ mrbʺʻ
ً ً
لاَثَم لاثم
ً◌ 064B ã 00E3
mas̱alāã ms̱lāã
یرخُا ٍت َرابِعِب یرخا ٍترابعب
2 ◌ tanvīn 064D ẽ 1EBD
be‘ebāratẽ āoxry b‘bārtẽ āxryً
ه يَلِاٌراشُم ه يلاٌراشم
ٌ◌ 064C õ 00F5
mošārõāelayh mšārõālyh
4.4.3 Tāʼ marbūṭaẗ is not part of the Persian language. Where it occurs on an Arabic word found in
a Persian text, it should be treated according to ISO 233 Arabic transliteration: ة (hex 0629) should be
transliterated as ẗ (hex 1E97).4.4.4 The Arabic word for God (الله, hex 0627, 0644, 0644, 0651, 0670, 0647) should be transliterated
as Allāh.© ISO 2023 – All rights reserved
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ISO 233-3:2023(E)
4.5 Hamze
Hamze ( ء ) is not regarded as a character of the Persian alphabet, but as a diacritical mark, and as such
is not always expressed in writing. In fully-pointed words, however, it appears in several graphic forms,
standing alone or written in conjunction with alef ( أ ), vāv ( ؤ ) and ye ( ئ ). In strict, fully-reversible
transliteration, hamze should be transliterated with apostrophe ( ʼ ) and the character bearing it is
transliter...
ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Date: 2022-10-03
ISO TC 46/WG 3
Secretariat: AFNOR
Information and documentation — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters —
Part 3: Persian language — TransliterationFDIS stage
Warning for WDs and CDs
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is subject to
change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of
which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO /FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of
this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written
permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’sISO's member body
in the country of the requester.ISO copyright officeCopyright Office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.orgwww.iso.org
Published in Switzerland.
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
ii © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO /FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Contents
Foreword .......................................................................................................................................................................... v
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. vii
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Strict Transliteration ..................................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.2 Consonants ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Vowels ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language ............................................................................................... 5
4.5 Hamze .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.6 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe) ................................................................................................................. 6
4.7 Punctuation marks ......................................................................................................................................... 6
4.8 Persian numerals ............................................................................................................................................ 7
5 Modified Transliteration .............................................................................................................................. 8
5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.2 Consonants ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Arabic elements in the Persian language ............................................................................................ 10
5.4 Hamze ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
5.5 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe): ............................................................................................................. 11
Annex A (informative) Different positional forms of characters ............................................................. 12
Annex B (normative) General principles ........................................................................................................... 14
B.1 General principles of conversion of writing systems ...................................................................... 14
B.2 Principles of conversion for alphabetical writing systems ........................................................... 15
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction.................................................................................................................................................................. vii
1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Strict transliteration ...................................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 2
4.2 Consonants ......................................................................................................................................................... 3
4.3 Vowels ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language ............................................................................................... 5
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO /FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
4.5 Hamze .................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.6 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe) ................................................................................................................. 6
4.7 Punctuation marks ......................................................................................................................................... 6
4.8 Persian numerals ............................................................................................................................................ 6
5 Modified transliteration ............................................................................................................................... 8
5.1 General ................................................................................................................................................................ 8
5.2 Vowels and consonants ................................................................................................................................. 7
5.3 Arabic elements in the Persian language ............................................................................................ 10
5.4 Hamze .................................................................................................................................................................. 9
5.5 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe): ............................................................................................................. 11
6 General principles of transliteration .................................................................................................... 11
Annex A (informative) Different positional forms of characters ............................................................. 12
Annex B (normative) General principles .......................................................................................................... 14
Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 17
iv © ISO 2022 – All rights reservediv © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO /FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directiveswww.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patentswww.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.htmlwww.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 233-3:1999), which has been technically
revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— Incorporated options for 3 “levels” of transliteration: strict, i.e. fully reversible (with and without
vowels and other diacritical marks); and a modified but not fully reversible system, which, for
example, distinguishes in transliteration when the characters و and ى function as vowels or as
consonants, and, in the case of ى, other functions of the character.— Added missing diacritical signs to the tables and corrected some errors elsewhere in the text.
Added distinction in transliteration between ا and آ. Changed transliteration of خ (Table 1,(Table 1,
row 9) from ‘ḵ’ to ‘x’. Changed transliteration of ض (Table 1,(Table 1, row 18) from ‘ż’ to ‘z̤’.
Changed transliteration of tanvīn (Table 3,(Table 3, row 2) from ´´ to ã/ẽ/õ.— Added notes explaining certain grammatical points; updated examples.
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO /FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
— Added hexadecimal character codes (ISO/IEC 10646 or Unicode) to all tables containing Persian
characters and transliterations and therefore omitted Annexes B and D, Annex C thus becoming
Annex B.— Added the mandatory Terms and definitions clause and renumbered the subsequent clauses.
A list of all parts in the ISO 233 series can be found on the ISO website.Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found atwww.iso.org/members.htmlwww.iso.org/members.html.
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
vi © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO /FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a series of International Standards, dealing with the conversion of systems of
writing. The aim of the ISO 233 series is to provide a means for international communication of written
messages in a form which permits the automatic transmission and reconstitution of these, by humans
or machines. The system of conversion, in this case, must be univocal and entirely reversible to allow
for retransliteration.This means that consideration to phonetic and aesthetic matters or to certain national customs is not a
priority: all these considerations are, indeed, ignored by the machine performing the function.
This document can be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain that it
can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of the
original text in a person’s own language, but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the original
graphism, and thus allow anyone who has knowledge of the original language to pronounce it correctly.
Similarly, one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if one has a
knowledge of English or Polish.The existence in Perso-Arabic script of vowel signs and other diacritical marks, which are pronounced
but often not written somewhat complicates this reading of the text, but as those with knowledge of the
language can read and mentally fill in the missing signs/sounds when reading the original script, so can
they can with the transliterated version, e.g.for example, the word ﺮَﭙِﺳ, which consists of 3 consonants
and 2 diacritical vowel signs (transliteration: separ) when written without vowel signs would be ﺮﭙﺳ
(transliteration: spr).To address the issue of diacritical vowels and other signs that are unwritten, and the fact that some
characters perform more than one function (e.g. characters that can function as either a vowel or a
consonant), this document incorporates three levels of transliteration:1) strict and fully reversible, univocal, with diacritical vowels and other signs only transliterated if
written in the source text;2) strict and fully reversible, univocal, with diacritical vowels and other signs included for clarity,
regardless of their presence or absence in the source text;3) a modified version of the system that while not fully reversible includes the diacritical vowels and
other signs and takes account of the different functions performed by some characters (see 4.1 and
5.1 for further details)).The adoption of this document for international communication leaves every country free to adopt for
its own use a national standard which can be different, on condition that it is compatible with this
document. The system proposed herein shouldwill make this possible and be acceptable to
international use if the graphisms it creates are such that they maycan be converted automatically into
the graphisms used in any strict national systems.The adoption of national standards compatible with this document permits the representation, in an
international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the country
where it is spoken. It is possible to simplify this representation in order to take into account the number
of the character sets available on different kinds of machines.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved vii
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Information and documentation — Transliteration of Arabic
characters into Latin characters —
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
1 Scope
This document establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of the Arabic characters
(often called Perso-Arabic script) used to write the Persian language. This modification of the stringent
rules established by ISO 233:1984 is especially intended to facilitate the processing of bibliographic
information (e.g. catalogues, indices, citations, etc.).2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal Character Setcoded character set (UCS)
3 Terms and definitionsFor the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. Additionally, general
principles of conversion of writing systems are given in Annex B.ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obphttps://www.iso.org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1character
element of an alphabetical or other type of writing system that graphically represents a phoneme, a
syllable, a word or even a prosodical characteristic of a given language; itNote 1 to entry: It is used either alone (for example, a letter, a syllabic sign, an ideographical character, a digit, a
punctuation mark) or in combination (such as an accent or a diacritical mark)Note 12 to entry: A letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example â, è, ö, is therefore a character in the
same way as a basic letter.3.2
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
vowel
speech sound produced by unobstructed flow of air through the mouth
3.3
consonant
speech sound produced by complete or partial closure of the vocal tract
3.4
transliteration
process which consists of representing the characters (3.1)(3.1) of an alphabetical or syllabic system of
writing by the characters of a conversion alphabet3.5
retransliteration
process whereby the characters (3.1)(3.1) of a conversion alphabet are transformed back into those of
the converted writing system3.6
transcription
process whereby the sounds of a given language are noted by the system of signs of a conversion
language3.7
romanization
conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet
4 Strict Transliterationtransliteration
4.1 General
4.1.1 “Hex” values in the following tables shall be interpreted as character codes in ISO/IEC 10646
(Universal Character Set).4.1.2 The strict transliteration is intended to be a one-to-one reversible transliteration system
allowing for a simple rule-based machine transliteration.4.1.3 Persian script does not distinguish between upper and lower case. In Latin script, Persian
names may be written using upper or lower case according to the conventions of the target language.
This is optional. Capitalization rules are not part of this document. A system transliterating from Latin
into Persian script shall therefore be case insensitive. Some of the characters, both Latin and Persian,
have canonical decompositions in Unicode. Any transliteration system should treat precomposed and
decomposed characters equally on input.2 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
4.2 Consonants
4.2.1 For a fully reversible transliteration, Table 1 belowTable 1 should be used with Table 2Table 2
for any vowels included in the original text.4.2.2 Different positional forms of Persian characters (initial, medial, final and separate) are shown in
Annex A.Annex A.Table 1 – Consonants
Table 1 — Consonants
No. Persian character Persian name Hex Latin transliteration Hex
1 ا alef 0627 ā 0101
2 ب be 0628 b 0062
3 پ pe 067E p 0070
4 ت te 062A t 0074
5 ث s̱e 062B s̱ 0073+0331
6 ج jīm 062C j 006A
7 چ če 0686 č 010D
8 ح ḥe 062D ḥ 1E25
9 خ xe 062E x 0078
10 د dāl 062F d 0064
11 ذ ẕāl 0630 ẕ 1E95
12 ر re 0631 r 0072
13 ز ze 0632 z 007A
14 ژ že 0698 ž 017E
15 س sīn 0633 s 0073
16 ش šīn 0634 š 0161
17 ص ṣād 0635 ṣ 1E63
18 ض z̤ād 0636 z̤ 007A+0324
For the transliteration of hamze see 4.5
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
No. Persian character Persian name Hex Latin transliteration Hex
19 ط ṭā 0637 ṭ 1E6D
20 ظ ẓā 0638 ẓ 1E93
21 ع ʻeyn 0639 ʻ 02BB
22 غ ġeyn 063A ġ 0121
23 ف fe 0641 f 0066
24 ق qāf 0642 q 0071
25 ک kāf 06A9 k 006B
26 گ gāf 06AF g 0067
27 ل lām 0644 l 006C
28 م mīm 0645 m 006D
29 ن nūn 0646 n 006E
30 و vāv 0648 v 0076
31 ه he 0647 h 0068
32 ی ye 06CC y 0079
For transliteration of alef madde see 4.3;4.3; and for hamze see 4.5.4.5. Initial alef may function as the bearer of a short
vowel (see 4.3)4.3) or a hamze. In the strict transliteration alef is always transliterated as ‘ā’, hence alef carrying the short
vowel pīš ( ُ◌ 126T) would be transliterated as ‘āo’. For example, the name ﺪﯿﻣا would be ‘āomyd’ according to this system, or, if the
short vowel was unwritten, ‘āmyd’.Implementations may encounter a single left quotation mark (hex 2018) in existing text.
Implementations may encounter the Arabic yeh (hex 064A) in existing text.Alef maqṣūre (Arabic hex 0649) is a feature of loan words and names of Arabic origin. In Persian it is usually written as ی
(hex 06CC) or, for clarity, ٰی (hex 06CC+0670). In the strict transliteration the latter variant is transliterated ‘ý’ (hex 00FD).
For the transliteration of hamze see 4.54.44.3 Vowels
4.3.1 Generally, Persian words are written without diacritical vowel signs. However, as the change of
vowel sign can bring about a different meaning (for example: ﺮَﭘ par = feather; ﺮُﭘ por = full), vowel signs
may be used intentionally whenever a difference in meaning is to be emphasized. In Table 2Table 2 and
Table 3,Table 3, both cases are represented. However, often both the aforementioned examples will be
often written ﺮﭘ, transliterated ‘pr’ in the strict univocal system. In transliteration, the diacritical vowel
4 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved4 © ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
can be included to clarify the meaning. This would then of course be included in the Perso-Arabic script
if the word were to be reverse transliterated.Table 2 – 2 — Vowels for fully reversible system
Example
Persian Persian Latin translit.
No. Hex Hex
character name transliteration
withWith diacritical withoutWithout diacritical
vowel signs vowel signs
1 alef madde 0622 â 00E2 âẕar رَذآ âẕr رذآ
2 zebar 064E a 0061 sam sm
ﻢَﺳ ﻢﺳ
َ◌
3 pīš 064F o 006F por ﺮُﭘ pr ﺮﭘ
ُ◌
4 zīr 0650 e 0065 separ spr
ﺮَﭙِﺳ ﺮﭙﺳ
ِ◌
4.64.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language
4.4.1 Persian contains many loan words from Arabic. Arabic elements occurring in Persian texts are
treated as follows. Where an Arabic element is not mentioned in this document, ISO 233-1 should be
followed.4.4.2 As with the diacritical vowel markings, these signs, of Arabic origin, are often not written in
Persian script, usually being used only when a difference in meaning is to be emphasized.
Table 3 – 3 — Conventional signsExample
Persian Latin translit.
No. Persian name Hex Hex with With
character transliteration
withoutWithout diacritical
diacritical
vowel signs
vowel signs
ﻊﱠﺑَﺮُﻣ ﻊّﺑﺮﻣ
1 tašdīd 0651 ʺ 02BA
ّ◌
morabʺaʻ mrbʺʻ
ًً ﻼَﺜَﻣ ﻼﺜﻣ
064B ã 00E3
ً◌
mas̱alâã ms̱lâã
یﺮُﺧ ا ٍت َرﺎﺒ ِﻌ ِﺑ یﺮﺧا ٍترﺎﺒﻌﺑ
2 tanvīn 064D ẽ 1EBD
ٍ◌
be‘ebāratẽ āoxry b‘bārtẽ āxry
َﮫﯿ ِﻟاٌرﺎﺸُﻣ ﮫﯿﻟاٌرﺎﺸﻣ
064C õ 00F5
ٌ◌
mošārõāelayh mšārõālyh
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
4.4.3 Tāʼ marbūṭaẗ is not part of the Persian language. Where it occurs on an Arabic word found in a
Persian text, it should be treated according to ISO 233 Arabic transliteration: ة (hex 0629) should be
transliterated as ẗ (hex 1E97).4.4.4 The Arabic word for God (ﷲ, hex 0627, 0644, 0644, 0651, 0670, 0647) should be transliterated
as Allāh.4.74.5 Hamze
Hamze ( ء ) is not regarded as a character of the Persian alphabet, but as a diacritical mark, and as such
is not always expressed in writing. In fully-pointed words, however, it appears in several graphic forms,
standing alone or written in conjunction with alef ( أ ), vāv ( ؤ ) and ye ( ئ ). In strict, fully-reversible
transliteration, hamze should be transliterated with apostrophe ( ʼ ) and the character bearing it is
transliterated according to Table 4.Table 4 – 4 — Different forms of hamze in strict transliteration
Example
Persian Latin translit.
No. Persian name Hex Hex
character transliteration without Without
Persian script
diacritical vowels
1 ء 0621 ʼ 02BC jzʼ ءﺰﺟ
2 أ 0623 āʼ 0101+02BC rā’s سأر
hamze
3 ؤ 0624 vʼ 0076+02BC svʼāl لاﺆﺳ
4 ئ 0626 yʼ 0079+02BC pāyʼyn ﻦﯿﺋﺎﭘ
Implementations may encounter a single right quotation mark (hex 2019) in existing text.
4.84.6 Persian relational suffix (ez̤āfe)4.6.1 In Persian script, after a consonant, including ye ( ی ), ez̤āfe is properly expressed by zīr ( ُ◌ ِ◌ ),
though this is usually not written; e.g.,for example, ﺪﻧوﺎﻣد ِهﻮﻛ → kvhe dmāvnd; ﯽﻨﯿﺳ◌ِ ﻞطا → synye ṭlā; یرﻮﻗ◌ِ
چﯽﻨﯾ → qvrye čyny. In the strict transliteration system, the zīr-e ez̤āfe should be treated as the vowel zīr
when occurring after a final consonant (see Table 2)74TTable 274T) and be transliterated as ‘e’.
4.6.2 After final alef ( ا ) or vāv ( و ), ez̤āfe is marked with ye ( ی ). In the strict transliteration system,
this is treated as any other ye ( ی ) and transliterated as ‘y’ (see Table 1,Table 1, row 32).
4.6.3 After silent he, ez̤āfe is sometimes expressed by writing a diacritical mark over the character
(see Table 5).Table 5). In the strict transliteration system, these cases are transliterated as hʼ. E.g.For
example, ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﮫﻧﺎﺸﻧ → nšānhʼ prsš; هﺮﺒﻘﻣ◌ٴ بﯽﻧﺎﺘﺳا → mqbrhʼ bāstāny.Table 5 – 5 — Transliteration of ez̤āfe in strict transliteration
Example
Persian Persian Latin translit.
No. Hex Hex
character name transliteration Persian
without
script
Without
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
diacritical
vowels
1 ه ez̤āfe 0647+0654 hʼ 0068+02BC nšānhʼ prsš ﺶﺳﺮﭘ ﮫﻧﺎﺸﻧ
Implementations may encounter a single right quotation mark (hex 2019) in existing text.
Implementations may encounter ۀ (hex 06C0) in existing text, which is not canonically equivalent to this sequence, and
which is not permitted in the Iranian National Standard ISIRI 6219.4.104.7 Punctuation marks
Table 6 – 6 — Punctuation marks
No. Persian character Persian name Hex Latin transliteration Hex
1 ، vīrgūl 060C , 002C
2 ؛ noqṭe vīrgūl 061B ; 003B
3 ؟ nešāne-ye porseš 061F ? 003F
Note that the Iranian National Standard ISIRI 6219 prescribes the use of double angle quotation marks ( « », hex 00AB and
00BB) to be used in Persian.4.124.8 Persian numerals
Table 7 – 7 — Persian numerals
Persian numeral Hex Transliteration Hex
۰ 06F0 0 0030
۱ 06F1 1 0031
۲ 06F2 2 0032
۳ 06F3 3 0033
۴ 06F4 4 0034
۵ 06F5 5 0035
۶ 06F6 6 0036
۷ 06F7 7 0037
۸ 06F8 8 0038
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
۹ 06F9 9 0039
65 Modified Transliterationtransliteration
6.15.1 General
5.1.1 The modified transliteration distinguishes the roles of Persian letters and as such, knowledge of
the language is generally required to perform the transliteration. Modified transliteration is not
necessarily reversible, but may be pref...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 233-3
ISO/TC 46
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: AFNOR
Transliteration of Arabic characters
Voting begins on:
2022-10-17 into Latin characters —
Voting terminates on:
Part 3:
2022-12-12
Persian language — Transliteration
Information et documentation — Translittération des caractères
arabes en caractères latins —
Partie 3: Persan — Translittération
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
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NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 233-3
ISO/TC 46
Information and documentation —
Secretariat: AFNOR
Transliteration of Arabic characters
Voting begins on:
into Latin characters —
Voting terminates on:
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
Information et documentation — Translittération des caractères
arabes en caractères latins —
Partie 3: Persan — Translittération
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
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LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
Published in Switzerland
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
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© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. © ISO 2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Strict transliteration .......................................................................................................................................................................................2
4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Consonants ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
4.3 Vowels ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language ........................................................................................................................ 4
4.5 Hamze ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
4.6 Persian relational suffix (ez̤ āfe) .............................................................................................................................................. 5
4.7 Punctuation marks ............................................................................................................................................................................. 6
4.8 Persian numerals .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6
5 Modified transliteration ..............................................................................................................................................................................6
5.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.2 Vowels and consonants ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
5.3 Arabic elements in the Persian language ........................................................................................................................ 8
5.4 Hamze ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
5.5 Persian relational suffix (ez̤ āfe): ............................................................................................................................................ 9
6 General principles of transliteration ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Annex A (informative) Different positional forms of characters .......................................................................................10
Annex B (normative) General principles ......................................................................................................................................................11
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................13
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46, Information and documentation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 233-3:1999), which has been technically
revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows.
— Incorporated options for 3 “levels” of transliteration: strict, i.e. fully reversible (with and without
vowels and other diacritical marks); and a modified but not fully reversible system, which, for
example, distinguishes in transliteration when the characters و and ى function as vowels or as
consonants, and, in the case of ى, other functions of the character.— Added missing diacritical signs to the tables and corrected some errors elsewhere in the text. Added
distinction in transliteration between ا and آ. Changed transliteration of خ (Table 1, row 9) from ‘ḵ’ to
‘x’. Changed transliteration of ض (Table 1, row 18) from ‘ż’ to ‘z̤’. Changed transliteration of tanvīn
(Table 3, row 2) from ´´ to ã/ẽ/õ.— Added notes explaining certain grammatical points; updated examples.
— Added hexadecimal character codes (ISO/IEC 10646 or Unicode) to all tables containing Persian
characters and transliterations and therefore omitted Annexes B and D, Annex C thus becoming
Annex B.— Added the mandatory Terms and definitions clause and renumbered the subsequent clauses.
A list of all parts in the ISO 233 series can be found on the ISO website.Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Introduction
This document is one of a series of International Standards, dealing with the conversion of systems of
writing. The aim of the ISO 233 series is to provide a means for international communication of written
messages in a form which permits the automatic transmission and reconstitution of these, by humans
or machines. The system of conversion, in this case, must be univocal and entirely reversible to allow
for retransliteration.This means that consideration to phonetic and aesthetic matters or to certain national customs is not a
priority: all these considerations are, indeed, ignored by the machine performing the function.
This document can be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain
that it can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of
the original text in a person’s own language, but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the
original graphism, and thus allow anyone who has knowledge of the original language to pronounce it
correctly. Similarly, one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if
one has a knowledge of English or Polish.The existence in Perso-Arabic script of vowel signs and other diacritical marks, which are pronounced
but often not written somewhat complicates reading of the text, but as those with knowledge of the
language can read and mentally fill in the missing signs/sounds when reading the original script, so
can they with the transliterated version, for example, the word سِپَر, which consists of 3 consonants
and 2 diacritical vowel signs (transliteration: separ) when written without vowel signs would be سپر
(transliteration: spr).To address the issue of diacritical vowels and other signs that are unwritten, and the fact that some
characters perform more than one function (e.g. characters that can function as either a vowel or a
consonant), this document incorporates three levels of transliteration:1) strict and fully reversible, univocal, with diacritical vowels and other signs only transliterated if
written in the source text;2) strict and fully reversible, univocal, with diacritical vowels and other signs included for clarity,
regardless of their presence or absence in the source text;3) a modified version of the system that while not fully reversible includes the diacritical vowels and
other signs and takes account of the different functions performed by some characters (see 4.1 and
5.1 for further details).The adoption of this document for international communication leaves every country free to adopt for
its own use a national standard which can be different, on condition that it is compatible with this
document. The system proposed herein will make this possible and be acceptable to international use if
the graphisms it creates are such that they can be converted automatically into the graphisms used in
any strict national systems.The adoption of national standards compatible with this document permits the representation, in an
international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the country
where it is spoken. It is possible to simplify this representation in order to take into account the number
of the character sets available on different kinds of machines.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
Information and documentation — Transliteration of
Arabic characters into Latin characters —
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
1 Scope
This document establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of the Arabic characters
(often called Perso-Arabic script) used to write the Persian language. This modification of the stringent
rules established by ISO 233:1984 is especially intended to facilitate the processing of bibliographic
information (e.g. catalogues, indices, citations, etc.).2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal coded character set (UCS)3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
character
element of an alphabetical or other type of writing system that graphically represents a phoneme, a
syllable, a word or even a prosodical characteristic of a given languageNote 1 to entry: It is used either alone (for example, a letter, a syllabic sign, an ideographical character, a digit, a
punctuation mark) or in combination (such as an accent or a diacritical mark)Note 2 to entry: A letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example â, è, ö, is therefore a character in the
same way as a basic letter.3.2
vowel
speech sound produced by unobstructed flow of air through the mouth
3.3
consonant
speech sound produced by complete or partial closure of the vocal tract
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
3.4
transliteration
process which consists of representing the characters (3.1) of an alphabetical or syllabic system of
writing by the characters of a conversion alphabet3.5
retransliteration
process whereby the characters (3.1) of a conversion alphabet are transformed back into those of the
converted writing system3.6
transcription
process whereby the sounds of a given language are noted by the system of signs of a conversion
language3.7
romanization
conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet
4 Strict transliteration
4.1 General
4.1.1 “Hex” values in the following tables shall be interpreted as character codes in ISO/IEC 10646
(Universal Character Set).4.1.2 The strict transliteration is intended to be a one-to-one reversible transliteration system
allowing for a simple rule-based machine transliteration.4.1.3 Persian script does not distinguish between upper and lower case. In Latin script, Persian
names may be written using upper or lower case according to the conventions of the target language.
This is optional. Capitalization rules are not part of this document. A system transliterating from Latin
into Persian script shall therefore be case insensitive. Some of the characters, both Latin and Persian,
have canonical decompositions in Unicode. Any transliteration system should treat precomposed and
decomposed characters equally on input.4.2 Consonants
4.2.1 For a fully reversible transliteration, Table 1 should be used with Table 2 for any vowels included
in the original text.© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
4.2.2 Different positional forms of Persian characters (initial, medial, final and separate) are shown
in Annex A.Table 1 — Consonants
No. Persian character Persian name Hex Latin transliteration Hex
1 ا alef 0627 ā 0101
2 ب be 0628 b 0062
3 پ pe 067E p 0070
4 ت te 062A t 0074
5 ث s̱ e 062B s̱ 0073+0331
6 ج jīm 062C j 006A
7 چ če 0686 č 010D
8 ح ḥe 062D ḥ 1E25
9 خ xe 062E x 0078
10 د dāl 062F d 0064
11 ذ ẕāl 0630 ẕ 1E95
12 ر re 0631 r 0072
13 ز ze 0632 z 007A
14 ژ že 0698 ž 017E
15 س sīn 0633 s 0073
16 ش šīn 0634 š 0161
17 ص ṣād 0635 ṣ 1E63
18 ض z̤ ād 0636 z̤ 007A+0324
19 ط ṭā 0637 ṭ 1E6D
20 ظ ẓā 0638 ẓ 1E93
21 ع ʻeyn 0639 ʻ 02BB
22 غ ġeyn 063A ġ 0121
23 ف fe 0641 f 0066
24 ق qāf 0642 q 0071
25 ک kāf 06A9 k 006B
26 گ gāf 06AF g 0067
27 ل lām 0644 l 006C
28 م mīm 0645 m 006D
29 ن nūn 0646 n 006E
30 و vāv 0648 v 0076
31 ه he 0647 h 0068
32 ی ye 06CC y 0079
For transliteration of alef madde see 4.3; and for hamze see 4.5. Initial alef may function as the bearer of a short vowel
(see 4.3) or a hamze. In the strict transliteration alef is always transliterated as ‘ā’, hence alef carrying the short vowel pīš
( ُ◌ ) would be transliterated as ‘āo’. For example, the name ديما would be ‘āomyd’ according to this system, or, if the short
vowel was unwritten, ‘āmyd’.Implementations may encounter a single left quotation mark (hex 2018) in existing text.
Implementations may encounter the Arabic yeh (hex 064A) in existing text.Alef maqṣūre (Arabic hex 0649) is a feature of loan words and names of Arabic origin. In Persian it is usually written
as ی (hex 06CC) or, for clarity, یٰ (hex 06CC+0670). In the strict transliteration the latter variant is transliterated ‘ý’ (hex
00FD).For the transliteration of hamze see 4.5
© ISO 2022 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 233-3:2022(E)
4.3 Vowels
4.3.1 Generally, Persian words are written without diacritical vowel signs. However, as the change of
vowel sign can bring about a different meaning (for example: رپ par = feather; رُپ por = full), vowel signs َ
may be used intentionally whenever a difference in meaning is to be emphasized. In Table 2 and Table 3,
both cases are represented. However, both the aforementioned examples will be often written رپ,
transliterated ‘pr’ in the strict univocal system. In transliteration, the diacritical vowel can be included
to clarify the meaning. This would then of course be included in the Perso-Arabic script if the word
were to be reverse transliterated.Table 2 — Vowels for fully reversible system
Example
Persian Latin
Persian
No. charac- Hex translitera- Hex
With diacritical vowel Without diacritical
name
ter tion
signs vowel signs
َ1 آ alef madde 0622 â 00E2 âẕar رذآ âẕr رذآ
2 َ◌ zebar 064E a 0061 sam مَس sm مس
3ُ◌ pīš 064F o 006F por رُپ pr رپ
4 zīr 0650 e 0065 separ رپِس spr رپسِ◌َ
4.4 Arabic elements in the Persian language
4.4.1 Persian contains many loan words from Arabic. Arabic elements occurring in Persian texts are
treated as follows. Where an Arabic element is not mentioned in this document, ISO 233-1 should be
followed.4.4.2 As with the diacritical vowel markings, these signs, of Arabic origin, are often not written in
Persian script, usually being used only when a difference in meaning is to be emphasized.
Table 3 — Conventional signsExample
Persian Latin
With
No. Persian name Hex Hex
Without diacritical
character transliteration
diacritical
vowel signs
vowel signs
عَّبَرُم عّبرم
1 ّ◌ tašdīd 0651 ʺ 02BA
morabʺaʻ mrbʺʻ
ًًَلاثَم لاثم
ً◌ 064B ã 00E3
mas̱alâã ms̱lâã
یرخُا ٍتَرابِعِب یرخا ٍترابعب
2ٍ◌ tanvīn 064D ẽ 1EBD
be‘ebāratẽ āoxry b‘bārtẽ āxry
َهيلِاٌراشُم هيلاٌراشم
ٌ◌ 064C õ 00F5
mošārõāelayh mšārõālyh
4.4.3 Tāʼ marbūṭaẗ is not part of the Persian language. Where it occurs on an Arabic word found in
a Pe...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST ISO/DIS 233-3:2021
01-december-2021
Informatika in dokumentacija - Transliteracija arabskih znakov v latinične znake -
3. del: Perzijski jezik - TransliteracijaInformation and documentation -- Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin
characters - Part 3: Persian language — Transliteration
Information et documentation -- Translittération des caractères arabes en caractères
latins - Partie 3: Persan — TranslittérationTa slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/DIS 233-3
ICS:
01.140.10 Pisanje in prečrkovanje Writing and transliteration
oSIST ISO/DIS 233-3:2021 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 233-3:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 233-3
ISO/TC 46 Secretariat: AFNOR
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2021-09-14 2021-12-07
Information and documentation — Transliteration of
Arabic characters into Latin characters —
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
Information et documentation — Translittération des caractères arabes en caractères latins —
Partie 3: Persan — TranslittérationICS: 01.140.10
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2021
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oSIST ISO/DIS 233-3:2021
ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.ISO copyright office
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Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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oSIST ISO/DIS 233-3:2021
ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Transliteration tables ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.1 Table 1 — Consonants ...................................................................................................................................................................... 2
4.2 Vowels ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
4.2.1 Table 2a — Vowels – for fully reversible system .................................................................................. 4
4.2.2 Table 2b — Vowels – modified transliteration options .................................................................. 4
4.3 Arabic elements in the Persian language ......................................................................................................................... 5
4.3.1 Table 3 — Conventional signs .............................................................................................................................. 5
4.4 Table 4 — Different forms of hamzeh ................................................................................................................................6
4.5 Table 5 — Punctuation marks ................................................................................................................................................... 7
4.6 Table 6 — Persian numerals ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Annex A (normative) Different positional forms of characters ................................................................................................ 8
Annex B (normative) General principles ......................................................................................................................................................... 9
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................12
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ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 46 Information and documentation.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 233-3:1999), which has been technically
revised.The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Added missing diacritical signs to the tables and corrected some errors elsewhere in the text. Added
distinction in transliteration between ا and آ. Changed transliteration of خ (table 1, row 9) and ض
(table 1, row 18), from ḵ to x and ż to z̤ respectively. Changed transliteration of tanvin (table 3, row
2) from ″ to ã.— Incorporated options for 3 “levels” of transliteration: strict, i.e. fully reversible (with and without
vowels); and a modified but not fully reversible system, which, for example, distinguishes in
transliteration when the characters و and ى function as long vowels or as consonants, and, in the
case of ى, other functions of the character.— Added hexadecimal character codes (ISO/IEC 10646 or Unicode) to all tables containing Persian
characters and transliterations and therefore omitted Annexes B and D, Annex C thus becoming
Annex B.— Added Terms and definitions section.
A list of all parts in the ISO 233 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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Introduction
This part of ISO 233 is one of a series of International Standards, dealing with the conversion of
systems of writing. The aim of this part of ISO 233 and others in the series is to provide a means for
international communication of written messages in a form which permits the automatic transmission
and reconstitution of these, by men or machines. The system of conversion, in this case, must be
univocal and entirely reversible to allow for retransliteration.This means that consideration to phonetic and aesthetic matters or to certain national customs is not a
priority: all these considerations are, indeed, ignored by the machine performing the function.
This part of ISO 233 may be used by anyone who has a clear understanding of the system and is certain
that it can be applied without ambiguity. The result obtained will not give a correct pronunciation of
the original text in a person’s own language, but it will serve as a means of finding automatically the
original graphism and thus allow anyone who has knowledge of the original language to pronounce it
correctly. Similarly, one can only pronounce correctly a text written in, for example, English or Polish, if
one has a knowledge of English or Polish.The existence in Perso-Arabic script of short vowels and other diacritical marks, which are pronounced
but often not written somewhat complicates this reading of the text but as those with knowledge of the
language can read and mentally fill in the missing signs/sounds when reading the original script, so
they can with the transliterated version, e.g. the word پِدَر, which consists of 3 consonants and 2 short
vowels (transliteration: pedar) when written without short vowels would be پدر (transliteration: pdr).
To address the issue of short vowels and other signs that are unwritten, and the fact that some
characters perform more than one function (e.g. characters that can function as either a vowel or a
consonant), ISO 233-3 incorporates three levels: strict and fully reversible, univocal, with short vowels
only transliterated if written in the source text; strict and fully reversible, univocal, with short vowels
included for clarity, regardless of their presence or absence in the source text; and a modified version
of the system that while not fully reversible includes the short vowels and takes account of the different
functions performed by some characters (see 4.1 and 4.2 for further details).The adoption of this part of ISO 233 for international communication leaves every country free to
adopt for its own use a national standard which may be different, on condition that it is compatible
with this part of ISO 233. The system proposed herein should make this possible and be acceptable to
international use if the graphisms it creates are such that they may be converted automatically into the
graphisms used in any strict national systems.The adoption of national standards compatible with this part of ISO 233 will permit the representation,
in an international publication, of the morphemes of each language according to the customs of the
country where it is spoken. It will be possible to simplify this representation in order to take into
account the number of the character sets available on different kinds of machines.
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oSIST ISO/DIS 233-3:2021
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
Information and documentation — Transliteration of
Arabic characters into Latin characters —
Part 3:
Persian language — Transliteration
1 Scope
This part of ISO 233 establishes a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of the Arabic
characters (often called Perso-Arabic script) used to write the Persian language. This simplification
of the stringent rules established by ISO 233:1984 is especially intended to facilitate the processing of
bibliographic information (e.g. catalogues, indices, citations, etc.).2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this part of ISO 233. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of,
any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 233
are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative
documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document
referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International
Standards.ISO 233, Documentation — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters
ISO 233-2, Information and documentation — Transliteration of Arabic characters into Latin characters —
Part 2: Arabic language — Simplified transliterationISO/IEC 10646, Information technology — Universal coded character set (UCS)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
character
element of an alphabetical or other type of writing system that graphically represents a phoneme,
a syllable, a word or even a prosodical characteristic of a given language; it is used either alone
(for example, a letter, a syllabic sign, an ideographical character, a digit, a punctuation mark) or in
combination (such as an accent or a diacritical mark)Note 1 to entry: A letter having an accent or a diacritical mark, for example â, è, ö, is therefore a character in the
same way as a basic letter.3.2
vowel
a speech sound produced by unobstructed flow of air through the mouth
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ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
3.3
consonant
a speech sound produced by complete or partial closure of the vocal tract
3.4
transliteration
process which consists of representing the characters (3.1) of an alphabetical or syllabic system of
writing by the characters of a conversion alphabet3.5
retransliteration
process whereby the characters (3.1) of a conversion alphabet are transformed back into those of the
converted writing system3.6
transcription
process whereby the sounds of a given language are noted by the system of signs of a conversion
language3.7
romanization
conversion of non-Latin writing systems to the Latin alphabet
4 Transliteration tables
“Hex” in the following tables refers to hexadecimal character codes in the standard ISO/IEC 10646
(Unicode).4.1 Table 1 — Consonants
The shaded rows, numbered 1b, 30c etc., provide for option three described above, a modified but not
fully-reversible transliteration. They reference the use of consonant characters as vowels (see also
4.2 vowels). Where full reversibility is required only the main numbered rows should be used and the
shaded rows ignored.Transliteration into Latin
No. Persian character Hex Hex
character
1 0627 â 00E2
1b ا 0627 Omit in word-initial position -
(see 4.2)
1c ا 0627 ā in word-medial or final posi- 0101
tion
2 ب 0628 b 0062
3 پ 067E p 0070
4 ت 062A t 0074
5 062B s̱ 0073+0331
6 ج 062C j 006A
7 چ 0686 č 010D
8 ح 062D ḥ 1E25
9 خ 062E x 0078
10 د 062F d 0064
11 0630 ẕ 1E95
12 ر 0631 r 0072
1) For the transliteration of hamzeh see 4.4.
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/DIS 233-3:2021(E)
Transliteration into Latin
No. Persian character Hex Hex
character
13 ز 0632 z 007A
14 ژ 0698 ž 017E
15 س 0633 s 0073
16 ش 0634 š 0161
17 ص 0635 ṣ 1E63
18 ض 0636 z̤ 017C+0324
19 ط 0637 ṭ 1E6D
20 ظ 0638 ẓ 1E93
21 ع 0639 ‘ 02BB (2018)
22 غ 063A ġ 0121
23 ف 0641 f 0066
24 ق 0642 q 0071
25 06A9 k 006B
26 گ 06AF g 0067
27 ل 0644 l 006C
28 م 0645 m 006D
29 ن 0646 n 006E
30 و 0648 V 0076
30b 0648 ū when functioning as a long 016B
vowel
30c ُو 064F+0648 ow 006F+0077
ū when occurring in word-initial
30d او 0627+0648 016B
position
31 ه 0647 h 0068
32 ی 06CC Y 0079
32b ی 06CC ī when functioning as a long 012B
vowel
32c 0650+06CC ey 0065+0079
32d ی 06CC -ye when functioning as ez̤āfeh 0079+0065
(see note 8)
32e اى 0627+06CC ī when occurring in word-initial 012B
position
33 ى 06CC (0649) á when representing alif maqsu- 00E1
rah (in words of Arabic origin) *
For transliteration of alef with maddeh see 4.2; and with hamzeh see 4.4
02BB is recommended. Some transliterations use 2018 so this may be encountered
In the modified transliteration, this character should be transliterated as ‘v’ when functioning as a conso-
nant.In the modified transliteration, this character should be transliterated as ‘y’ when functioning as a conso-
nant.* The alif maqsurah is a feature of loan words and names of Arabic origin. It should have a different
Unicode encoding (0649) but in appearance it looks the same as the Persian ye (06CC) and the latter is
likely to occur in actual usage.Different position forms of Persian characters (initial, medial, final and separate) are shown in Annex A.
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4.2 Vowels
Generally, Persian words are written without short vowel signs. However, as the change of vowel sign
can bring about a different meaning (for example: پَر par = feather; پُر por = full), vowel signs may be
used intentionally whenever a difference in meaning is to be emphasized. In tables 2a and 3, both cases
are represented. However, often both the aforementioned examples will be written پر, transliterated
pr in the strict univocal system. In transliterati...
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